Nuclear Power Plant. Mini Study. Sample file

Transcription

1 Nuclear Power Plant Mini Study

2 Created and designed by Debbie Martin Nuclear Power Plant Mini Study The Whole Word Publishing The Word, the whole Word and nothing but the Word." Copyright March 2011 by Debbie Martin 3627 D St. Bremerton, Wa All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce his book in whole or in part for non commercial individual or classroom use only. Permission is not granted for school wide system wide reproduction of materials. Images are are public domain.

3 Lower Elementary

4 What is Nuclear Energy? Nuclear energy is a way of creating heat through the fission process of atoms. (Fission is when neutrons split uranium atoms to produce large amounts of energy.) Here is a drawing of an atom. Here is what uranium looks like.

5 All power plants convert <<<Steam>>> heat into electricity using steam. At nuclear power plants, the heat to make the steam is created when atoms split apart -- called fission. (Other types of power plants burn coal or oil for heat to make steam.) The fission process take place when the nucleus of a heavy atom, like uranium or plutonium, is split in two when struck by a neutron. The "fissioning" of the nucleus releases two or three new neutrons. It also releases energy in the form of heat. The released neutrons can then repeat the process. This releases even more neutrons and more nuclear energy. The repeating of the process is called a chain reaction. In a nuclear power plant, uranium is the material used in the fission process. The heat from fission boils water and creates steam to turn a turbine. As the turbine spins, the generator turns and its magnetic field produces electricity. The electricity can then be carried to your home, so you can work on the computer, watch television, play

6 video games, or make toast! The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, also called the NRC, regulates nuclear power plants.

7 There Are Two Types of Reactors in the United States The Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Pressurized Water Reactors are known as PWRs. They keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil. Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate pipes and never mix.

8 And the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Boiling Water Reactors are known as BWRs. In BWRs, the water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the generator. In both types of plants, the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process. Radioactivity must be carefully managed because it can be dangerous if not handled properly. It can damage human cells or cause cancer over time. Since the fission process creates radioactivity, all nuclear power plants have many safety systems that protect workers, the public and the environment. For

9 example, systems allow the fission process to be stopped and the reactor to be shut down quickly. Other systems cool the reactor and carry heat away from it. Barriers keep the radioactivity from escaping into the environment. In reactors, radiation is contained inside small ceramic pellets about the size of an adult s finger. They are placed in long metal rods inside a reactor vessel, which is enclosed in a concrete and steel containment building. These buildings have walls three to six feet thick!

10 In Reactors, Radiation Is Trapped and Contained in Several Ways: Small amounts of radioactivity can be released into the environment but only under controlled and monitored conditions. The only major accident in a nuclear power plant in this country was at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in March At Three Mile Island, there was major fuel damage, and radioactive gases and contaminated cooling water filled the containment building. Some radioactivity was released into the atmosphere, but it didn t hurt people or the environment. A much more serious accident happened in 1986 at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union. That reactor was built differently than those in the U.S. Most importantly, it had no containment system. The

11 reactor core was severely damaged and a large amount of radioactivity was released into the environment. Emergency Planning All owners of nuclear power plants must have emergency plans. These plans allow workers and people who live near the plants to know how to handle emergencies. Federal, state and local governments work together in case people need to be evacuated or other actions taken to protect local residents. All nuclear power plants practice regular drills on a regular basis. These drills simulate a serious accident to test the emergency plan. Since the Three Mile Island accident, many changes have made nuclear power plants safer. Reactor operators are trained to

12 handle emergencies using computer simulators. The NRC emergency operations center is open 24 hours a day every day they are always ready if something happens. The NRC has inspectors at each plant and collects more information from the owners of plants so the right safety decisions can be made. Security Nuclear power plants have always had armed guards and other measures to protect the facility from people who didn t belong there. After the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, even more security measures were put in place. These measures are very strict because protecting the plant from sabotage or attack is important to protect people and the environment.

