Experiences from Brazil

Transcription

1 Possible Means of Facilitating the Development and Long-Term Sustainability of Processes for the Preparation of National Communications Experiences from Brazil Haroldo Machado Filho, PhD. Bonn, June 20 th, 2011

2 Brazil - General Information Area: 8,514,876.6 km 2. Divided in 5 politicaladministrative Brazil regions: North; Northeast; Mid-West; Southeast; South.! Different biomes; 26 states and the Federal District; 5,507 municipalities. 190 millions Inhabitants; 95% in urban area. Portuguese

3 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Commitment of all Parties to the Convention Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies Article 4.1(a)

4 Second National Communication Steps taken or envisaged in the country Measures related to climate change mitigation Measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change Other information considered relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention: Transfer of technologies Research and systematic observation Education, training and public awareness National and regional capacity building Information and networking

5 Initial National Inventory: Organization Presidential Decree - 1,160 - June 21, 1994 establishes the technical focal point of climate change in Brazil: Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) General Coordination MCT/CGMC August 1994 Problem: Low Level of Awareness Implementing Entities 1995/1996: Universities; Research Centers; Governmental Agencies; Industry Associations/ Non-governmental organizations; Consultants Criteria: efficiency; cost/benefit; decentralization; better capacity-building. 150 entities and 700 experts involved

6 The National Inventory: Organization Contribution from: 600 Institutions 1,200 Experts Sectoral Coordinating Entities General Coordination: CGMC/MCT Quality Control and Quality Assurance Procedures Verification of adequacy of the methodology Transparent background reports Review by experts not involved in inventory development Public consultation through MCT's website (Apr-Sep 2010)

7 Inventory Guidelines: Sectors CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 CO 2 CH 4 CO 2 PFCs CO 2 CH 4 HFCs SF 6

8 Inventory Guidelines: Sectors CH 4 CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 CH 4 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 N 2 O

9 Inventory Guidelines: Sectors CH 4 CH 4 N 2 O

10 The National Inventory: Coordinating Institutions Energy E&E and MME Agriculture Land Use Waste Industrial processes EMBRAPA FUNCATE / INPE CETESB ABIQUIM, ABAL SNIC, IABr, etc. ANEEL (SF 6 )

11 Biomes and Satellite Imaging Coverage Land Use 429 images

12 Land Use Interpretation Interpretation for each year: satellite images images for the Amazon images for the Cerrado Classes identified: - Forests (Primary, Planted, Secondary) - Grassland (pastures) - Agricultural areas - Wetlands (rivers, lakes and reservoirs) - Settlements - Other

13 Land Use Interpretation Number of polygons identified Total: 7,581,333 polygons - Amazon: 4,309,538 polygons - 3,959,837 polygons under 25 ha - Cerrado: 1,119,600 polygons - 776,801 polygons under 25 ha - Other biomes: 2,152,695 polygons - 1,712,695 polygons under 25 ha

14 Land Use Interpretation For every polygon: Carbon stock in biomass Forest function of biome, vegetation profile and location Agriculture function of culture (information provided by IBGE) and management Soil Carbon Gain or loss depending on transition

15 2nd Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol

16 2nd Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol Emissões e remoções antrópicas de gases de efeito estufa (Resumo) SETOR Variação 1990/2005 Part Part (Gg CO 2 eq) (%) USO DA TERRA E FLORESTAS ,5 60,6 AGROPECUÁRIA ,9 19,0 ENERGIA ,8 15,0 PROCESSOS INDUSTRIAIS ,8 3,6 TRATAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS ,1 1,9 TOTAL

17 Profile of Brazilian Emissions 2º Inventário Brasileiro de Emissões e Remoções Antrópicas de Gases de Efeito Estufa Dados Preliminares (Nov 2009)

18 Net emissions in CO 2 e with different metrics Share by sector CO2e Emissions in 2005 GTP 1% 17% CO2e Emissions in 2005 GWP 2% 15% Energy 4% Energy 4% Industrial Processes Industrial Processes Agriculture Land Use Change and Forests Waste 68% 10% Agriculture Land Use Change and Forests Waste 19% 60%

19 Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (1) Programs and Actions related to Sustainable Development: Ethanol of Sugar-Cane in Brazil Brazilian Program on Biofuels - Pro-biodiesel Programs of Energy Conservation Contribution of Hydroelectric Generation to the Reduction of GHG Situaton and Perspective on New Renewable Sources of Energy in Brazil Nacional Program on the Universal Electric Energy Access and Use Luz for All Program Program on Hydrogen Transportation Recycling Industry using Charcoal from Planted Forests

