2010 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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1 Energy Efficiency in the Water Industry a Global Research Project Roger Middleton Black & Veatch Water Research Foundation New Name, Same Mission Advancing the science of water to improve the quality of life 1

2 Foundation s Contribution to the Water Community Practical applications to help utilities optimize operations and ensure customer satisfaction Early alert and proactive solutions on future issues Direct, immediate benefits to utility subscribers 2010 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. WaterRF Published Energy Projects Best Practices for Energy Management (2003) #90967A Energy Index Development for Benchmarking Water and Wastewater Utilities (2007) #91201 Water Consumption Forecasting to Improve Energy Efficiency of Pumping Operations (2007) #91189 Risks and Benefits of Energy Management for Drinking Water Utilities (2008) # Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2

3 WaterRF Ongoing Energy Projects Drinking Water Pump Station Design and Operation for Maximum Life Cycle Energy Efficiency i (ongoing) #4308 Decision Support System for Sustainable Energy Management (to be published 2011) #4090 Energy Efficiency in the North American Water Supply Industry: A Compendium of Best Practices and Case Studies (to be published 2011) # Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Energy Efficiency in the Water Industry a Global Research Project Water Research Foundation 31 st March 2011 Roger Middleton 3

4 Introduction and Agenda Introductions Review of the UKWIR / GWRC project, Catchment and resource management, Pumps in detail, because they are >90% of the problem, Drinking water process review, Buildings and renewable energy, Thoughts, questions and answers. Project objectives and deliverables To identify opportunities to help deliver: Incremental improvements in energy efficiency through optimisation of existing assets and operations. More substantial improvements in energy efficiency from the adoption of novel (but proven at full scale) technologies. (Technologies that have been tested only at laboratory or pilot scale have been excluded from the study) A comprehensive report on Best Practice, including as its main strength a selection of Case Studies. UK 31 March WIR

5 UKWIR/GWRC Contractual relationships GWRC Project Steering Group UKWIR- Project Management UKWIR Contractual conditions UKWIR and Continental Coordinators work through Joint Funding Agreement Umbrella contractor a) Provides Guidance to Continental Co-ordinators Planning. Advises and supports sub-contractors, Develops an overview and priority list of possible energy efficiency measures. Develops criteria for selection of Best Practices Sets S t standards d for data collection, develops format for questionnaire b) Synthesises the Best Practices Builds skeleton final report so all contributors can agree on structure and content Collates continental inputs. Organises workshop for GWRC members and others. Writes final report US Europe Australasia Africa WERF + Water Research Foundation KWR + STOWA (with Veolia, Suez, TZW) WSAA (with PUB) WRC UK 31 March WIR 2011 Umbrella contract Global tasks Guidance of the continental coordinators in collecting best practices and synthesising the final compendium. 1 Develop Priority Short List 2 Draft and agree Skeleton Report 3 Develop Selection Criteria and Guidance 4 Draft Survey Documents and Establish Collection Standards 5 Issue Survey Documents and Support for the CCs 6 Draft Compendium Report 7 Develop Proposals for Maintenance of the Compendium 5

6 UK contract information to the European CC Gathering information from the UK to allow the European picture to be established. 1 Desk-top study process review 2 Selection of UK participants 3 Energy check on key processes 4 Latest and Best Practice review 5 Review means of moving from current to best practice 6 Identify, investigate and record representative case studies 7 Draft report for European CC. Case study guidelines The ideal: scientific information, based on one-step-at-a-time changes, with audited repeatable outputs, The reality: pragmatic management and objective assessment, Examples can be simple three liners :- - starting point with energy usage, - changes made, - end point with energy saving, all the way up to a full-blown Doctorate thesis. Boxes in the water cycle matrix: not meant to be comprehensive or restrictive - looking for all energy saving case studies that represent best practice 6