13 Decommissioning at a Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear power plants are licensed by the NRC for 40 years. After that, they can ask to renew their license, or they can shut down the plant and decommission it. Decommissioning means shutting down the plant and taking steps to reduce the level of radiation so that the land can be used for other things. NRC has very strict rules for shutting down a plant. The NRC requires plants to finish the process within 60 years of closing. Since it may cost $300 million or more to shut down and decommission a plant, the NRC requires plant owners to set aside money when the plant is still operating to pay for the future shutdown costs.

14 Nuclear power plants can be decommissioned using three methods: Dismantling -- Parts of the reactor are removed or decontaminated soon after the plant closes and the land can be used. 2. Safe Storage -- The nuclear plant is monitored and radiation is allowed to decay; afterward, it is taken down. 3. Entombment -- Radioactive components are sealed off with concrete and steel, allowing radiation to decay until the land can be used for other purposes. Radioactive Waste High-level waste includes the fuel used in the nuclear reactor -- called spent fuel. It is highly radioactive and very dangerous. It must be cooled for several years in deep pools inside the

15 plant or in special storage facilities outside of the plant site. It can remain in the pool or later be transferred to special casks, which are like big, concrete barrels. Some of the fission products in the spent fuel will take many years to lose their radioactivity. A special disposal site is needed for this type of spent fuel. The U.S. Department of Energy wants to build such a site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The spent fuel, in heavy casks, would remain buried there for thousands of years. The NRC must approve and license this site to make sure it is safe. Low-level waste can come from nuclear reactors or from hospitals or universities. Low-level waste is not as dangerous as highlevel waste. It can be shipped to low-level waste disposal facilities. There, it is packaged, buried in trenches and covered with soil. States are responsible for selecting new disposal sites or using those that already exist. Nuclear power provides about 20 percent of our nation's electricity. And nuclear materials help in thousands of medical procedures and dozens of

16 industrial uses. But many scientists believe we haven t yet found all the ways to use nuclear materials. The NRC will be closely regulating any peaceful use of nuclear material to protect public health and safety, and the world in which we live.

17 My Nuclear Power Plant Lapbook

18 Optional Lapbook Booklets What is nuclear energy? What is fission? Directions for above booklets, Cut cut booklets, fold in half and write inside. Glue into lapbook.

19 Parts of an atom Directions: Write one part of the atom on each card. Cut out cards. Next cut out pocket. Fold tabs back and glue into lapbook. When dry add cards to pocket. Next, cut out the picture of the atom on the left and glue into your lapbook.

20 All power plants convert heat into using steam. At nuclear power plants, the heat to make the steam is created when split apart -- called fission. (Other types of power plants burn or for heat to make steam.) Directions for above: Fill in the blanks. Cut out and glue into lapbook. What does NRC stand for? Directions for above booklet. Cut out booklet, fold in half and Write inside. Glue into lapbook. 1 2 Directions for above booklets. What are the two types of reactors in the United States? Cut out booklet Cut on dotted line. Fold in half. Write one item under each flap. Fold tabs over and glue into lapbook.

21 The only major accident in a nuclear power plant in this country was at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in what year? Directions for above booklet. Cut out booklet, fold in half and Write inside. Glue into lapbook. Chernobyl A much more serious accident happened in 1986 at Chernobyl in the former. That reactor was built differently than those in the U.S. Most importantly, it had no. The reactor core was severely damaged and a large amount of was released into the environment. Directions for above booklet. Cut out booklet and cut out into strips so you have four strips. Next fill in the blanks about Chernobyl. When complete, stack in order with cover on top and staple on the left. Glue into lapbook.

22 All owners of nuclear power plants must have what? Why do nuclear power plants have security? Directions for above booklets. Cut out booklet, fold in half and write inside. Fold tabs over and glue into lapbook. Nuclear power plants are licensed by the NRC for how many years? Directions for above booklet. Cut out booklet, fold in half. Write inside and Glue into lapbook. What does decommissioning mean? Directions for above booklet. Write on blank portion of scroll. Cut out both scrolls. Stack with cover on top and staple at the top. Glue into lapbook.

