UV Basics and Design. Presented for Minnesota Water Quality Association October 2016

Transcription

1 UV Basics and Design Presented for Minnesota Water Quality Association October 2016

2 This educational offering is recognized by the Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry as satisfying 2 hours of Code credit toward Water Conditioning and Plumbing continuing education requirements.

3 Is it time to change what you think about your water?

4 Do we need Disinfection?

5 What water should be Disinfected?

6 How should we Disinfect? OR

7 How should we Disinfect? Shock Chlorination: Limited effectiveness Chemicals used Short term protection

8 How should we Disinfect? UV Disinfection: Broad range of effectiveness No chemicals Continuous peace of mind

9 Agenda Consumer Research Consumer Polling Is it needed in Minnesota? Why do they want this thing called UV? Disinfection History Disinfection Theory UV System Regulations UV System Requirements UV System Design UV System Application How/Why do I help my customers become aware? Why VIQUA?

10 UV Treatment What is it? Who needs it? Why? Roundtable

11 Our Research EMC Research Columbus, OH

12 Consumer Thoughts When asked about concerns with water consumers typically answered with: Taste and hardness were cited almost universally as concerns.

13 Consumer Thoughts When asked about drinking water safety: 1/3 of the respondents brought up bacteria.

14 Consumer Thoughts Respondents who have experience with water problems are much more open to the concepts of treating or improving their water for quality/safety.

15 Consumer Thoughts Respondents had little awareness of the potential for changes to the quality or safety of water.

16 Consumer Quote Comparing well water to municipal water: I don t know that safer is the right word, I don t think of it as being safer.

17 Consumer Quote I ve never had a problem. We ve never been sick and it has always smelled good. We ve been drinking this water for 50 years, and we feel great!

18 Consumer Quote I should probably be testing it every year or two. But obviously there s a difference between what I should do, and what I actually do.

19 Consumer Quote Taste, water hardness, iron in the water were seen as the primary reasons to treat water. My water tastes fine, so I don t know if I need anything like that.

20 Consumer Quote The safety of our drinking water is very important and I d be interested in anything that could improve it.

21 And MY favorite quote: Consumer Quote I don t even think about it. I don t want to think about it.

22 WQA Research National Study of Consumers Opinions & Perceptions Regarding Water Quality March 2015 Applied Research- West, Inc.

23 The Need for Disinfection 48% of people polled by WQA, who were exposed to a boil water advisory purchased water treatment equipment. 27% of people polled by WQA, were concerned if their water was safe to drink. 49% of people polled acknowledged that, microbiogicals could be a problem in there tap water. National Study of Consumers Opinions & Perceptions Regarding Water Quality March 2015 Applied Research-West, Inc. Published results from WQA.

24 Who Needs UV?

25 How many water borne illnesses are diagnosed each year in the US? Answer: Test Your Knowledge 19,500,000 per YEAR (!?) 53,000 EVERY DAY (?!)» (Reynolds et al., 2008)

26 Does Minnesota need Disinfection?

27 Source: Water Systems Council, July 2006 Household Wells by State (000s) RI DE 68 % HHs on Wells <5% % 16-25% 26-35% >35%

28 MN Total Wells: >484,000 (29% HHs) Percentage of HHs on Wells by County <25% 26-50% 50-75% >75% Source: Water Systems Council, July 2006

29 Detection Frequency for Bacterial Contamination By Aquifer Type GLAC SS Note: Crystalline (CR) bedrock will be present at depths. The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) estimates that at any given time, as many as 25% of private wells have detectable levels of total coliform bacteria

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31 Other Ground Water Considerations Private water supplies are susceptible to contamination in the event of flooding. Source: Natural Resources Defense Council

32 MN Seasonal Homes: >105,000

33 Source: State Agency Estimates Compiled by NGWA. Census.org According to MDH Well Management specialist Michael Convery more than 5,000 new private wells were constructed in 2012, which is a 10% increase over the year before. He explains that the rates parallel home construction, which has been rebounding.

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35 US Boil Water Advisories ( ) , , , Source: Boil Water Notices in the US, , Reynolds, Univ.of AZ, 2016)

36 The Need for Disinfection Minnesota Boil Water Advisories. Minnesota Drinking Water 2015 Annual Report 8 Municipal Systems Tested Positive 11 Community Systems Tested Positive 199 violations on noncommunity water systems and nontransient water systems Bacteriological Contamination The number of systems that tested positive for bacteriological contamination is in line with numbers from previous years.