7 Water Cycle Clean Water Waste Water Energy Saving Matrix Raw Water Treatment Distribution Sewerage Treatment Disposal Energy Estimate (% of whole) Demand Management Pumping Treatment Sludge Generation Conservation (Water & Energy) BW1, AW1, AWU2, CRWD1, CWW1 BW1, SESW1, MC1, AW1, AWU2, CRWD1, CWW1 Leakage Reduction SESW2, EM1 SESW2, EM1 SESW2, EM1, SW5 Infiltration/Inflow Reduction HW2, HW3 HW2, HW3 HW2, HW3 Optimise Gravity Flow KWR1 Pumping and pumps UU3, ScW5, SSW2, SSW1, TVW3, TVW4, ScW2, UU4, AW6, SAW1, AW1, TVW1, TVW2 SEW1, SWW3, NM1, HW1, SAW1, MW1 AWU1 UU1, AW2, ScW6, KWR2, PUB1, SAW1, WC1, WC2 MCW1, QWD1 UU5 SAW1 MW2 Catchment Transfer KWR1 Clarification / Primary YW4, ScW4 ST4, ESP1 Aeration AW4, AW5, AW7, DCWW1, ScW3, SnW1, WW1, YW3, YW5, UU6, UU7, ST6, ST7, BW1, SW1 Mixing / Coagulation KWR3, PC1 Nutrient Removal WW3, NW2, PUB2 ST1, ST3, VE2 RAS Pumping NW1, Membrane Treatment ST2, PUB3 Disinfection / UV KWR4 WW2 Ozonation KWR5 Thickening / Dewatering ST8, ST9 Digestion / Co-digestion YW2, ST5, VE4, EAW3, PUB4, PUB6 BCC1, SEW2 CM1 Sludge Drying PUB5, SE1 Building Services AW3, SW2 SW2 Mini Hydro-Turbines VE1, MW3, SAW2, ScW1, SWW2 SEW1 YW1, CSD1 VE3 Wind Turbines CWD1 ACUA1 Solar Power NJAW1 IEUA2 Biogas / CHP Sources of case studies Africa (3) UK (45) Australia (21) & Singapore (6) Europe (24) North America (24) UU2, SWW1, SE2, EAW1, EAW2, MW4, SAW3, SW3, SW4, CWW2, IEUA1, CB1, CC1, KC1, LAC1 Report conclusions potential gains 5 to 15% from improvements to pump systems 3 to 7% from new pump technology, Up to 20% from drinking water treatment, but, Up to 25% from wastewater treatment, Up to 15% from building services, CHP&R Renewables can make a substantial ti contribution, tib ti But this all depends on the right policy and financial attitudes 7

8 Where energy is used in the water cycle 32% 10% 6% 24% 28% Abstraction & Treatment Pumping gains: 10-20% Renewables: Turbines Water Distribution Pumping gains: 5-10% Renewables: PM turbines Sewerage Pumping gains % Renewables: Turbines Sewage Treatment Pumping gains: 5-10% Aeration gains; up to 50% Sludge Treatment & Disposal Pumping gains: 5-10% Renewables - CHP Geography is key Energy use in Australian cities Sources:Melbourne data ( ) supplied by Melbourne Water Sydney, Brisbane and Adelaide data ( FY) CSIRO study 2008 so protect your water resources and your wastewater sinks 8