23 Directions for below booklet. Cut out booklet, fold in half and Write inside. Glue into lapbook. Nuclear power plants can be decommissioned using three methods.what are they? How much could it cost to decommission a nuclear power plant? What are the two different types of radioactive waste? Directions for above booklet. Write one item on each strip. Cut out strips. Stack with cover on top and staple at the left. Glue into lapbook. Directions for oval booklet. Write one item on Each blank oval. Cut out booklet. Fold like an accordion. Glue into lapbook.

24 Do scientists think they have found all the ways to use nuclear materials? Directions for above booklet. Cut out booklet, fold in half and Write inside. Glue into lapbook.

25 Nuclear Power Plant Optional Questions 1.) What is nuclear energy? 2.) What is fission? 3.) When looking at the picture of the atom, what are the four main parts?

26 4.) All power plants convert heat into using steam. At nuclear power plants, the heat to make the steam is created when split apart -- called fission. (Other types of power plants burn or for heat to make steam.) 5.) What does NRC stand for? 6.) What are the two types of reactors in the United States? 7.) The only major accident in a nuclear power plant in this country was at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in. 8.) A much more serious accident happened in 1986 at Chernobyl in the former. That reactor was built differently than those in the U.S. Most importantly, it had no. The

27 reactor core was severely damaged and a large amount of was released into the environment. 9.) All owners of nuclear power plants must have what? 10.) Why do nuclear power plants have security? 11.) Nuclear power plants are licensed by the NRC for how many years? 12.) What does decommissioning mean?

28 13.) How much could it cost to decommission a nuclear power plant? 14.) Nuclear power plants can be decommissioned using three methods. What are they? 15.) What are the two different types of radioactive waste? 16.) Do scientists think they have found all the ways to use nuclear materials?

29 Upper Elementary and Up

30 Nuclear Power Plants In the United States, over 100 nuclear reactors supply about 20% of our electricity. Worldwide, over 400 reactors provide 17% of the world s electricity. Nuclear power plants produce electricity through a heat-generating process known as "fission," in which neutrons split uranium atoms to produce large amounts of energy. This process also creates some hazardous by-products, which are contained within the fuel cladding, the reactor vessel, and the thick concrete and steel walls of the containment building.

31 What is a neutron? A neutron small particle possessing no electrical charge typically found within an atom's nucleus. A neutron has about the same mass as a proton. Neutron radiation is energy released from an atom in the form of neutral particles called neutrons. Neutrons are part of the basic building blocks of atoms. They have no charge and are about the same mass as a proton. Due to ion-producing collisions with matter and absorption/decay processes, neutrons are a type of ionizing radiation.) Atom Diagram

32 Label the atom.

33 Among the radioactive materials found at nuclear power plants you will find enriched uranium, low-level waste, and spent nuclear fuel. Enriched uranium, in the form of a pellet roughly one-inch-long, serves as the fuel for nuclear power plants; there may be over 100 tons of fuel pellets present in a single reactor. One pellet can generate approximately the same amount of electricity as one ton of coal. Uranium fuel is only mildly radioactive and can be handled safely without shielding, unlike spent fuel, which is extremely radioactive. Low-level radioactive waste includes items that have become contaminated with radioactive material. This waste typically consists of contaminated protective shoe covers and clothing, wiping rags, mops, filters, reactor water treatment residues, and equipment and tools. Low-level waste is stored at the nuclear power plant until either the radioactivity in the waste decays away, allowing it to be disposed of as ordinary trash, or there is