37 How Does UV Disinfection Work?

38 Disinfection Theory

39 In the early 1900s, chlorine started to be used as a disinfectant in water supplies to combat the 3 most common water borne bacterial diseases Typhoid Fever Asiatic cholera Bacillary dysentery

40 UV was first applied in early 1900 s for Disinfection of industrial process waters

41 By mid 1980 s UV was a standard for wastewater applications

42 By the 1990 s the USEPA begin to consider UV Disinfection as a primary disinfectant for municipal drinking water

43 Late 1990 s UV tested as a viable method of disinfection for both Cryptosporidium & Giardia 2003 UV was written into both USEPA drinking water regulations & Health Canada guidelines

44 Disinfection Techniques What is Disinfection? To cleanse so as to destroy or prevent the growth of disease carrying microorganisms

45 Disinfection Techniques Types of Disinfection: Chemical Physical

46 Disinfection Techniques Chemical Disinfection is when a chemical agent is added to the water: (ie. chlorine, iodine, ozone)

47 Disinfection Techniques Physical Disinfection is a physical means of inactivating or removing microorangisms (ie UV light, boiling, filtration)

48 UV Process Wavelengths of Light: Typically UV Disinfection is focused on the UV- C spectrum at 254nm which is not visible to the naked eye.

49 How Does UV Disinfect? UV penetrates cell wall Permanently alters the DNA structure Micro-organism is inactivated Cell Wall UV Energy Cytoplasmic Membrane DNA strand

50 UV Inactivates Pathogens Inactivates viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan cysts and all other pathogens Giardia Influenza Dose can be determined based on pathogens Legionella Adenovirus Cryptosporidium E. coli

51 UV Dosage So how is UV light measured? A measurement known as Dosage.

52 UV Dose Requirements Systems designed to give dose at specific flow rate slower flow gives even higher dose Flow Rate Rated Flow = Standard Dose Slow Flow = Higher Dose

53 What Dose is required? UV Dosage 16 mj/cm 2 An added level of confidence for safe water supplies. 30 mj/cm 2 Standard of dosage used on most UV Systems. Typically used on home applications such as wells, lakes and rivers. 40 mj/cm 2 Dose required to assure the safety of water from potentially unsafe water supplies. EPA and NSF standard;; regulated requirement in certain states and provinces.

54 UV Dose Requirements Average UV Dose Required for Inactivation (mj/cm 2 ) Pathogen Average UV Dose mj/cm 2 required to inactivate Pathogen 1- Log 2- Log 3- Log 4- Log Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts Giardia lamblia cysts Vibrio cholerae Shigella dysenteriae Escherichia coli 0 157:H Salmonella typhi Shigella sonnei Salmonella enteritidis Hepatitis A virus Poliovirus Type Coxsackie B5 virus Rotavirus SA

55 Advantages of UV Disinfection

56 Advantages of UV Disinfection No need to handle dangerous toxic or corrosive chemicals Helps to solve issues of safety for your employees and customers.

57 Advantages of UV Disinfection No chemicals being added to the water You are not becoming the filter for the chemicals introduced.

58 Advantages of UV Disinfection Cost effective Capital cost as well as overall cost is low compared to other disinfection methods.

59 Advantages of UV Disinfection Simple maintenance Yearly service call to replace the lamp, provides security for your customers

60 Advantages of UV Disinfection Immediate disinfection No extra space required outside the chamber for retention time.

61 Advantages of UV Disinfection Proven, trusted, and recognized NSF USEPA Validation

62 Disinfection Regulations

63 Drinking Water Regulations Validation Protocols are used typically for Regulations. USEPA NSF 55

64 Why do you want Validation? Peace of Mind

65 Why bother with UV Validation? Confidence in actual disinfection performance Put manufacturer s claims to the test 3 rd party Required by law (state, province, county)

66 UV Equipment Validation Validation allows UV to be used as an alternative type of disinfection in lieu of chlorine Proof of Performance for the UV must be indicated in order to prove that the system can be installed. There are various protocols which a UV manufacturer can follow in order to gain Proof of Performance for their equipment

67 UV Equipment Validation Different geographies will require different certifications for different applications: USEPA & Health Canada will accept UVDGM 2006 validation, DVGW validation (German protocol), ONorm validation (Austrian protocol) & NSF 55 Class A (for residential-type applications) The main test during validation or Proof of Performance for UV systems is the bioassay test Bioassay testing with actual microorganisms through a system.

