Renewable Energy Sources and

Transcription

1 Second Edition Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies D.P. Kothari K.C. Singal Rakesh Ranjan Geothermal Earth Ocean waves

2 Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies Second Edition D.P. KOTHARI Director General Vindhya Group of Institutions, Indore Former Vice Chancellor VIT University, Vellore Former Director-in-Charge Indian Institute of Technology Delhi K.C. SINGAL Former Chief Engineer Haryana State Electricity Board RAKESH RANJAN Director Principal International Institute of Technology and Business Sonepat, Haryana New Delhi

3 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Second Edition D.P. Kothari, K.C. Singal, and Rakesh Ranjan 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Fifth Printing (Second Edition) º º º November, 2011 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Raj Press, New Delhi

4 To my wife Shobha D.P. Kothari To my wife Brij Bala K.C. Singal To my wife Jyoti Rakesh Ranjan

5 CONTENTS Preface Preface to the First Edition xix xxi 1. Energy Resources and Their Utilisation A Perspective Conservation and Forms of Energy Electric Energy from Conventional Sources Thermal Plants (Coal Fuelled) Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Generation Gas Turbine Plant Nuclear Power Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Energy Reserves of India Coal Oil Natural Gas National Grid for Gas Distribution Gas Conservation Hydroelectric Power Potential India s Power Scene Gas-Based Generating Plants Nuclear Power Programme Renewable Energy Sources Energy Parameters Energy Intensity Energy GDP Elasticity Cogeneration Rational Use of Energy Energy Efficiency and Conservation New Technologies Hydrogen Energy Systems Fuel Cells Biofuels 18 v

6 vi Contents 1.14 Distributed Energy Systems and Dispersed Generation Distributed Energy Systems Dispersed Generation 20 Review Questions Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation Introduction Atmospheric Pollution Oxides of Sulphur (SO 2 ) Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ) Oxides of Carbon (CO, CO 2 ) Hydrocarbons Particulates (Fly Ash) Control of Particulates Upgrading ESPs by Pulse Energization Thermal Pollution Hydroelectric Projects Terrestrial Effects Wild Life Aquatic Life Social Problems Submergence of Cultural Heritage Health Concern Economic Aspect Physical Effects Operational Phase of Hydropower Projects Nuclear Power Generation and Environment Natural Radiation Radioactive Pollution Operational Safety in Nuclear Power Plants Disposal of Nuclear Waste Global Environmental Awareness Kyoto Protocol Copenhagen Climate Change Summit Impact of Renewable Energy Generation on Environment Solar Energy Wind Energy Biomass Energy Geothermal Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) GHG Emissions from Various Energy Sources Cost of Electricity Production from Different Energy Sources Electromagnetic Radiation from Extra High Voltage (EHV) Overhead lines Visual and Audible Impacts of EHV Lines and Substations Energy Options for Indian Economy 38 Review Questions 38

7 Contents vii 3. Solar Radiation and Its Measurement A Perspective Solar Constant Spectral Distribution of Extraterrestrial Radiation Terrestrial Solar Radiation Solar Radiation Geometry Computation of cos q for any Location Having any Orientation Sunrise, Sunset and Day Length Empirical Equation for Estimating the Availability of Solar Radiation Solar Radiation Measurements Solar Radiation Data for India 55 Review Questions Solar Thermal Energy Collectors Introduction Flat-Plate Collector Effect of Design Parameters on Performance Heat Transport System Selective Surfaces Number of Covers Spacing Laws of Thermal Radiation Radiation Heat Transfer between Real Bodies Radiation Optics Transmissivity of the Cover System Transmittance Considering Absorption Only Transmissivity Absorptivity Product Performance Analysis of a Liquid Flat-plate Collector Total Loss Coefficient and Heat Losses Top Loss Coefficient (U t ) Bottom Loss Coefficient (U b ) Side Loss Coefficient (U s ) Solar Concentrating Collectors Types of Concentrating Collectors Thermodynamic Limits to Concentration Performance Analysis of Cylindrical Parabolic Collector Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) Tracking CPC and Solar Swing Performance Analysis of CPC Solar Thermal Energy Storage Sensible Heat Storage Latent Heat Storage (Phase Change Heat Storage) Thermochemical Storage 91 Review Questions 91

