ESTIMATING THE BIOGAS POTENTIAL FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM THE AGRO-WASTE INDUSTRY A Resource Assessment for South Africa

Transcription

1 ESTIMATING THE BIOGAS POTENTIAL FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM THE AGRO-WASTE INDUSTRY A Resource Assessment for South Africa Drs M.S. Thaela-Chimuka, A. Kanengoni, F. Nherera- Chokuda & TEAM

2 Main Purpose To obtain a gross estimation of biogas potential from anaerobic digestion of different agricultural residues Conducted on a national & provincial level Identifying regions with the highest biogas potential

3 Main Purpose cont. Sectors assessed include the following: - Livestock sector: cattle, dairy, pig & poultry farming - Meat processing sector: cattle, pig and poultry slaughterhouses/abattoirs - Agro-industrial: fruit processing, sugar milling, dairy industry, breweries and wineries

4 Livestock Dairy industry: feedlots (min 400) Dairy industry: milking parlours (min 400) Cattle feedlot (min 500) Piggeries (min 5,000 pigs) Chicken farms (laying hens) (10,000 )

5 Abattoirs Classification of abattoirs according to the number of slaughter units that can be slaughtered per day as follows: Red Meat Poultry Ostriches Game High Throughput Low Throughput Rural Slaughter unit = 1 bovine 1 fowl 2 Ostriches 1 medium game 6 sheep 1 duck 6 small game 4 porkers 1 pheasant Large game to be determined by 2 baconers 1 guinea fowl PEO operational days for abattoirs: 240 days 1 sausage pig ½ goose ¼ turkey

6 Limitations of the Study Non-responsiveness via ing, telephone and follow-ups Inadequate explanation from the direct sources used Incomplete information with regards to district figures, hence discrepancies between provincial and district values

7 RESULTS

8 Specific biogas from No lab values for SA, therefore estimates based on German agricultural organisation Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft e.v. (KTBL) values manure Used to estimate overall and biogas

9 potential for electricity : solid cattle manure/province Gauteng showed the highest potential for electricity from solid cattle manure, followed by the FS and NC provinces, with similar potentials

10 potential for electricity : solid cattle manure per province Highest biogas potential for dairy cattle manure is the EC, KZN and Western Cape

11 Cattle manure quantities and electrical energy capacity Liquid cattle manure quantities and electrical energy capacity Province Number of animals Specific manure Total manure Specific electricity thermal energy Heads kg/(head*a) Mg/a m³/mg FM m³/a MWh/a MWh/a Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu- Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape North West Western Cape Total Solid cattle manure quantities and electrical energy capacity Province Number of animals Specific manure Total manure Specific electricity thermal energy Heads kg/(head*a) Mg/a m³/mg FM m³/a MWh/a MWh/a Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu- Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape North West Western Cape Total *Source [2]: KTBL, 2013

12 potential for electricity : dairy cattle almost double that of the potential beef cattle Potential electricity from dairy cattle is almost double that of the potential from beef cattle

13 Pig manure quantities & electrical energy capacity From number of sows, total number pigs can be estimated, minimum of 750 sows, there are 8648 piglets to be accounted for. Province Number of animals Specific manure Total manure Specific electricity thermal energy Heads kg/(head*a) Mg/a m³/mg FM m³/a MWh/a MWh/a Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu- Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape North West Western Cape Total

14 potential for electricity : pig manure per province Highest in Gauteng and WC Potential feedstock evenly distributed compared to that from cattle manure

15 potential for electricity : poultry droppings/ province Poultry manure well distributed over all provinces except NC, highest values NW and WC provinces. Total electricity potential highest than all manure types analysed.

16 Summary of Biogas Potential from Livestock Sector WC shows highest overall capacity, followed by EC & KZN Poultry droppings & liquid cattle manure are main sources for potential in all provinces except the NC

17 potential for electricity : cattle abattoirs/ province : Cattle slaughterhouse waste quantities and electrical energy capacity Province Animals processed per year Specific waste Total waste Specific electricity thermal energy Heads/a kg/(head) Mg/a m³/mg FM m³/a MWh/a MWh/a Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu- Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape North West Western Cape Total *Assumption, Source [11]: Karl-Heinz Rosenwinkel, Helmut Kroiss, et al. (2015): Anaerobtechnik, Source [12]:

18 potential electricity pig Abattoirs waste / province Most potential shown within the Gauteng region

19 potential for electricity : poultry abattoirs / province For the EC and NC no data could gathered. Based on the number of chickens in South Africa from the aforementioned provinces, i.e. 6%, the information below could represent 94% of slaughtered chickens

20 Summary Biogas Potential Meat Processing Industry Gauteng holds the highest potential for electricity generation Within the Gauteng sub-sector, highest potential is cattle abattoirs In all provinces, poultry & cattle abattoirs are the most viable meat processing sectors

21 potential for electricity : fruit processing industry The most potential lies within the Western Cape, Limpopo and Gauteng

22 potential for electricity : breweries/province SA brewery industry has two types of beer: clear & opaque clear beer, data is provincial level, while opaque beer, is national level. The total sum was then divided by the four provinces where the opaque breweries are located.

