Smart Grids: From Concept to Reality Professor Philip Taylor Deputy Pro Vice Chancellor Head of Engineering Siemens Professor of Energy Systems

Transcription

1 Smart Grids: From Concept to Reality Professor Philip Taylor Deputy Pro Vice Chancellor Head of Engineering Siemens Professor of Energy Systems The Devan Nair Institute for Employment and Employability, Jurong East, Singapore

2 Course Overview Day 1: Tuesday 27 June 08:45 09:00 Registration 09:00 10:30 Introduction to smart grids, Professor Phil Taylor 10:30 11:00 Refreshments & networking 11:00 12:30 Smart grids and real case studies in the UK, Professor Phil Taylor 12:30 13:30 Lunch (provided) 13:30 15:00 Integration of energy storage, Dr Damian Giaouris 15:00 15:30 Refreshments & networking 15:30 17:00 Integration of energy storage and DSR, Dr Damian Giaouris Day 2: Wednesday 28 June 08:45 09:00 Registration 09:00 10:30 Active network management, Dr Anurag Sharma 10:30 11:00 Refreshments & networking 11:00 12:30 Advanced power flow, Dr Thillainathan Logenthiran 12:30 13:30 Lunch (provided) 13:30 15:00 Integration of renewable energy sources, Dr Haris Patsios 15:00 15:30 Refreshments & networking 15:30 17:00 Integration of renewable energy sources, Dr Haris Patsios Closing remarks, Professor Phil Taylor

3 The function of a conventional power system Generate electric energy economically and with the minimum ecological disturbance and to transfer this energy over transmission lines and distribution networks with the maximum efficiency and reliability for delivery to consumers at virtually fixed voltage and frequency Safety??

4 Current Electricity Network

5 Evolving Networks Trilemma Affordability, Sustainability, Security Increased Electrification, Decarbonisation of Electrical Networks Heat and Transport Ageing Assets Severe Weather Events Capital Cost Planning Permission

6 Drivers for Smart Grids Distributed Generation Renewable Energy, Micro-generation Heat onto Electricity grid Transport onto Electricity grid Ageing Assets Severe Weather Events Customer Expectations Capital Cost Planning Permission

7 Traditional Power System Passive Transmission 275 kv 132 kv Distribution 132 kv 33 kv 33 kv 11 kv 11 kv 400 V

8 Distributed Generation Transmission Distribution 275 kv 132 kv 132 kv 33 kv 33 kv 11 kv 11 kv 400 V 500 MW 20 MW 5 MW

9 Distributed Generation Why? Reduction in CO2 emissions Energy efficiency and rational use of energy Deregulation and competition policy Diversification of energy sources National power requirement Availability of modular generating plant Ease of finding sites for smaller generators Short construction times and lower capital costs of smaller plant Generation may be sited closer to load, which may reduce transmission costs

10 Distributed Generation Plant Combined Heat and Power CHP Wind/Wave/Tidal Landfill Gas Hydro (Run of River) Photovoltaic

11 Evolving Networks Distributed Generation Unidirectional to Multidirectional Power Flows Transition from Passive to Active Networks Active Network Management/Smart Grids Transition Now 10 to 15 Generating Units used for Frequency control all transmission connected, ,000 Transmission and Distribution 10, 000 voltage control devices now ,000 Home control systems zero now, 15 million by 2030

12 Evolving Networks UK Networks km (twice the distance from the earth to the moon) Ofgem estimate 32 billion must be invested in networks in next decade in UK alone. Renewable mix growing all the time Overall UK solar PV capacity at the end of February 2015 stood at 5,229 MW, across 668,714 installations, an increase of 0.9 per cent in capacity and 1.4 per cent in installations compared to the end of January Coal 30.3% (down 6pp), gas 29.5% (up 4pp), nuclear 15.8% (down 3pp), renewables (wind, hydro & bioenergy) 22.0% (up 4pp). Overall low carbon generation was 37.8%. Q4 2015

13 Definition of Active Network Management Shift away from fit and forget approach The ENA, the trade association of the DNOs, define active management as; The methodology by which the DNO and the Generator monitor their respective plant with the intention of reacting to network or generation changes in order to ensure that the network and generation continue to operate within safe and prescribed limits, where monitoring means manual, electronic or any other from of monitoring that is suitable for the particular installation.