9 Demand management Area Case Study Country Notes Conservation MC1 SA retrofit and replace plumbing fixtures. Conservation SESW1 UK installation of dual flush retrofit kits for toilets. Lekage Reduction EM1 SA pressure management and valve refurb. Lekage Reduction SESW2 UK leakage reduction active leakage control. Lekage Reduction SW5 AU pressure management and water main renewal. Inflitration/Inflow Reduction HW2 AU relining of sewers to reduce infiltration. Inflitration/Inflow Reduction HW3 AU reduce infiltration via the constructed overflow. Demand and energy reduction - Linear relationship / most significant impact Don t ignore social issues:- - public appeals in summer droughts can have positive short term impacts, - long term droughts can affect cultures, e.g. 7 years in Australia, - technology is often abused and is rarely the complete solution, Parallels for US baby boomers migration? Leakage reduction Leakage Reduction Case Study: AU-SW5 Sydney Water, AU Water Supply Leakage Reduction Leakage reduction through pressure management programme, combining with water main renewal and Any reduction in leakage from a system which includes pumping within the cycle will flowmeter upgrade. have a proportional reduction in energy consumption. Description of Process Loss of water from any part of the water cycle represents Ref Enquiry Item Response information, description and remarks an inefficient use of energy (abstraction, transmission, S&ESW treatment, distribution). Energy Therefore Saving 1 Location: - Leakage Country, urban or Reduction rural: Australia, urban. Temperate Zone any reduction in leakage will impact all the processes in the water cycle up to the 2 Sector: clean, waste or sludge: Clean Water location of the leak. However some amount of leakage is unavoidable. The (Sustainable or Environmental) Economic Level of Leakage (ELL), typically a target 3 Works Owner or Operator: Sydney Water, regulated volume, is used to quantify Actual in economic Leakage terms the (Ml/d) level of effort Theoretical and thereby resources leakage (Ml/d) 4 x10000 Size: flows Properties and loads or population x10 DI (Ml/d) Estimated water Energy leak Saved in 02/03 (kwh/d) was 188 ML/day, necessary to minimize leakage for a defined set of conditions. The ELL is the level at equivalent: following the ongoing gwater leak reduction program the which the cost per m 3 of constructing, treating and delivering additional water resources water leakage per day went down to 117ML/day 07/ equals the operational and capital cost per m 3 of leak detection and repair to reduce loss. and 105ML/d in 08/ The ELL will be unique for each system. 5 Energy Provider: - Potential Interventions Interventions are designed to reduce the volume of water 6 Process: physical, chemical, or Implement pressure management, water main renewal lost and thereby save energy. The intervention options include: biological description: and meter renovation. 1 Reactive or Passive Leakage Control: reacting to reported bursts, consumer 7 Component: Distribution system. complaints or unexpected changes in flow or pressure. Leaks are detected, located 8 Specific energy problem: Reducing leakage has direct (proportional) reduction in and 27.0 repaired only when the utility becomes aware that there is a supply problem in including quality or consent details: pumping and treatment energy usage the network. However undetected leaks and the underlying system losses will 9 Process/Plant changes: None. Total Properties 275,800 gradually rise and network assets will deteriorate. 10 Civil/Physical Changes: to water Pressure Management Program to reduce and control 2 Active (proactive) strategy for reducing water losses (to a target) comprising: Total Properties 258,000 / effluent quality, civil works, or pressures Asset renewal to maintain and replace mains and service connections process: Water main renewal Pressure management to minimize supply pressures and leakage. It will also Flowmeter upgrade program to improve flow 24.0 extend the asset life. monitoring 2400 District metering to monitor system flows and for water losses 11 Operational Changes: skill levels, Active water leak detection on reticulation pipes and Active Leakage Control for targeted detection and location of unreported leaks procedures and maintenance customer service pipes. 21,000kms of pipes surveyed Minimizing repair times for visible and detected leaks. routines: per year. Improved response times to customer reported water leaks Range of Potential Savings Up to 38% from case studies. 12 Risks and Dependencies: Implementation: Operational All implemented. Reported leakage (including non-revenue water) can range from 5 to 10% of the Capital Pressure management and main renewal. distribution ib ti input (quantity of water supplied) for well First managed mandatory systems up t leakage 40% and 60% or more for systems in poor condition, where there is a history of long term under 14 Energy Efficiency gains: kwh & An estimated 6,617 mwh has been saved across the 5- targets set for investment. (Twort s Water Supply, 2009) kwh/m 3 year water leak reduction maintenance program (02/03 07/08). Potential savings will be unique to a system depending on the starting position and the 15 Cost / Benefit analysis: financial Active water leak detection is justified on a break even 18.0 utility s loss reduction strategy, reactive or active. However it is a complex analysis to appraisal or payback time. basis (Economic Level of Leakage) 800 attempt to relate any energy saving to a single specific action. The above interventions Pressure Management is justified on a NPV basis with represent both step changes with one off impacts as well as ongoing actions needed to benefits of water leakage reduction, reduction in main manage recurrence. breaks and asset life extension. DI Ml/d DI Ml/d 16 Project review: could it be Adaptive management applied with annual reviews of Case Studies AU-SW5; UK-SESW2; SA-EM1 improved or developed? program Confidence grade: High 0 d or x10000 properties Ml/ Observations: 1990/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /11 Improved flow metering has identified issues with open valves that are supposed to be kept closed. When Year these valves are inadvertently left open water can leak through, this results in energy being wasted as water often needs to be re-pumped. Energy benefits estimated above do not include this side benefit of leakage management. kwh/d 9