34 enough waste for shipment to a low-level waste disposal site. Spent nuclear fuel includes many highly radioactive byproducts of the fission process. The fuel is stored at the nuclear power plant site in specially designed pools resembling large swimming pools or in specially designed dry storage containers. In the pools the water cools the fuel and acts as a radiation shield. The storage containers can also cool the fuel and contain the radiation emitted by the used fuel. What is Uranium? Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element whose principal isotopes are Uranium- 238 and Uranium-235. Natural uranium is a hard silvery-white shiny metallic ore that contains a minute amount of Uranium-234. Uranium has been used in a variety of industrial and research processes. For example, uranium has been used as a coloring Uranium glass glowing under UV light

35 agent in decorative glass and ceramics, with uranium coloring found in glass from 79 AD. However, the greatest uses of uranium by far have been for defense and electric power generation. Extracting Uranium Ore The U.S. mining industry uses two distinct methods to extract uranium ore: physically removing the ore-bearing rock from the soil for processing or chemically dissolving uranium from the ore at the site. Physically removing the rock ore generally involves either open-pit mining or underground mining. Open-pit mining is stripping away or excavating the topsoil and rock that lie above the uranium ore. Underground mining is extracting rock through a tunnel or opening the side of a hill or mountain. Chemically dissolving the uranium out of the rock ore is done through either heap leaching or in-situ leaching. Heap leaching is pouring chemicals over above-

36 ground piles of crushed ore-bearing rock and collecting uranium through underground drains. This method is not used currently in the U.S. In-situ leaching, the most common method used in the United States, involves treating ore deep underground with chemicals to dissolve the uranium and then pumping the liquid to the surface through wells. The soils in these areas also contain uranium and radium, naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM). Once exposed or concentrated by mining, this naturally-occurring material becomes Technologically-Enhanced NORM or TENORM. TENORM at mining sites consists of radioactive waste soils and rock, drill and core hole cuttings, and waste waters. Wastes at heap leaching or in-situ leaching operations are regulated by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its Agreement States and are classified as by-product materials rather than TENORM. Milling is the process that removes uranium from the

37 ore, which is mostly obtained in open-pit and underground mines. Once at the mill, the ore is crushed and ground up, and treated with chemical solutions to dissolve the uranium, which is then recovered from the solution. Tailings are the wastes from the millings processes and are stored in mill tailings impoundments, a specially designed waste disposal facility. These wastes are also classified as by-product materials. Since 1879, when uranium mine workers began being diagnosed with lung diseases, such as cancer, regulators have gradually tightened controls and mandated improved uranium mining practices. Recently, officials also have become concerned with the broader impacts of uranium mining on public health and the environment. Workers are directly exposed to the radiation hazards of uranium mines. There are radiation protection standards in place specifically to protect uranium mine workers.

38 Typical Uranium Mill Most of Our Uranium Is Imported Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors purchased the equivalent of 53 million pounds of uranium during Uranium delivered to U.S. reactors in 2008 came from six continents: 14% of delivered uranium came from the United States 86% of delivered uranium was of foreign-origin: 42% was from Australia and Canada 33% originated in Kazakhstan, Russia and Uzbekistan 11% came from Brazil, Czech Republic, Namibia, Niger, South Africa, and the United Kingdom

39 Nuclear power plants use the heat generated from nuclear fission in a contained environment to convert water to steam, which powers generators to produce electricity. Nuclear power plants operate in most Steam coming out of the nuclear states in the country and cooling towers is just hot water. produce about 20 percent of the nation s power. Nearly 3 million Americans live within 10 miles of an operating nuclear power plant. Although the construction and operation of these facilities are closely monitored and regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), accidents are possible. An accident could result in dangerous levels of radiation that could affect the health and safety of the public living near the nuclear power plant. Local and state governments, federal agencies, and the electric utilities have emergency response plans in the event of a nuclear power plant incident. The plans define two emergency planning zones. One zone covers an area within a 10-mile radius of the plant, where it is possible that people could be