8 viii Contents 5. Solar Thermal Energy Conversion Systems Introduction Solar Water Heating Solar Distillation Liquid Bath Solar Wax Melter Solar Wax Melter Heating of Swimming Pool by Solar Energy Thermodynamic Cycles and Solar Plants The Carnot Cycle The Rankine Cycle The Stirling Cycle The Brayton Cycle Combined Cycle Power Plant Solar Thermal Power Plant Low Temperature Solar Power Plant Medium Temperature Solar Power Plant High Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generator Central Receiver Power Plants Solar Ponds Solar Pumping Systems Solar Air Heaters Solar Crop Drying Solar Kilns Integrated Solar Dryers Distribution Solar Dryers Solar Cookers Box Solar Cooker Dish Solar Cooker Community Solar Cooker for Indoor Cooking Energy Efficient Buildings Solar Passive Techniques Direct System Gain Indirect Gain Systems (Thermal Storage Wall) Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Evaporative Cooling Absorption Cooling System Passive Desiccant Cooling Energy-efficient Buildings in India Solar Greenhouses Light Intensity Temperature Humidity Carbon Dioxide Solar Furnace and Applications kw Solar Furnace with Multiple Heliostat 120 Review Questions 120

9 Contents ix 6. Solar Photovoltaic System Introduction Semiconductor Materials and Doping n-type and p-type Semiconductors Photon Energy Fermi Level p-n Junction Photovoltaic Effect Efficiency of Solar Cells Limits to Cell Efficiency Semiconductor Materials for Solar Cells Single Crystal Silicon Polycrystalline Silicon Cells Amorphous Silicon Cells Solar Photovoltaic System (SPS) Standards for SPV Application of PV Systems Standalone PV Systems SPV Water Pumping System SPV Cell for Communication Equipment in Snow-bound Areas Sea Water Desalination System Powered by a 25 kw Photovoltaic Power PV Hybrid System Solar Electricity in Sagar Island Grid Interactive Solar PV Power System Solar Power Plant Using a Satellite Plastic Solar Cells with Nanotechnology Peltier Cooling Solar Photovoltaics in India Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) Solar-PV Cost is More and Reasons Thereof Latest Achievement in Solar Power Development Proposed Solar Plants 146 Review Questions Wind Energy Introduction Historical Development Classification of Wind Turbines Lift Type and Drag Type Wind Turbines Types of Rotors Multiblade Rotor Propeller Rotor Savonious Rotor Darrieus Rotor Terms Used in Wind Energy 151

10 x Contents 7.6 Aerodynamic Operation of Wind Turbines Drag Lift Wind Energy Extraction Extraction of Wind Turbine Power Wind Characteristics Mean Wind Speed and Energy Estimation Power Density Duration Curve Weibull Probability Density Function Field Data Analysis Annual Percentage Frequency Distribution of Wind Speed Direction of Wind and Windrose Data Calculation for Air Density Variation of Wind Speed with Elevation Energy Pattern Factor in Wind Power Studies Beaufort Wind Scale Land for Wind Energy Regions Areas Khals (Low Depressions) Design of Wind Turbine Rotor Thrust on Turbine Rotor Torque on Turbine Rotor Solidity Design of Regulating System for Rotor Wind Power Generation Curve Sub-systems of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Generator Modes of Wind Power Generation Standalone Mode Backup Mode Like Wind Diesel Grid Connected Wind Turbine Generators Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy System 182 Review Questions Wind Energy Farms Introduction Wind Resource Surveys Assessment of Wind Availability from Meteorological Data Estimation of Wind Energy Potential Methods of Calculations Equations Used for Calculations Wind Resource Assessment in India Wind Power Potential and Achievements in India Selection of Optimum Wind Energy Generator (WEG) Grid Interfacing of a Wind Farm Methods of Grid Connection 194

11 Renewable Energy Sources And Emerging Technologies 30% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : KOTHARI, D.P., SINGAL, K. C., RANJAN, RAKESH Type the URL : Get this ebook