68 Bioassay STEP #1: Seed influent of reactor with challenge microorganism and flow at the specified flow rate STEP #2: Measure challenge microorganism inactivation by reactor (count survivors) STEP #3: Identify UV dose from UV dose- response curve that matches inactivation achieved by reactor. EFFLUENT Challenge microorganism with a likeness to Crypto INFLUENT Biodosimetry test: injection of water into a UV system with a known concentration of a challenge microorganism & measuring how many are left in the effluent stream

69 Validation Process

70 Choose a Challenge Organism 1. Different Organisms are used depending on the validation. 1.

71 Collimated Beam Apparatus 2. Expose microbes to precisely measured amounts of UV 2.

72 Collimated Beam Apparatus UV Lamp Sample Stirrer

73 Culture Surviving Microbes 3. Culture and count the surviving microbes 3.

74 Plot Dose Response 4. Plot UV dose response of challenge microbe 4.

75 Generate Dose Response Curve Viable Microbial Population x Challenge Organism Dose Response x x x Dose

76 Challenge Protocol 5. Seed influent of UV system and run system at the specified flow rate 5.

77 Culture Surviving Microbes 6. Count surviving microbes in reactor effluent 6.

78 Determine Degree of Inactivation 7. Determine log reduction from UV doseresponse curve 7.

79 UV Delivered Dose Viable Microbial Population Challenge Organism Dose Response Inactivation Achieved by Reactor (survivors) UV Dose Delivered by Reactor Dose

80 UV Disinfection Validation What is the difference?

81 NSF55 Class A UV Certification NSF 55 Class A is a residential UV disinfection protocol Certification designed for applications to be applied to residential-type application installations (i.e. small facilities, resorts, hotels, campgrounds, homes)

82 NSF55 Class A UV Certification Protocol covers materials, construction, performance and instructions/labeling Materials An extractable analysis is done on all wetted components of the system in order to ensure any components that do leach into the water from the system are within acceptable limits these levels are regulated by both Health Canada and USEPA

83 NSF55 Class A UV Certification Design and Construction Pressure requirements: Burst tests, Static testing Performance indication requirements: UV Sensor and Alarms Flow control: Flow restrictor verification Electrical: Certifications Various material and fabrication requirements

84 NSF55 Class A UV Certification The Goal is protection of public health. Depending on the application state regulators & regulatory officers are looking for Point of Entry UV systems that have the NSF Standard 55 Class A certification With the NSF 55 stamp of approval and Official Listing regulators can be assured that the UV system has been tested and certified to treat microbiologically contaminated drinking water

85 USEPA UVDGM In 2006 the USEPA drinking water regulations (LT2 rule) were rewritten with alternate disinfectants being acceptable. UV was written in as an acceptable alternative disinfectant as long as the system has Proof of Performance or third party validation Along with the new drinking water guidelines (Long Term Enhanced Surface Water Treatment rule & the Ground Water Rule) a document called the UV Disinfection Guidance Manual

86 USEPA UVDGM The UVDGM document was a guideline for UV manufacturers to follow when validating their equipment The UVDGM has become a validation protocol for UV equipment worldwide. This protocol picks up where UV protocols like NSF 55 left off The USEPA UVDGM is for light commercial to large municipal type (public) applications.

87 What s the difference? The two validation protocols have a similar purpose, which is providing proof of performance, however the data collected during testing is very different NSF 55 testing provides a single set-point of data The NSF 55 bioassay is performed to show that at a specific flow rate, when the UVT level is dropped to at least 70% that a UV dose of 40 mj/cm2 is being delivered

88 What s the difference? When performing a validation under the USEPA UVDGM protocol the manufacturer is able to collect much more data on their equipment they are able to collect a sizing curve with many points of flow rate, UVT, dose levels and log inactivation credits Both are UV validation protocols but because of the difference in applications different results are necessary

89 Water Quality Effects Does Water Quality Play a Role in UV Disinfection?

90 Water Quality Effects UV can only be effective if it is absorbed by it s target, the microorganism Some minerals and/or properties found in water may hinder the ability of UV to work properly

91 Water Quality Effects Fate of UV Light in Water:

92 Water Quality Effects UV Application Guidelines: Iron: < 0.3 ppm (0.3 mg/l) Manganese: < 0.05 ppm (0.05 mg/l)

93 Water Quality Effects UV Application Guidelines: Turbidity: < 1 NTU Hardness: < 7 gpg (120 mg/l)

94 Water Quality Effects UV Application Guidelines: Tannins: < 0.1 ppm UV Transmittance: > 75% (call factory for applications where UVT < 75%)

95 Water Quality Effects UV Application Guidelines: If the water does not meet these guidelines it may require additional maintenance. This can help lead to greater customer service provided to your customers.

