صباح الخير. Kalimera أهال بك. kalosorisate

Transcription

1 صباح الخير Kalimera أهال بك kalosorisate 1

2 White : peace and prosperity, Red: recalls battles against foreign invaders Green: symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar, and fertility 2

3 Wind Energy curriculum Wind turbine(wind generator, wind energy converter) technology today and future trends onshore & offshore, turbine certification, Wind resource evaluation (instruments-measurements-modeling), meteorological parameters, Atmospheric boundary layer, wind speed profiles, analysis of measurements, wind atlases onshore & offshore, Selection methodology of most suitable locations, site surveys, Environmental constrains of wind farms (wind parks or wind clusters), Energy yield (measurements-modeling-state of the art tools). Wake losses, CFD codes, Social acceptability, aesthetics, noise calculations, good examples from large wind farms in the world, CASE STUDY A full example of technical and economic evaluation of a big wind farm. Hands on Exercises Design wind farms in areas of complex terrain 3

4 Welcome to the world of wind energy The Technology Dr. D. V. Kanellopoulos OPWP Renewable Energy Training Program December 2016 Muscat, Oman 4

5 Wind Systems- a short history Wt development from the 1 st century till today 9 AD 19 AD AD 1 AD 13 AD

6 Persian vertical axis wind mill 6

7 Wind Systems- Vertical axis wts Skyros Greece, 140 kw Rotor height, 100m Rotor diameter, 64m base height, 10 m Cap-Chat, Quebec, 4 MW 7

8 Wind Systems- Vertical axis wts Rotor height

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10 Ancient horizontal axis wind mills

11 Wind Systems- Dimensions 11

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15 Pitch control and stall control wts 15

16 Wind Systems- getting taller!

17 Wind Systems- Today s giants Vestas V164, 8 MW Enercon E126, 7.5 MW Repower 6M, 126m, 6.2MW Areva M5000, 113m, 5 MW 17

18 Wind Systems- power curve Variable pitch wt Normally give for air density, ρ=1.23 kg/m3 18

19 Wind Systems- power curve Variable pitch machines 19

20 Rated output power Wind Systems- power curve Stall controlled Rated output speed Cut out speed Cut in speed 20

21 DTU Wind Energy test station for large wind turbines at Høvsøre, situated on the West coast of Jutland, Denmark Company Wt MW D(m) Hub (m) Vestas V90-2,0MW Tip Height (m) 2, Siemens SWT 4,0/130 4, Nordex N100-3,3 3, Siemens SWT 3, , ,

22 Blade testing 22

23 Dynamometer at the 5-MW Dynamometer Test Facility at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). 23

24 Measured power curves Average output 24

25 Measured power curves, atmospheric dependence P/Pn 25

26 Measured power curves 26

27 Wind turbine certification The International IEC Standard, (IEC WT01) The IEC standard issued first in 2001 by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a set of design requirements and considerations aiming to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime. The IEC series is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures covering the following topics: Design requirements Design requirements for small wind turbines Acoustic noise measurement techniques Wind turbine power performance testing Measurement of mechanical loads Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades Lightning protection The IEC standard applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines IEC may be applied. The standard is used together with other appropriate IEC and ISO standards. 27

28 Wind turbine certification Wind Turbine Certification According to National Standards and Guidelines In some countries, in addition to the international standard IEC 61400, special national guidelines and standards need to be considered for wind turbine certification. Danish, Dutch. Type Certification According to DIBt In Germany there is an official type certification of towers and foundations according to the Center of Competence in Civil Engineering (Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, DIBt). This certification is only to be carried out by a Notified Body, to ensure accordance with national regulations. 28

29 Wind turbine certification : Evaluation Report 2: Conformity or Compliance Statement 3: Type Certificate 29

30 Wind turbine certification list Date issued Date valid 30

31 Wind turbine certification, Measuring Network of Wind Energy Institutes EN 45001, IEC, IEA The goal: To work out rules and requirements which will guarantee that high quality measurements are carried out by them. The necessary creation of the network rules and the establishment of commonly agreed measurement methods were subsidised by the European Commission in two jointly performed projects. For the first time institutes being in commercial competition agreed to work together for the benefit of their clients with the objective to perform measurements of equal quality which are sufficient for the mutual comparison and acceptance that is necessary for the industry in an open World wide market. 31