40 harmed by direct radiation exposure. The second zone covers a broader area, usually up to a 50-mile radius from the plant, where radioactive materials could contaminate water supplies, food crops, and livestock. The potential danger from an accident at a nuclear power plant is exposure to radiation. This exposure could come from the release of radioactive material from the plant into the environment, usually characterized by a plume (cloudlike formation) of radioactive gases and particles. The major hazards to people in the vicinity of the plume are radiation exposure to the body from the cloud and particles deposited on the ground, inhalation of radioactive materials, and ingestion of radioactive materials. Radioactive materials are composed of atoms that are unstable. An unstable atom gives off its excess energy until it becomes stable. The energy emitted is

41 radiation. Each of us is exposed to radiation daily from natural sources, including the Sun and the Earth. Small traces of radiation are present in food and water. Radiation also is released from man-made sources such as X-ray machines, television sets, and microwave ovens. Radiation has a cumulative effect. The longer a person is exposed to radiation, the greater the effect. A high exposure to radiation can cause serious illness or death.

42 There Are Two Types of Reactors in the United States Pressurized Water Reactors In a typical commercial pressurized light-water reactor(1) the core inside the reactor vessel creates heat, (2) pressurized water in the primary coolant loop carries the heat to the steam generator, (3) inside the steam generator, heat from the steam, and (4) the steam line directs the steam to the main turbine, causing it to turn the turbine generator, which produces electricity. The unused steam is exhausted in to the condenser where it condensed into water. The resulting water is pumped out of the condenser with a series of pumps, reheated and pumped back to the reactor vessel. The reactor's core contains fuel assemblies that are cooled by water circulated using electrically powered pumps. These pumps and other operating systems in the plant receive their power from the electrical grid. If offsite power is lost emergency cooling water is supplied by other pumps, which can be powered by onsite diesel generators. Other safety systems, such as the containment cooling system, also need power.

43 Pressurized-water reactors contain between fuel assemblies.

44 Boiling Water Reactors In a typical commercial boiling-water reactor, (1) the core inside the reactor vessel creates heat, (2) a steam-water mixture is produced when very pure water (reactor coolant) moves upward through the core, absorbing heat, (3) the steam-water mixture leaves the top of the core and enters the two stages of moisture separation where water droplets are removed before the steam is allowed to enter the steam line, and (4) the steam line directs the steam to the main turbine, causing it to turn the turbine generator, which produces electricity. The unused steam is exhausted in to the condenser where it condensed into water. The resulting water is pumped out of the condenser with a series of pumps, reheated and pumped back to the reactor vessel. The reactor's core contains fuel assemblies that are cooled by water circulated using electrically powered pumps. These pumps and other operating systems in the plant receive their power from the electrical grid. If offsite power is lost emergency cooling water is supplied by other pumps, which can be powered by onsite diesel generators. Other safety systems, such as the containment cooling system,

45 also need electric power. Boiling-water reactor s contain between fuel assemblies. Boiling Water Reactor

46 In Reactors, Radiation Is Trapped and Contained in Several Ways: Small amounts of radioactivity can be released into the environment but only under controlled and monitored conditions. The only major accident in a nuclear power plant in this country was at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in March At Three Mile Island, there was major fuel damage, and radioactive gases and contaminated cooling water filled the containment building. Some radioactivity was released into the atmosphere, but it didn t hurt people or the environment. A much more serious accident happened in 1986 at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union. That reactor was built differently than those in the U.S. Most importantly, it had no containment system. The

47 reactor core was severely damaged and a large amount of radioactivity was released into the environment. Decommissioning at a Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear power plants are licensed by the NRC for 40 years. After that, they can ask to renew their license, or they can shut down the plant and decommission it. Decommissioning means shutting down the plant and taking steps to reduce the level of radiation so that the land can be used for other things. NRC has very strict rules for shutting down a plant. The NRC requires plants to finish the process within 60 years of closing. Since it may cost $300 million or more to shut down and decommission a plant, the NRC requires plant owners to set aside money when the plant is still operating to pay for the future shutdown costs.