96 Break 10 Minutes

97 UV Design What makes up a UV System? Reactor chamber UV lamp Quartz sleeve Controller

98 UV Design What makes up a UV System? Optional components include the following: UV Intensity Monitor Solenoid Valve Flow Control Data Logging System

99 UV Design UV Reactor: Physically houses UV lamps & sleeves Constructed from stainless steel (made available in 304 SS or 316 SS)

100 UV Design UV Reactor: Different types of reactors are available (axial or boot shape) Variety of port sizes for different models & flow rates

101 UV Design UV Lamp: UV lamps provide the energy required for disinfection Different types of UV lamps are available depending on the model

102 UV Design UV Lamp: It is imperative that lamp has the correct power source (ballast) Typical life of lamp is one year (9000 hours)

103 UV Design Menu There are three distinct types of UV lamps:

104 UV Design Menu Low- Pressure, Standard- Output Used in small systems; multiple lamp applications.

105 UV Design Menu Low- Pressure, High- Output (LPHO) High output allows greater doses from compact systems; this category includes amalgam lamps

106 UV Design Menu Medium- Pressure, High- Output (MPHO) Extremely high UV output; capable of treating significant flow volumes and lower quality water

107 UV Design Menu Power is applied to the lamp electrodes Electrical arc is generated from ionized gas or gas mixtures, which conduct electricity UV Lamp Start Up

108 UV Design Menu Current is limited from the power source to protect the lamp and supply wiring As temperature rises, mercury in lamp converts to a gaseous vapor state UV Lamp Start Up

109 UV Design Menu Mercury vapor conducts electricity, completing the circuit UV light photons are released as vapor conducts electricity UV Lamp Start Up

110 UV Design When replacing a lamp make sure that you are using Genuine replacement parts. Genuine replacement parts have been tested to the system they were designed for.

111 UV Design Quartz Sleeve: Quartz sleeves provide thermal protection for the lamp Constructed from 100% fused silica Quartz is used due to its high transmittance rate

112 UV Design Controller: Provides power to drive UV lamps Needs to supply constant output current to lamps Protects system from electrical transients

113 UV Design Controller: Visually & audibly displays faults & system status Requires electrical certification from recognized third party (ie. CSA)

114 UV Design Optional Features:

115 UV Design Intensity Monitors Measures the amount of UV intensity coming from the UV lamp. Helps provide a layer of protection warning the customer of low UV situations.

116 UV Design Solenoid Valve Will shut down the water to the unit if a lamp should fail or in a low UV situation.

117 UV Design Flow Control Keeps the flow constant through the UV allowing only a maximum amount of flow. Some systems have this features built in.

118 UV Design Data Logging System Tracks water quality changes, power outages, and other events day and night. Helps to save time on service calls allowing data to be tracked when alarms occurred.

119 Installation Tips What is the number one rule when installing a UV system?

120 Installation Tips PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ENOUGH ROOM TO REMOVE THE LAMP!

121 Installation Tips Test water first (UVT as well as other recommended parameters) Shock the water system & check for dead spots both hot and cold.

122 Installation Tips Vertical orientation is ideal for the installation.

123 Installation Tips Menu Install the power supply above and away from all water lines to help prevent water damage.

124 Installation Tips Consider installing a sampling port (especially if at a site where regular sampling needs to occur)

125 Installation

126 Residential Private homes Housing developments Gated communities Apartments Cottages Applications sources Private wells Rain water Cisterns (mixed water) Surface water Mains Temporary Residences Schools, hospitals, resorts, restaurants, doctor & dentist offices, service stations, clinics, campgrounds Light Commercial Food & Beverage OEM Disaster response

127 Residential Homes Apartments Rental Houses Cabins House Boats Lake Water Applications

128 Applications Commercial Legionella Control Restaurant Food Prep Humidification Brewery/Winery Hotels Schools Churches Apartment Buildings

129 Why should I sell UV? UV allows you to offer a complete whole water treatment package.

130 Why Should I Sell UV? Whole Water Treatment Package: Having a complete 4 part package shows that your company is the Expert in your community with regards to their water needs.

131 Leading with UV Disinfection Most water treatment sales begin with the basic water test. What a great opportunity to discuss water disinfection! Remember, you are the water expert! By making disinfection a priority, it should become a priority for your customer. Importance of keeping their family, friends and themselves heathy and safe from water borne illness. It s no secret, UV water disinfection requires good quality water to work properly. From here, we can discuss other aspects of water conditioning, like hard water and iron, that directly affect the UV systems performance, and the performance of items in their homes like, d/w, washing machine, bath and kitchen fixtures.

132 The UV Promo The water treatment industry is very competitive. Dealers find themselves leaving money on the table, to close the water treatment sale, almost daily. Some dealers are successful using UV along with other water treatment products as an opportunity to close the deal instead of offering large cash discounts or rebates.

133 The Real Estate Transactions The Real Estate market is currently the biggest driver for UV disinfection, equating to over 60% of the total UV water treatment system sales in the US. As consumers sell their home, both VA and FHA require a clean bacterial water test to close the sale! Working with your local real estate brokers and agents is a great channel for water treatment leads. Many real estate firms welcome training classes to better help the sales agents understand the options available in all aspects of the housing market.

134 For more information contact me at: Matt Palmersten VIQUA - a Trojan Technologies Company 425 Clair Road West Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1L 1R1 P: C: mpalmersten@viqua.com

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