23 potential for electricity : breweries/province : Clear Beer Breweries waste quantities and electrical energy capacity Province Productio n capacity [hl/a] Waste water productio n [m³/a] Specific productio n wastewat er [m³/m³] productio n wastewat er [m³/a] Spent grains produced [Mg/a] Specific productio n spent grains [m³/mg] productio n spent grains [m³/a] electricity productio n [MWh/a} thermal energy productio n [MWh/a} Eastern Cape , Gauteng , KwaZulu- Natal , Limpopo , Western Cape , Total Opaque Beer Breweries waste quantities and electrical energy capacity Province Productio n capacity [hl/a] Waste water productio n [m³/a] Specific productio n wastewat er [m³/m³] productio n wastewat er [m³/a] Spent grains produced [Mg/a] Specific productio n spent grains [m³/mg] productio n spent grains [m³/a] electricity productio n [MWh/a} thermal energy productio n [MWh/a} Eastern Cape , Gauteng , KwaZulu- Natal , North West , Total

24 potential for electricity : sugar industry Currently 14 sugar mills in operation in South Africa The majority of the mills are located in KwaZulu-Natal (11), with the remainder in Mpumalanga (3) : Sugar industry waste quantities and electrical energy capacity Province KwaZulu- Natal Mpumal anga Total Sugar cane crushed [Mg/a] Waste water producti on [m³/a] Specific producti on wastewa ter [m³/m³] , , producti on wastewa ter [m³/a] Specific press mud producti on [kg/mg] Press mud produce d [Mg/a] Specific producti on press mud [m³/mg] producti on press mud [m³/a] electricit y producti on [MWh/a } thermal energy producti on [MWh/a }

25 potential for electricity : wineries SA is one of the leading wine producing countries Current wineries are located in the WC & NC provinces

26 potential for electricity : dairy industry Ultimately, there were no responses from the dairy industry Therefore, no data base was created for biogas potential

27 Summary of Biogas Potential: Agro-industrial Sector Overall provinces with highest potential: WC, KZN & Gauteng due to climate conditions, resource distribution and location of processing units KZN and Mpumalanga only potential lie with sugar mills; WC and NC with wineries; EC, NW, Gauteng & Limpopo with fruit processing & breweries

28 Summary of the Overall Potential for the Country

29 Total potential of electricity agro-waste feedstock in South Africa Province Livestock [MWh/a] Meat processing [MWh/a] Agro-industry [MWh/a] Total [MWh/a] Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape North West Western Cape Total Based on the evaluation of available data, the total potential of electricity from biogas is a minimum of GWh per year

30 Total potential for electricity : agro-waste feedstock in SA WC have largest potential. It is also the leading province in all three industry sector categories. KZN and Gauteng follow closely

31 Total potential for electricity : agro-waste feedstock In the top 3 provinces, the potential is mainly derived from livestock and agro-industry, with the meat processing industry playing minor role in comparison Most well-known biogas projects realised or/ under construction in WC & Gauteng. No industrialised biogas plants in KZN as approx. 65% agro-industrial potential is from sugar industry Due to seasonal of sugar, development of the sector in KZN is more complex

32 DISCUSSION & RECCOMENDATIONS

33 Areas for further Research & Recommendations Study still has data gaps, therefore it is recommended that liaison directly with industry associations should be valuable Another mandate should be drafted to engage directly with all the contact persons from the industry associations Other data sources to be explored e.g. DST, CSIR, etc. for the final report to base values on SA feedstock values

34 Areas for further Research and Recommendations cont. Sugar mills, wineries & fruit processing factories are seasonal. Alternatives include other substrates to fill gap or storing substrates so plant runs all year. The more liquid the substrate is (e.g. wastewater, liquid cattle, pig manure), the less energy it contains Feedstocks should also be treated as close to the source as possible to mitigate the risk that consumed transport energy be higher than that produced

35 CONCLUSIONS

36 Final remarks There is significant potential for SA to develop its biogas industry Even regions such as NC with low biogas potential, projects are being developed One can identify livestock farms, meat processing and/or agroindustries with sufficient organic waste streams, having high demand electrical and/ thermal energy to set up viable biogas installations

37 Acknowledgement Team Activities 1. Livestock ARC-Institutes responsible personnel Dairy industry: Mr. C. Muya (CM) Dr. F. Nherera-Chokuda (NC) Cattle: Mr. K-J. Leeuw (KL) & Mr. M. Ratsaka (MR) Piggeries: Dr. A. Kanengoni (AK), Mrs. P. Sebothoma (PS), Mr. R. Thomas (RT), Ms. K. Mphofu (KT) ARC-API ARC-API ARC-API Chicken farms (laying hens): Dr. M.S. Thaela-Chimuka (TC), Ms. M. Mokoma (MK) ARC-API 2. Agro-processing industry Milk-processing industry: Ms. P Magama (PM) & K. Mogodu (MD) Abattoirs: in conjunction with cattle feedlots: Mr. K-J. Leeuw (KL) & Mr. M. Ratsaka (MR) Abattoirs: in conjunction with piggeries: Dr. A. Kanengoni (AK), Mrs. P. Sebothoma (PS), Mr. R. Thomas (RT), Ms K. Mphofu Abattoirs: in conjunction with chicken farms: Dr. M.S. Thaela-Chimuka (TC), Ms. M. Mokoma (MK) Abattoirs: Ms. P. Magama (PM) & K. Mogodu (MD) Fresh-produce markets, Sugar industry, Pineapple industry, Fruit pulp: vineyards, Fruit pulp: juice, Breweries and Milling industry: Ms. P. Magama (PM) & K. Mogodu (MD) ARC-IAE ARC-API ARC-API ARC-API ARC-IAE ARC-IAE

38 THANK YOU