48 Nuclear power plants can be decommissioned using three methods: 1.Dismantling -- Parts of the reactor are removed or decontaminated soon after the plant closes and the land can be used. 2.Safe Storage -- The nuclear plant is monitored and radiation is allowed to decay; afterward, it is taken down. 3. Entombment -- Radioactive components are sealed off with concrete and steel, allowing radiation to decay until the land can be used for other purposes.

49 Before a Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Obtain public emergency information materials from the power company that operates your local nuclear power plant or your local emergency services office. If you live within 10 miles of the power plant, you should receive these materials yearly from the power company or your state or local government. Minimizing Exposure to Radiation Distance - The more distance between you and the source of the radiation, the better. This could be evacuation or remaining indoors to minimize exposure. Shielding - The more heavy, dense material between you and the source of the radiation, the better Time - Most radioactivity loses its strength fairly quickly.

50 During a Nuclear Power Plant Emergency The following are guidelines for what you should do if a nuclear power plant emergency occurs. Keep a batterypowered radio with you at all times and listen to the radio for specific instructions. Close and lock doors and windows. If you are told to evacuate: Keep car windows and vents closed; use recirculating air. If you are advised to remain indoors: Turn off the air conditioner, ventilation fans, furnace, and other air intakes. Go to a basement or other underground area, if possible. Do not use the telephone unless absolutely necessary. If you expect you have been exposed to nuclear radiation: Change clothes and shoes. Put exposed clothing in a plastic bag.

51 Seal the bag and place it out of the way. Take a thorough shower. Keep food in covered containers or in the refrigerator. Food not previously covered should be washed before being put in to containers. Know Your Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Terms Notification of Unusual Event A small problem has occurred at the plant. No radiation leak is expected. No action on your part will be necessary. Alert A small problem has occurred, and small amounts of radiation could leak inside the plant. This will not affect you and no action is required. Site Area Emergency Area sirens may be sounded. Listen to your radio or television for safety information. General Emergency Radiation could leak outside the plant and off the plant site. The sirens will sound. Tune to your local radio or television station for reports. Be prepared to follow instructions promptly.

52 My Nuclear Power Plant Lapbook

53 Optional Lapbook Booklets Nuclear power plants produce electricity through a heat- generating process known as what? Directions for above: Cut out booklet and fold in half. Write inside. Cut out fission diagram and glue inside booklet. Glue into lapbook. Describe Fission Directions for scroll booklet. Write on lined portion of booklet. Cut out both pieces of the booklet. Stack with cover on top staple at the top. Glue into lapbook.

54 What is a neutron? Directions for above booklet. Cut out booklet and fold in half. Write inside and Fold tab over and glue into lapbook. Enriched uranium Low -level radioactive waste Spent nuclear fuel Directions: Cut out booklet and cut on dotted line. Fold in half. Write under each flap. Glue into lapbook.

55 What is uranium? Directions for above booklet. Cut out and fold in half. Write inside and glue into lapbook. file Sample Extracting Uranium Ore Directions below on next page.

56 Directions for above pocket and cards. Describe open pit mining,underground mining, heap leaching and in-situ leaching write one item on each card and cut out cards. Cut out pocket and fold tabs back and glue into lapbook. When dry insert cards. NORM TENORM Directions for above booklet. Cut out booklet, cut on dotted line. Fold in half. Describe what NORM stand for under one flap and TENORM under the other. Fold tabs over and glue into lapbook. Local and state governments, federal Agencies, and the electric utilities have emergency response plans in the event of a nuclear power plant incident. The plans define two emergency planning zones. Describe the two zones.

57 Directions for above booklet. Write on lined portion of booklet. Cut out both pieces of the booklet stack with cover on top and staple on the left. Glue into lapbook. Radioactive materials are composed of atoms that are. An unstable atom gives off its excess until it becomes stable. The energy emitted is. Directions for above. Fill in the blanks. Cut out and glue into lapbook.