10 Lessons learned: Protect your resources and sinks, environmentally, legally and from over-regulation and exploitation Don t outgrow either, they will cost you dear! Independence is a great ideal, but that costs too Leakage, waste, infiltration and supply / demand balance are closely linked to energy management Savings of around 10% are possible. Check how much energy is used for water heating! Pump efficiency duty point selection Pump Efficiency Factsheet 1 Duty Point Selection A pump s Capex is <10% of the wholelife cost A pump should be selected to best match the expected duty:- Maximum flow and head within the pump s range, Abnormal operating conditions safeguarded, e.g. non-overloading power curve, Normal operating point closest to the pump s best efficiency point. The third item is often neglected. Efficiency at peak flow of head may not be important if extremes are only occasional. It is more important t to operate efficiently i at the duty the pump will most usually be working at, as shown on the graph below. Head B E P Eff F/H Normal duty Peak duty P Power and Efficiency Efficiency Loss Flow The curves show a typical centrifugal pump with flow (F/H), power (P) and efficiency (Eff) curves and the location of the best duty point, i.e. the point on the duty curve giving best efficiency. If the peak or maximum duty requirement is only occasional and the pump works for most of its life at the lower flow then it may be using 5 to 15% more power than necessary, depending on the shape of the efficiency curve. If the best efficiency point were at the lower flow, the efficiency loss at peak flow would be about the same, but perhaps only for a few hours a week. Potential Interventions Select pump with BEP closer to normal duty Range of Potential Savings Up to 11% from case studies. Case Studies UK-TVW4; UK-TVW1; UK-SWW3; UK-AW1 Pump Efficiency 1 Case Study: UK-TVW4 Three Valleys Water, UK The original design of the ozone cooling circulation pumps was wrong, resulting in pumping to the right hand side of their pump curves. New cooling pumps were installed to replace the old ones. Ref Enquiry Item Response information, description and remarks 1 Location: Country, urban or rural: UK, Urban (90%)/ Rural (10 %) 2 Sector: clean, waste or sludge: Clean Water 3 Works Owner or Operator: with Three Valleys Water financial set-up, regulatory or not. Financial and Quality Regulators ( UK Government) 4 Size: flows and loads or population Flow = 180ML/D into supply (ozone cooling flow at equivalent: 9.1Ml/d). 5 Energy Provider: EDF 6.6 p/kwh 6 Process: Pumps were replaced. 7 Component: all or part of the works: Part of the works ozone cooling circulation pumps 8 Specific energy problem: including quality or consent details: The original design of the ozone cooling circulation pumps was wrong, resulting in the pumps operating to the right hand side of their pump curves. 9 Process/Plant changes: Changes associated with pump replacement 10 Civil/Physical Changes: Changes associated with pump replacement 11 Operational Changes: Less breakdown maintenance is expected, due to improved operating conditions for the pumpsets. 12 Risks and Dependencies: risk assessment of project and changes. Less Failures are expected, due to improved operating conditions for the pumpsets. 13 Implementation: Changes associated with pump replacement 14 Energy Efficiency gains: kwh & Saving: 267K kwh/year & kwh/m 3 (to final kwh/m 3 water), 0.08 kwh/m 3 (within ozone cooling system). 15 Cost / Benefit analysis: financial appraisal or payback time. Capital cost is 138K. Energy Saving per year is 17.7K. The payback time is 7.8 years, based on 6.6p/kWh. 16 Project review: None Planned. 17 Confidence grade: on data provided. 70%; design data used, without validation. Observations: The savings are calculated as two thirds of the maximum design duty (full flow from the works). This underestimates the expected by approximately 25%. 10

