Mortality responses of Quagga ussels to KCl Solutions in Different Source Waters

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1 Mortality responses of Quagga ussels to KCl Solutions in Different Source Waters Christine Moffitt U.S. Geological Survey University of Idaho Kelly Stockton-Fiti KASF Consulting Renata Claudi RNT Consulting 19 th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species 2016

2 KCL as a Control Tool? Disinfection of equipment, boats, or fish hauling trucks Prevention of settlement or establishment Response to introduction in open or contained waters Low risk to nonmolluscan species, fish, vegetation, or human exposure

3 KCl (Potash) to control Z/Q Mussels Veliger zebra mussels - KCl (~ 750 mg/l) + chemical 100% mortality in Great Lakes region Short exposure times (2-3 hrs) Showed little harm to fish with short term exposure Byssal zebra mussels - ~100 mg/l for 30 days Milbrook Quarry, VA Lake Winnipeg and Christmas Lake, MN Veliger quagga mussels - >2,000 mg/l Colorado River at WBNFH by Sykes showed no veliger mortality Colorado River at LMFH by Pucherelli et al. no veliger mortality

4 Uncertainty in Data and Efficacy Few studies addressed quagga mussels Water quality criteria not addressed in studies of efficacy Temperature and time of year effects?

5 Objectives Test efficacy of KCl as a toxicant on byssal and veliger quagga mussels Compare responses in different water sources Explore response with water quality criteria such as conductivity and metals

6 Studies at WBNFH May June, & August Sept Static exposure to KCl Byssal stage: 100 and 200 mg/l with renewals every 48 h Veligers: 960 mg/l Tests with Colorado River water, U of I groundwater & Snake River water

7 Columbia River Water Sources Ground water, Moscow, ID Surface water, Snake River, ID Pathogen free, filtered, dechlorinated well water Surface water, filtered 35 µm plankton net

8 Studies in Lake Ontario October Dec 2015 Water and mussels from Lake Ontario Waupoos Marina Static exposure to KCl Byssal stage: 100 mg/l with renewal after 48 h Veligers: 960 mg/l

9 Veliger trials 960 mg/l May June, August Sept, October WBNFH Colorado River, Snake River, UI ground water, and Lake Ontario at Picton KCl (analytical ~ 20 C Exposure times of 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 24 hours Fast green dye used to assist assessment of mortality Water quality analysis Salinity, ph, DO, cond, TDS Metals profile Dissolved and total With and without KCl

10 Variations in mortality to KCl within different water sources Colorado River little to no mortality over 24 h Lethal Time 50% UI water = 2.7 h ON = 3.7 h SR water = 5.8 h Probability of Mortality Probit Model Predictions Snake River U of Idaho Lake Ontario Hours of Exposure

11 Differences in Water Quality Source Temp ( C) ph Specific conductivity (ms/cm) TDS (mg/l) Salinity (ppt) U Idaho Snake River Colorado River Lake Ontario

12 Differences in Water Quality Source Temp ( C) ph Specific conductivity (ms/cm) TDS (mg/l) Salinity (ppt) U Idaho Snake River Colorado River Lake Ontario

13 Metals Profile of Water Sources Concentration mg/l Calcium Potassium Sodium Magnesium Na+, Ca++, Mg++ higher in Colorado River water source No difference in K+ levels of test waters after KCl addition 0 Colorado CR-C R UI-C U of I SR-C Snake R Ontario ON-C L Water and Treatment

14 Adjusted Conductivity of Snake River and Lake Ontario with NaCl Addition Source Colorado River Not adjusted Sp. Cond (ms/cm) unadjusted Adjusted conductivity Adjusted TDS Adjusted salinity Snake River Lake Ontario

15 Survival of Veligers in Lake Ontario and Snake River Water Compared with Colorado River Veliger Survival in 960 mg/l KCl Percent Survival Snake River Colorado River Aug-Sept Lake Ontario Hours

16 Survival Comparisons with NaCl addition Equivalent to Colorado River Veliger Survival in 960 mg/l KCl Percent Survival Snake River Colorado River Aug-Sept Snake River NaCl added Lake Ontario Lake Ontario NaCl added Survival in salinity adjusted water resembled that in Colorado River water Hours

17 Byssal Quagga in KCl? Comparison of Water Sources mg/l: 100% (8-10 days) Product Limit Survival Colorado R. May 100 Colorado R. Aug 100 Colorado R. May 200 Colorado R. Aug 200 Lake Ontario Dec 100 Snake R. Aug mg/l: Similar patterns as veligers, high survival in Colorado River water, but rapid mortality in other surface waters Days

18 What Happens with Addition of NaCl? Survival in 100 mg/l KCl Survival looks like Colorado River! Product Limit Survival Colorado R. May 100 Colorado R August 100 Lake Ontario Dec 100 Snake River Aug 100 Lake Ontario NaCl & 100 KCl Days

19 Survival in Controls no KCl? Survival of Controls 1.0 Product Limit Survival Colorado R. May Colorado R. Aug Snake R. Aug Lake Ontario Dec Quagga mussels from Colorado R held in Snake R water showed significant mortality over the 30 d Days

20 Discussion Confirmed Sykes and Pucherelli et al. results Metal ion analysis and conductivity, TDS, and salinity are important water quality parameters to include in chemical toxicity trials Not a large seasonality effect at WBNFH

21 Conclusions Na+ content of source waters may be key factor determining mortality in KCl treatments Na+/K+ ion exchange membrane in quagga and zebra mussels functions similar to that of fish and other organisms Though Na+/K+ exchange in Z/Q mussels is particularly active (over other mollusks) Probability of survival of Colorado River mussels may be reduced if transported into areas of lower conductivity/salinity. Higher risk may be associated with quagga/zebra mussels adapted to low conductivity!

22 Acknowledgements Funding Utah Division Wildlife Resources, USFWS, USGS, PSMFC Staff and facilities at WBNFH, manager Mark Olson and Asst Mgr. Tom Frew Dave Parrish IDFG, and Bob Kibler USFWS for help with water collection and shipping