58 What are the two types of reactors in the United States. Directions: Write one item on each blank square. Cut out booklet, fold like an accordion and Glue into lapbook. Directions for above booklet What are the three methods nuclear power plants can be decommissioned? Write one answer on each square. Cut out booklet. Fold triangles down so they cover your writing. Cut out red atoms and glue to the front of each triangle and glue into lapbook.

59 1 2 3 What are three ways to minimize exposure to radiation? Directions for above booklet. Write three Ways to minimize radiation write on item On each of the above strips labeled 1,2 and 3. Cut out booklet. Fold over large flap so it covers your writing. Numbers will stick out. Next, cut out and glue label On the left on the from of the large flap and glue into lapbook.

60 Notification of unusual event. Alert Site area emergency General emergency Directions for above. Know Your Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Terms. Describe the above words. Cut out booklet. Cut on dotted lines. Fold in half. Write under each flap. Fold tabs over and glue into lapbook.

61 Nuclear Power Plant Optional Questions 1.) Nuclear power plants produce electricity through a heat-generating process known as. 2.) Describe fission. 3.) What is a neutron?

62 3.) Describe enriched uranium. 4.) Describe low-level radioactive waste. 5.) Describe spent nuclear fuel.

63 6.) What is uranium? 7.) Describe open pit mining. 8.) Describe underground mining.

64 9.) Describe heap leaching. 10.) Describe in-situ leaching. 11.) What does NORM stand for? 12.) What does TENORM stand for? 13.) Local and state governments, federal agencies, and the electric utilities have emergency response plans in the event of a nuclear power plant incident.

65 The plans define two emergency planning zones. Describe the two zones. 14.) Radioactive materials are composed of atoms that are. An unstable atom gives off its excess until it becomes stable. The energy emitted is. 15.) What are the two types of reactors in the United States. 16.) What are the three methods nuclear power plants can be decommissioned?

66 17.) What are three ways to minimizing exposure to radiation? 18.) Explain what notification of unusual event means. 19.) Explain what alert means. 20.) Explain what site area emergency means.

67 21.) Explain what general emergency means.

68 Copywork and Coloring Pages

69 Quotes from Michael C. Burgess the U.S. Representative for Texas's 26 th congressional district. Nuclear power is an important part of our domestic fuel mix. Nuclear power will help provide the electricity that our growing economy needs without increasing emissions. This is truly an environmentally responsible source of energy.

70 Quotes from Michael C. Burgess the U.S. Representative for Texas's 26 th congressional district. Nuclear power is an important part of our domestic fuel mix. Nuclear power will help provide the electricity that our growing economy needs without increasing emissions. This is truly an environmentally responsible source of energy.

71 Quotes from Michael C. Burgess the U.S. Representative for Texas's 26 th congressional district. Nuclear power is an important part of our domestic fuel mix. Nuclear power will help provide the electricity that our growing economy needs without increasing emissions. This is truly an environmentally responsible source of energy.

72

73 Quotes from Michael C. Burgess the U.S. Representative for Texas's 26 th congressional district. Nuclear power is an important part of our domestic fuel mix. Nuclear power will help provide the electricity that our growing economy needs without increasing emissions.

74 This is truly an environmentally responsible source of energy.

75 Quotes from Michael C. Burgess the U.S. Representative for Texas's 26th

76 congressional district. Nuclear power is an important part of our domestic fuel mix.

77 Nuclear power will help provide the electricity that our growing economy needs without increasing

78 emissions. This is truly an environmentally responsible source of energy.

79 Quotes from Michael C. Burgess the U.S. Representative for Texas's 26th congressional district.

80 Nuclear power is an important part of our domestic fuel mix. Nuclear power will help provide the electricity that our growing economy needs without

81 increasing emissions. This is truly an environmentally responsible source of energy.

82 Quotes from Michael C. Burgess the U.S. Representative for Texas's 26th congressional district.

83 Nuclear power is an important part of our domestic fuel mix. Nuclear power will help provide the electricity that our growing economy needs without increasing

84 emissions. This is truly an environmentally responsible source of energy.

85

86