14 The ENSG smart grid definition A Smart Grid as part of an electricity power system can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it - generators, consumers and those that do both - in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. A Smart Grid employs communications, innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring and control technologies to: 1 Facilitate connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies 2 Enable the demand side to play a part in optimising the operation of the system Provide consumers with greater information and choice of supply, and extend the scope of the market into both distribution systems and to the end customers Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the total electricity supply system Deliver required levels of reliability, flexibility, quality and security of supply 14

15 The ENSG smart grid vision The UK s smart grid will develop to support and accelerate a cost-effective transition to the low-carbon economy. The smart grid will help the UK meet its 2020 carbon targets, while providing the foundations for a variety of power system options out to The Vision sets out how smart grids may, directly or indirectly: maintain or enhance quality and security of electricity supply; facilitate the connection of new low- and zerocarbon generating plants, from industrial to domestic scale; enable innovative demandside technologies and strategies; facilitate a new range of energy products and tariffs to empower consumers to reduce their energy consumption and carbon output; feature a holistic communications system that will allow the complete power system to operate in a coherent way, balancing carbon intensity and cost, and providing a greater visibility of the grid state; allow the cost and carbon impact of using the networks themselves to be optimised. It is critical to acknowledge that the vision goes far beyond technology. Technology will play an important role in meeting the UK s needs but regulatory, legal, commercial, market, industry and cultural change will also be critical.

16 Smart Grid Observable Controllable Automated Fully Integrated

17 Future Smart Grids?

18 Technical Impacts of Distributed Generation Voltage Changes Fault Levels Power Quality Protection Stability

19 Voltage Changes (Refresher on voltage change equations) X

20 Voltage Drop Down a Radial Feeder No Generation V Voltage Max Min ( PR XQ) Distance Summer Winter

21 Over-voltage due to Embedded Generation Generation Voltage Max Distance Summer Winter Min V ( Pnet R XQnet )

22 Fault Levels Embedded Generation Increases Fault Levels Synchronous and Induction Generators and Motors contribute to fault current Sometimes beyond equipment ratings

23 Fault Levels Describing the effect of faults on a system in terms of the current that would flow in a fault could be somewhat confusing. This fault current must be compared to the normal load current, and this load current is inversely proportional to the nominal voltage. To compensate for the effect of voltage level, the magnitude of potential faults in the system is given in terms of fault level. This quantity is usually expressed in MVA and is defined as: FL V nomin al I f ( MVA)

24 Fault Levels The base quantities are usually chosen such that: If we divide the first equation by the second and assume that Vbase is the same as V nominal, it can be seen that: FL pu = I f pu MVA V B B I B Link to ability of network to accommodate EG Weak Network

25 Power Quality Power Quality = Voltage Quality Frequency Amplitude Purity Power Quality Problem Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that results in failure or mal-operation of customer equipment Why increased emphasis? Sensitive loads Power electronic loads/generator interfaces Increased customer awareness

26 Source of Power Quality Disturbances

27 Power Quality Voltage Flicker Harmonics Unbalance

28 Flicker Impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance fluctuates with time.

29 Harmonics Distortion Increasing Caused by the non linear characteristics of devices and loads Increases losses in machines Interfere with power electronic control systems

30 Harmonics

31 Unbalance Caused primarily by single phase loads or potentially by single phase micro-generators The maximum deviation from the average of the three phase voltages or currents, divided by the average of the three phase voltages or currents.