20 Evolution of the Production of Ethanol (million of liters) 1970 to 2006

21 Avoided CO 2 emission in the generation of hydroelectric power

22 Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (2) Programs and Actions that contain measures that contribute towards the mitigation of climate change and its adverse effects: Perspectives of Natural Gas in Brazil and its Role in Emissions of GHGs Programs to Reduce Emissions from Urban Transportation Sector The Role of Nuclear Energy in Brazil

23 243,7 milhões tep ( 2% da energia mundial ) RENOVÁVEIS: Brasil: 47,2% OECD: 7,2% Mundo: 12,7% BIOMASSA 32,0% PETRÓLEO e DERIVADOS 37,9% HIDRÁULICA E ELETRICIDADE 15,2% URÂNIO 1,4% CARVÃO MINERAL 4,8% GÁS NATURAL 8,8% Biomassa: Lenha: 10,1% Produtos da cana: 18,0 % Outras: 3,8 %

24 Avoided Emissions Avoided Emissions of CO 2 from the use of ethanol in the transportation sector average annual contribution of around 13 million tons of CO 2 since 1990; Nuclear Energy would have avoided the emission of 127 million tons of CO 2 (assuming the hypothesis of using coal in the absence of this option), which corresponds to 37% of total emissions in 2009, by the use of energy.

25 Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (3) Integration of Climate Change Issues to Mid- and Long- Term Planning: The Brazilian Environmental Legislation; Brazilian Agenda 21; National Plan on Climate Change; National Policy on Climate Change; Program on Meteorology and Climate Change under the Pluriannual Plan ( ) of the Federal Government

26 Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (3) Integration of Climate Change Issues to Mid- and Long- Term Planning: National Program on Air Quality PRONAR Program on Polution Control by Vehicles PROCONVE National Plan on Logistics and Transportation PNLT Measures to Combat Deforestation in the Amazon Region Amazon Monitoring Program by Remote Sensing National System of Protected Areas SNUC Prevention of Fires and Burning Cities for Climate Protection Financial and Fiscal Measures

27 Lowest rate since inception of PRODES

28 Key Lessons Learnt Involvement and commitment of key stakeholders is crucial; Disclosure of information is important in all the phases; Identification of coordinators in key technical areas in order to decentralize work; Process must be transparent and inclusive (process of peer and open review has been extremely helpful); There are different methodologies. You need to choose one, justify your choice and provide all the information to support this choice (emission factors).

29 Legislation related to the NC Law 12,187 - Dec. 29, Brazilian Policy on Climate Change: the National Communication, according to the criteria established by the UNFCCC, is an instrument of the National Policy on Climate Change Decree 7,390 - Dec. 9, regulation of the National Plan on CC National and sectoral plans must be developed based on the Second National Communication, especially on the inventory of GHG, or on its most recent edition.

30 Brazilian website on Climate Change

31 Brazilian website on climate change The climate change web site is maintained by the Brazilian Government, by means of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and managed by the General Coordination Office on Global Climate Change - CGMGC, since Inspired the UNFCCC website. Increasing connectivity in Brazil - more than 90 million people connected. One of the most accessed websites in the Brazilian government

32 Review of the FNC Inventory Quality assurance and control directly managed by the MCT direct work with the authors Steps Taken and Envisaged to Implement the Convention Review similar to the IPCC reports review by authors and invited specialists (140 reviewers) Available on the Brazilian site on climate change Permanently open to comments and inputs by the website public 150 entities and 700 specialists involved.

33 Organization Second National Communication Increasing level of awareness Implementing entities: universities, research centres, governamental entities, industrial associations, non-governmental organizations, consultants. Challenge: involve more entities and specialists. Increasing willingness of participation. Need of a broader process of participation.

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37 Other languages

38 Sources of the resources for the elaboration of the SNC

39 Currency exchange rate

40 Problems related to sustainability Even if you have institutions and legislation in place, experience gained, people trained and able to conduct the work, are these elements sufficient to ensure sustainability of the process for the preparation of NC? NO!!! Problem is systemic! Technical work is influenced by political disruptions Fragility of institutions Difficulty in getting data (problem not solved only with financial resources)

41 Problems related to sustainability! Relationship among institutions (federal, state and municipal level) Difficulty to maintain staff and get additional funds (priority: eradication of poverty and related actions) National legislation has not been translated into additional budget GEF - project based initiative Gaps between projects are very difficult to avoid Financial problems: e.g. currency exchange rates

42 Thank you! Muito obrigado!