Ecology Biomes and Ecosystems

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1 Ecology Biomes and Ecosystems

2 Do Now What is a niche? What is a Keystone Species? Website is up! Brannellybiology.weebly.com 2

3 Ecosystems- Ma/er and Energy 3

4 Primary Produc8on h/p:// 4

5 Visualizing Ma/er & Energy There are a variety of diagrams that help us visualize how energy, biomass, ma/er, and even number of organisms interact in a par8cular community or ecosystem. It is important that you look carefully at the diagrams and understand what it says about that ecosystem in terms of ma/er and/or energy. 5

6 Primary Produc8on made by Primary Producers Gross primary produc5vity is the total amount of energy that producers convert to chemical energy in organic molecules per unit of 8me. Then the plant must use some energy to supports its own processes with cellular respira8on such as growth, opening and closing it s stomata, etc. What is leo over in that same amount of.me is net primary produc5vity which is the energy available to be used by another organism. 6

7 Primary Production 7

8 Net Product Pyramid 8

9 Trophic Level Human Popula8on 9

10 Biomass Pyramids I think this slide should go up with the other pyramid slides even though it s about popula8ons 10

11 Pyramid of Numbers 11

12

13 Energy Transforma8on 13

14 Biogeochemical Cycle 14

15 Nitrogen Cycle 15

16 Phosphorus Cycle 16

17 Water Cycle 17

18 Carbon Cycle 18

19 Nutrient Cycling 19

20 Now that we have examined the flow of energy and the cycling of ma/er, let s examine biomes from the biosphere. 20

21 Do Now 1. What Biome has the greatest biodiversity and why? 2. Why do many fish tanks have a machine that creates bubbles that blow from the bo/om to the top? 21

22 Dissolved Oxygen Temperature: As water becomes warmer, its ability to hold oxygen decreases. Photosynthe8c ac8vity: In bright light, aqua8c plants are able to produce more oxygen. Decomposi8on ac8vity: As organic material decays, microbial processes consume oxygen. Mixing and turbulence: Wave ac8on, waterfalls, and rapids all aerate water and increase the oxygen concentra8on. Salinity: As water becomes more salty, its ability to hold oxygen decreases. 22

23 Dissolved Oxygen Which ecosystems has more dissolved oxygen? Freshwater pond or salt water bay? 23

24 Dissolved Oxygen Which environment has a greater concentra8on of dissolved oxygen? Cold water (2 degrees Celsius) Warm water (18 degrees Celsius) 24

25 Aqua8c Biome Distribu8on 25

26 Lake Stra8fica8on 26

27 Freshwater 27

28 Freshwater Zones Pho5c zone near surface, contains phytoplankton and zooplankton Apho5c zone deeper, dark areas w/ many decomposers ea8ng dead organisms 28

29 Wetlands & Estuaries Transi8onal Zones between freshwater and marine. This water tends to be a mix of both depending on its geographic loca8on. The water is ooen referred to as brackish 29

30 Marine Biomes Coral Reef Tide Zone Benthos Black Smoker 30

31 Marine Biome Zones 1. inter8dal zone shallow where land meets water; some8mes wet and some8mes dry 2. neri8c zone shallow region over con8nental shelf 3. oceanic zone beyond the shelf; very deep pelagic zone open water benthic zone sea floor 4. abyssal zones very deep and cold areas w/ high water pressure and no light 5. Estuary - area where freshwater rivers merge w/ ocean 31

32 Terrestrial Biomes 32

33 Tropical Rain Forest 33

34 Tropical Rainforest Where Found: South America, S.E. Asia, Central Africa Central America Plants: rich vegeta8on in canopy and undergrowth Animals: colorful insects, lizards, amphibians, rep8le, small mammals Other Characteris8cs: cm rain, constant temperature (25 o C) 34

35 Savanna 35

36 Savana Savanna grassland w/ sca?ered trees 3 seasons cool/dry, hot/dry, and warm/wet frequent fires inhibit tree growth large herbivores dominant animal 36

37 Desert 37

38 Desert Where Found: northern Africa, southern Asia, central Australia Plants: cactus and other non- leafy plants Animals: lizards, small rodents Other Characteris8cs: very li/le rainfall, although some deserts have seasonal rain 38

39 Chaparral- also called Scrubland 39

40 Temperate Grasslands 40

41 Temperate Grasslands Where Found: interior of many con8nents Plants: grasses and small leafy plants Animals: grazers and browsers Other Characteris8cs: Large varia8on in temperature and seasonal changes. Grazing and prairie fires 41

42 Temperate Forest 42

43 Temperate Forest Where Found: southern Canada, eastern U.S., Europe, and Japan Plants: trees that lose their leaves (oak, maple, birch) Animals: huge variety, including fox, deer, moose, etc. Other Characteris8cs: lands cleared by hun8ng and farming 43

44 Taiga Also called Coniferous or Boreal Forest 1. precipita8on usually snow 2. conifers like spruce, fir, hemlock 3. soil acidic and forms slowly 44

45 Tiaga Where Found: most of Canada and Asia Plants: pine trees Animals: bears, wolves, moose, elk, voles, wolverines, grouse Other Characteris8cs: long and cold winter, summers warm enough to completely thaw the soil. 45

46 Tundra 46

47 Tundra Characteris5cs Soil- Layer of permafrost Light- long periods of darkness Low Vegeta8on Two Types Arc8c tundra around N. Pole, very cold, li/le light for long periods and then 24 hr. days in brief summer Alpine tundra at high eleva8ons 47

48 Biosphere 48

49 What happens when a cycle is out of balance? Cycles can have an anthropogenic (man- made) or a non- anthropogenic (natural phenomena) impact that causes a cycle to become unbalanced. Addi8onally, this may just be the natural state of that ecosystem as a consequence of the availability of nutrients. Two examples involving imbalanced freshwater habitats include: Oligotrophic waters- low primary produc8vity Eutrophic waters- high primary produc8vity 49

50 Oligotrophic Lake Eutrophic 50

51 Eutrophica8on- The Algal Bloom 51

52 Experimental Data Use the Sta8on 1 data to calculate the Primary Produc8vity of a water sample. Report your answer in units of mg Carbon fixed/liter The needed conversion factors are found on the student formula sheet 52

53 Answers to Previous Slides Sta5on mg O 2 /L = 2.9 ml O 2 /L 2.9 ml O 2 /L 0.526= 1.6 mg Carbon fixed/l 53