32 Power (kw) Voltage (V) Unbalance :00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:00:00 Time (hrs) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase :00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:00:00 Time (hrs) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

33 Energy Policy and European Targets European Commission Target 20/20 by 2020 GHG down by 20% RE up to 20% UK 15% UK Target 80% by 2050 (Mandatory) Relative to 1990 levels Each persons carbon footprint will have to be one fifth of its current value 2050 pathways online calculator

34 How? BEIS view is... Demand Reduction Electrification of heat, transport, and industry Electricity supply will need to double and be decarbonised Renewable increase but how balance? Bio-energy Fossil Fuels still important, carbon capture and storage Nuclear?

35 Why need Energy Policy? Privatised Energy Systems Governments commit to targets How motivate private industry so targets can be met? Appropriate Energy Policy!

36 Electricity Industry CEGB Central Electricity Generating Board Government owned Vertically Integrated Privatisation/Deregulation/Unbundling Internationally the trend is this way UK leading the way

37 Structure of the UK Electricity Industry? Privatised in 1989 Raised 21 billion Monopoly Businesses Regulation Required

38 Ofgem The office of gas and electricity markets Principal objective To protect the interests of consumers, present and future, wherever appropriate by promoting effective competition.

39 The UK Electricity Market The Pool Open to manipulation NETA Commodity trading Balancing and settlement code BETTA GB wide better deal for Scotland

40 Prices Up until recently the claims were. Privatisation has lead to prices of electricity dropping significantly. Prices? Average bill in Average bill in p/day inc VAT for a House

41 Retail Prices Average price now 592! Assumes 3800kWh/yr

42 Regulation and Renewable Energy The Non Fossil Fuel Obligation 1989 Subsidise Nuclear Power Small amount for renewables Money raised by the Fossil Fuel Levy Highly competitive The Renewable Obligation 2002 Target for suppliers to source part of their electricity from Renewable Generation

43 The Renewable Obligation

44 Feed in Tariffs (FIT)

45

46 PV was 43 p/kwh In December 2011 cut to 21p/kWh

47 Feed in Tariffs/RO - PV Growth

48 Feed in Tariffs

49 Summary Challenging Targets Lots of Government Intervention Private Investment Needed Will it work?

50 Real Smart Grids Smart Metering Demand Response Real Time Ratings Energy Storage Systems Integrated Smart Grid Control

51 Power (kw) Smart Meter Data (~10,000 customers) May_11 June_11 July_11 August_11 September_11 October_11 November_11 December_11 January_12 February_12 March_12 April_12 May_ :00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00 Time (GMT)

52 Power (kw) Weather Dependence 0.8 Mar-11 Apr-11 Mar-12 Apr Coldest April for 23 years Warmest April since :00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:00:00

53 Load (pu) Base: Weekday Weekday 1.1 Monday / Weekday Tuesday / Weekday Wednesday / Weekday Thursday / Weekday Friday / Weekday :00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00

54 Time of Use Tariffs TC1 - TC 9

55 Time of use Tariffs pre post intervention

56 Solar PV Automatic In premises balancing

57 What is Real-Time Thermal Rating... What is Line Rating... What is Real-Time Thermal Rating... Rating is calculated in real time, based on the conditions of the conductor Solar Radiation = 0 Wind Speed= 0.5m/s at 0 o to the line Ambient Temperature = 2 o C (Winter) 9 o C (Spring/Autumn) 20 o C (Summer)

58 Potential Benefits

59 Potential Applications Wind Farm Connections Support Network in fault conditions Q Other Applications: Defer Network Reinforcement, Assist Scheduled Downtime...

