Conceptual framework to assess the state of marine ecosystem services

Transcription

1 Conceptual framework to assess the state of marine ecosystem services Heiskanen A-S, Kuosa H., Oinonen S., Saulamo K., Uusitalo, L. IMBER Conference June 2014, Bergen

2 Contents of the presentation What are ecosystem services Why to assess ecosystem services Linking ecosystems and ecosystem services with human society Ecosystem services in the context of DPSIR cycle Indicators for assessing ecosystem services Conclusions

3 Cardinale et al. 2012: Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. NATURE 59 doi: /nature11148

4 What are ecosystem services The benefits that people obtain from ecosystems UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) The direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human wellbeing" TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversityto guide economic valuation of ecosystem services (2010) The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Goods and Services (CICES) provide a framework for linking information on ecosystem structure and dynamics on economic valuation, identifying 'final products' from ecosystem services CICES identifies provisioning, regulating, and cultural services hierarchical structure with subdivision, aiming to allow use in ecosystem mapping and assessment, and valuation of ecosystem services

5 Why to assess ecosystem services: Policy background New EU environmental policies (e.g. MSFD, WFD, CFP, BDST 2020) require economic and social evaluation of the trade-offs and cost of degradation EU Integrated Maritime Policy: marine activities to be conducted within the sustainable boundaries Marine Strategy Framework Directive (=environmental pillar of IMP) Requires ecosystem-based approach Environmental targets based on ecosystem structure and functioning, analysis of pressures and impacts, programme of measures Includes socio-economic assessment 'Good environmental status' (GEnS) to be achieved in all marine waters by

6 Why to assess ecosystem services: Policy background EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 (Target 2, Action 5) aims to: restoring at least 15 % of degraded ecosystems; Requires mapping and assessment of the state of ecosystems and their services by 2014; apply EU-level reporting data/information for ecosystem assessment (WFD, MSFD, HD instruments); assess the economic value of ecosystem services; to promote the integration of these values into accounting and reporting systems at EU and national level by

7 Marine ecosystem structures and functions provide capacity to deliver ecosystem services for humans Drawing by J. Flinkman Furman et al. 1998

8 Marine ecosystems Capacity to provide services Biophysical process (e.g.currents, transport of nutrients, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, respiration) Biophysical structure (e.g topography, nutrients; temperature, salinity, light, biological communities: species, biomass ) Function (e.g. Fixing of carbon Nutrient cycling Burial of pollutants) MSFD Good Environmental Status (GES) Inspired by the ecosystem services cascade Framework by Haines-Young and Potschin, 2010 Ecosystem Services (e.g. food, C- sequestration, recreation) Pressures (e.g. climate change, fisheries, pollution, invasive species Socio-economic systems Benefits (e.g. Climate regulation, Food, materials Safe recreational water) Economic value Human welfare Response Institutions and policies, users and stake-holders Value (Economic value Health value Enjoyment, social value)

9 Ecosystem services in the context of DPSIR

10 Several concurrent and interlinked DPSIR cycles form a complex web of linkages from Atkins et al. 2011

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12 Examples of indicators for marine ecosystem services Example from a comperensive review by Liquete C, et al. (2013) PLoS ONE 8 (doi: /journal.pone ) Ecosystem Service Indicators of Capacity Indicators of Flow Indicators of Benefit Food Provision Fish abundance, density Fish catch, schrimp landings Fish sales, schrimp revenue Regulation and maintenance/ coastal protection Vegetation density, Seagrass extent Surge reduction, sediment deposition Maintenance cost of sea defences Cultural/ Recreation Size of marine leisure and recreation hot spots Annual number of recreational trips Value of recreational service Supporting proxies and indicators Pressures impacting ecosystem capacity DRIVERS impacting demands and benefits 12

13 Conclusions EU policies e.g. Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) require an integrated approach to the management of marine environment Marine Ecosystem services link ecosystems and human systems, a conceptual approach links the state of ecosystem with flow of ecosystem services, and benefits for human societies. The DPSIR cycle (Drivers - Pressures - State Change Impacts on Human Welfare and policy Response on impaired welfare change) incorporates marine ecosystem services as a link between the state of the ecosystem and impacts on human welfare. Indicators of ecosystem services should reflect capacity of ecosystems to ensure flow of ecosystem services and benefits for humans. MSFD and other sources provide such information, enabling mapping This approach could be useful towards fulfilling the information requirements for the assessment and valuation of marine ecosystem services for the EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy.

14 This presentation is partly based on the work and ideas developed in the context of the European Topic Centre for Inland, coastal and marine waters, and SYKE Research Program for Ecosystem Services Dr Anna-Stiina Heiskanen ResearchGate Profile: Web of Knowledge Linkedin: Home page: IMBER Conference, June 2014, Bergen

15 Drawing by J. Flinkman Marine ecosystems Furman et al. 1998