Housing and Household amenities in Bundelkhand region of UP and MP. Dr. Sarda Prasad

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1 Housing and Household amenities in Bundelkhand region of UP and MP Dr. Sarda Prasad

2 - The electricity, road and water (Bijli, Sadak, and Pani - BSP ) determined the socio- economic status of a geographic region. - Housing conditions (good, livable and dilapidated) and household amenities (especially electricity and water supply) indicates the socio-economic status of the individual households. - The Bundelkhand (BKD) region is one of the poorest regions of UP and MP as it is characterized by lack of natural resource and unsuitable for industrialization. - BKD region comprises of 13 districts of which 7 districts are from UP. Statistics shows that Chhattarpur district of MP and Chitrakoot/Banda district of UP are poorest in terms of natural resources and human resources. - Census of India (2001) depicts the highest rural out-migrants were from Banda and Chhattarpur district of UP and MP respectively.

3 -Unfortunately people of this region (high and low castes) are interested on expenditure to buy Gun and gambling instead of spend on education of their children. - In daily Newspapers and Doordarshan are showing the fate and conditions of this region. - During the survey of my Ph. D (May to September 2011), we have observed a lot of the hidden facts and reality what we could not even imagine about the households conditions, economic status and socio-political reality. - It is facts and reality that still this regions believe in un- touchability and visible casteism. This phenomenon creates dacoity, robbers and other social evils (Eg. Dacoit Dadua) and indirectly affects housing conditions and house hold amenities. - These are the justification of the study. - We have used Household data from Census 2011 and some primary data.

4 Concepts and Definitions Criteria for ascertaining the condition of the Census house : - Those houses which are showing signs of decay or those breaking down and require major repairs or those houses decayed or ruined and are far from being in conditions that can be restored or repaired may be considered as 'Dilapidated. - Those houses which require minor repairs may be considered as 'Livable. - Those houses which do not require any repairs and in good condition may be considered as 'Good.

5 Main source of drinking water -Ten main sources of drinking water have been listed e.g. tape water from treated and untreated sources, well covered and uncovered, HP, tubewell, river/canal, spring, tank/ponds, others. - Availability of drinking water source - There were three locations of source of drinking water i.e., Near the premises ( within 100 meters and 500 meters in the urban and rural areas), - Away ( >100 and >500 mts in U/R), and - Within premises (inside the common place of residence). Main Source of lighting : there were six sources i.e., Electricity, Kerosene, Solar, Other oil, Any other, and No lighting

6 Table 1: Housing condition of BKD in UP and MP Total Residence Rural Good Livable Dilapidated Total (N) Good Livable Dilapidated Total (N) UP BKD MP BKD INDIA Urban UP BKD MP BKD INDIA Total UP BKD MP BKD INDIA

7 Table 2: Material used in roof Grass/ Thatch/ Bamboo/ Wood/ Mud etc. Plastic / Polyth ene Hand made Tiles Machi ne made Tiles G.I./Metal / Asbestos s heets Any other material Burnt Stone/ Concret Rural Brick Slate e UP BKD MP BKD INDIA Urban UP BKD MP BKD INDIA Total UP BKD MP BKD INDIA

8 Table 3: Material used in Wall Grass/ Thatch/ Bamboo etc. Plastic/ Polythene Mud/ Unburnt brick Stone not packed with mortar Stone packed with mortar G.I./ Metal/ Asbestos sheets Burnt brick Any other material Rural Wood Concrete Total UP BKD MP BKD INDIA E+08 Urban UP BKD MP BKD INDIA E+08 Total UP BKD MP BKD INDIA

9 Table 4: Material Used in Floor Rural Mud Wood/ Bamboo Burnt Brick Stone Cement Mosaic/ tiles+other UP BKD MP BKD INDIA Urban UP BKD MP BKD INDIA Total UP BKD MP BKD INDIA

10 Preference of katcha house over pukka house :- - They are experiencing that cemented house heating in summer and cool in winter season. - They believe that katcha house is the place of Laxmi (wealth). - Cost of construction is cheaper - They are using cow excreta (gobar) on the floor as it is not possible in cemented floor. Using gobbar in the floor in the first gate of house is the symbol of peace, prosperous and happiness. Preference of Pakka House over katcha house:- - There is no problems in the rainy season such as leakage of roof, mudding in the floor etc. - Required less space for home construction and multi-storey. - No need of repairing house after every season

11 Village in Banda District of BKD, UP

12 Internal View of the Same house

13 Floor of the same house

14 Newly constructed house in village

15 View of the village Streets, Drainage channels and Houses

16 Village street and Houses

17 Table 5:Location of source of drinking water in Rural areas Tape water Well Rural Location Treated Untreated Covered Uncovered HP TW Others UP Away BKD Away MP Away BKD Away India Away UP Total BKD Total MP Total BKD Total India Total UP Within BKD Within MP Within BKD Within India Within

18 Table 6: Location of source of drinking water in Urban areas Tapewater Well Urban Location Treated Untreated Covered Uncovered HP TW Others UP Away BKD Away MP Away BKD Away India Away UP Total BKD Total MP Total BKD Total India Total UP Within BKD Within MP Within BKD Within India Within

19 Main Source of drinking water in BKD, UP

20 Source of Drinking water and lighting

21 Source of drinking water for animals BKD region, UP

22 Preference of well for drinking water over hand pump and tape water -They believe that water from well is natural water and tape and hand pump water is artificial. The group of elderly stated that since they have started using water from hand pump and tape for drinking our digestive system affected badly. Some of them not preferred smell of bleaching powder and other disinfectant. - Some villages in Hamirpur district well is only source of drinking water because boring is very costly due to underground stone layer. - Some how govt. manage supply of tape water for these villages from other villages, the villagers have broken the pipe and stolen.

23 Table 7: Availability of Toilet and source of light State/ Toilet in Type of Toilet Source of Light Residence N HHs Sewer S tank Elec Kero Rural UP BKD MP BKD India Urban UP BKD MP BKD India Total UP BKD MP BKD India

24 Toilet in the village

25 Emergency Toilet in the Village

26 Table 8: Housing condition and amenities in Micro sample data 2011 OWNERSHIP BKD OTHER Total WALL BKD OTHER Total Owened Any other materials Rented Grass/Thatch/Bamboo etc Any other Plastic/Polythene HOUSE TYPE Mud/Unburnt brick Permananent Wood Temporary Stone not packed with Mortar Semi_permanent Stone packed with Mortar Other type G.I./Metal/Asbestos Sheets ELECTRICITY Burnt Brick Light available Concrete Light Not available ROOF IMPROVED SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER Any other materials Improved Source of Drinking Grass/Thatch/Bamboo/Wood/Mu Water d etc Other Source of Drinking Water Plastic/Polythene FLOOR Hand made Tiles Mud Machine made Tiles Wood/Bamboo Burnt Brick Burnt Brick Stone Stone Slate Cement G.I./Metal/Asbestos Sheets Mosaic/Floor Ties Concrete Any other materials

27 LIGHT SOURCE BKD OTHER TotalElectronics/ Telecom BKD OTHER Total Electricity RADIO/TRANSISTOR Kerosene TV Solar Yes with internet Other oil Yes without inteenet Any other Yes, Landline only No lighting Yes, Mobile only FUEL Both No cooking Transport Firewood BICYCLE Crop residue SCOOTER/MOTOR CYCLE/MOPED Cowdung cake CAR/JEEP/VAN Coal/Lignite/Charcoal AVAILING BANKING SERVICES Kerosene Total LPG/PNG Electricity Bio-gas Any other

28 Thank You