32 Wind turbine certification DOCUMENTS The following documents are available : MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES: Cup Anemometer Calibration Procedure Version 2, October 2009 (PDF format 98 kbytes) Power Performance Measurement Procedure Version 5, December 2009 (PDF format 977 kbytes) Acoustic Noise Measurement Procedure (PDF format 29 kbytes) Power Quality Measurement Procedure (PDF format 1300 kbytes) Evaluation of Site specific Wind conditions (PDF format 440 kbytes) BECOMING A MEMBER OF MEASNET : Applicant Assessment Procedure -version 2 / september 2008 (PDF format 90 kbytes) MEASNET STATEMENTS: Calculation of specific site AEP september 2014 (PDF format 295 kbytes) Shortcoming of AEP calculation as defined in IEC september 2014 (PDF format 172 kbytes) New statement about anemometer calibration october 2012 (PDF format 100 kbytes) Statement about anemometer calibration September 2009 (PDF format 58 kbytes) 32

33 Wind turbine certification Air flow 33

34 Without proper certification and testing disaster struck! 34

35 Wind turbine certification FcoY&list=UUJHNBjI4tvfwYH2MTWJirlg&index=3&feature=plcp 35

36 Wind turbine 36

37 A horizontal axis wind turbine 37

38 a HAWT with 2 shafts 38

39 WTS with an without a gear box 39

40 Direct Drive wt 40

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42 Direct drive wt (NO gear box) Advantages Increased efficiency: The power is not wasted in friction Reduced noise: Being a simpler device, a direct-drive mechanism has fewer parts which could vibrate, and the overall noise emission of the system is usually lower. Longer lifetime: Having fewer moving parts also means having fewer parts prone to failure. Failures in other systems are usually produced by aging of the component, or stress. High torque at low rpm. Faster and precise positioning. High torque and low inertia allows faster positioning times on permanent magnet synchronous servo drives. Feedback sensor directly on rotary part allows precise angular position sensing. Drive stiffness. Mechanical backlash, hysteresis and elasticity is removed avoiding use of gearbox or ball screw mechanisms. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of the system is that it needs a special motor. Usually motors are built to achieve maximum torque at high rotational speeds, usually 1500 or 3000 rpm. The slow motor also needs to be physically larger than its faster counterpart. Also, direct-drive mechanisms need a more precise control mechanism. High speed motors with speed reduction have relatively high inertia, which helps smooth the output motion. Most motors exhibit positional torque ripple known as cogging torque. In high speed motors, this effect is usually negligible, as the frequency at which it occurs is too high to significantly affect system performance; direct drive units will suffer more from this phenomenon, unless additional inertia is added or the system uses feedback to actively counter the effect. 42

43 Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC ) Wind turbines are designed for specific conditions. During the construction and design phase assumptions are made about the wind climate that the wind turbines will be exposed to. Turbine wind class is just one of the factors needing consideration during the complex process of planning a wind power plant. Wind classes determine which turbine is suitable for the normal wind conditions of a particular site. Turbine classes are determined by three parameters: the average wind speed, Vave, or U(ave) extreme 50-year gust, Vg(50y) and turbulence, I or TI (Turbulence Intensity) Turbulence intensity quantifies how much the wind varies typically within 10 minutes. Because the fatigue loads of a number of major components in a wind turbine are mainly caused by turbulence, the knowledge of how turbulent a site is of crucial importance. Normally the wind speed increases with increasing height. In flat terrain the wind speed increases logarithmically with height. In complex terrain the wind profile is not a simple increase and additionally a separation of the flow might occur, leading to heavily increased turbulence.

44 Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC ) Iref is often given at U=15 m/s

45 Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC ) Vmax( 10 min ave.)< or = to Vref H(equator) H(hub)