60 Rating [A] Rating [A] Real Time Thermal Ratings, North Wales 132kV Lynx Conductor Seasonal 200 Daily 0 Jan Mar May Jun Aug Oct Dec Rating 200 static 0 P 1 P 60 P 119 P 178 P 237 P 296 Town Woodland

61 Impact Quantification, UK Wide

62 Possible uses for Energy Storage Systems in Smart Grids Stability, Voltage control Energy market Power flow management Restoration Regulation Network management # 1 # 2 # 3 # n ~ PCC Energy storage

63 Demonstration of Energy Storage at 11kV Saft Li-ion battery Energy capacity:200 kwh Max voltage: 5.82 kv IGBT 3-level Voltage Source Converter Four-quadrant operation Real power: 200 kw (nominal) Reactive power: 600 kvar

64 Measurement and communication Windfarm: 2.25MW Energy Storage device Martham Primary Ormesby Primary

65 Real Demonstration

66 ESS/Network Simulation Tool Network Model One year of network data Event definitions Operation Strategy ESS Model Simulation Coordination Real historical data P intervention time limited Q intervention not Forecasting Multiple objectives/constraints Results

67 Count Count Reverse power flow 35 Events Events MW 0.0 MW Time of day Time of day

68 Count Count Under-voltage Events Events 0.0 MVAr MVAr Time of day Time of day

69 Energy Transfer (MWh) Multiple objectives multiple networks Single Net (1), P only Single Net (2), P only With NOP Single Net (1), V&P Single Net (2), V&P With NOP and TSB P/Q = 0.2 MW/MVAr P/Q = 0.4 MW/MVAr

70 2.5MVA 5MWh Electrical Energy Storage at Rise Carr 33/6kV 71

71 Case Study: (IEEE Trans SG) Voltage Control, Storage and Tap Changers A real, smart grid enabled distribution network is adopted as the case study network, to investigate the voltage problems and to evaluate the proposed coordinated voltage control scheme. This network, operated by Northern Powergrid, is a rural network located in the Northeast of England.

72 Data from the CLNR project are used to create the future scenario: Typical daily demand profiles from case study network SCADA data for MV feeders; Typical wind farm generation profile derived from 30 wind farm sites owned by Northern Powergrid; Domestic customer demand profile and power profiles of multiple LCTs derived from historical data from over 5000 domestic customers covering the period May 2011 to May 2012

73 Voltage problems in the case study network without control Voltage profiles at MV feeder ends; Voltage profiles at LV Feeder 1 end; %VUF at LV Feeder 1 end.

74 IPSA2 results with Proposed Control Scheme Voltage profiles at MV feeder ends; Tap position of the OLTC at primary substation; Power output of the EES at MV Feeder 1 end

75 Network in the Loop Emulation Results with Proposed Control Scheme Voltage profiles at LV Feeder 1 end Tap position of the OLTC at secondary substation %VUF at LV Feeder 1 end Power output of the EES at LV Feeder 1 end

76 Conclusions Many Challenges Many Possible Solutions Flexibility and/or Network Reinforcement What is the optimum mix of social, technical and commercial interventions?

77 Summary Conventional Electricity Network

78 Future Smart Grids?

79 Course Overview Day 1: Tuesday 27 June 08:45 09:00 Registration 09:00 10:30 Introduction to smart grids, Professor Phil Taylor 10:30 11:00 Refreshments & networking 11:00 12:30 Smart grids and real case studies in the UK, Professor Phil Taylor 12:30 13:30 Lunch (provided) 13:30 15:00 Integration of energy storage, Dr Damian Giaouris 15:00 15:30 Refreshments & networking 15:30 17:00 Integration of energy storage and DSR, Dr Damian Giaouris Day 2: Wednesday 28 June 08:45 09:00 Registration 09:00 10:30 Active network management, Dr Anurag Sharma 10:30 11:00 Refreshments & networking 11:00 12:30 Advanced power flow, Dr Thillainathan Logenthiran 12:30 13:30 Lunch (provided) 13:30 15:00 Integration of renewable energy sources, Dr Haris Patsios 15:00 15:30 Refreshments & networking 15:30 17:00 Integration of renewable energy sources, Dr Haris Patsios Closing remarks, Professor Phil Taylor