11 Pump efficiency duty range A pair of smaller pumps would cover the operating range more energy efficiently. Running together, their combined outputs would bring their best efficiency points close to the maximum duty, as shown below. Head F/H1 F/H2 Min duty Power and Efficiency Eff1 Max duty S Efficiency Loss Eff2 Flow Pumping Factsheets Ref Subject Area (Savings %) Case Studies 1 Duty point selection (11%) UK: TVW1 & 4; SWW3; AW1 2 Duty range selection (3%) UK: SWW1 3 Change of duty (5 to 20%) UK: TVW3; SA: NM1 4 Variable Duty Selection (12%) UK: UU3; SSW2. 5 Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) (37%) 7 Case studies, global 6 Pipework design (5 to 20%) None, but may be hidden. 7 Wastewater pumping (5%) AU: MW2; UK: UU4; AW6 8 Intrinsic pump system efficiency (19%) 6 Case studies, AU and UK. 11

12 Pump efficiency Pipework Keep pumps low relative to suction TWLs, Keep suction velocities low, Avoid short radius bends and sharp cornered tees, Avoid bends in two planes, they promote swirl, Use swept tees in manifolds to avoid turbulence, Cost pipework sizes against energy cost of pumps, No examples in the UKWIR project, maybe people were embarrassed, But with energy costing more we need to check these basic items. Pump efficiency Variable Speed Drives Pump Efficiency Factsheet 5 Variable Speed Drives >80% of a pump s cost is the energy it uses Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) are electronic devices which alter the frequency and voltage of the electrical supply to a motor. They are also known as variable frequency drives (VFDs) and allow speed and torque control without wasting power. However:- Pump efficiency usually falls at lower speeds, Pump characteristics sometimes change shape at lower speeds, Pumps may not have test data at lower speeds, calculated curves are risky, High head pump flows change significantly for small speed changes, VSDs take typically 5% of the motor power to drive themselves, Cables losses between VSDs and motors can be <1 to >10%, Special motors may need special VSD management software, Losses from VSDs and cables generate heat in MCCs and buildings. Cable losses vary with their length so plant layout is important, and the heat generated may require cooling or air conditioning in an MCC or building. VSD advantages include:- Closer matching of an existing pump to an existing or new duty, Operation of one pump over a variety of duties, saving separate pumps, Flexibility to respond to seasonal, emergency or peak tariff situations, Potential for automatic pump or pipeline management events, Ability to set limits on pump operation, Good apparent power factor as seen from the mains supply. Potential Interventions Size pumps correctly first, Use VSDs for varying duties, Check energy savings balance. Check power factor correction. 12

13 Drinking Water Case Studies US Ref Subject Area Case Study Description AM1 Pumps and Non-Revenue Water Refurbishing and re-coating pumps, routine testing and operational process training AWU Operation and design Conservation programme Minimise throttling and optimise pump switching, design new works to optimise gravity. CRWU Resource, water output and energy tariff management Measure, understand, re-focus operations, liaise with energy providers and clients -water consumers. CWD Sustainability of energy demand Review capabilities, understand historic impacts, optimise plant & Ops, use renewable resources. QWD NYSERDA collaboration with specialists. Pump & valve replacement, energy export, tariff management. Pump intrinsic efficiency Starter Motor Coupling Pump DOL starters are most efficient, then soft start, Motors are 92% to 95% but high efficiency are 97% Direct drive is best: pump on motor shaft, Coupling / belt alignment is critical, use timing not Vee belts, Helical gearboxes may be 85% but worms <70% Check the pump castings are fettled and aligned properly, Internal coatings can add 5% to pump efficiency. 13

14 Pump operational efficiency Check borehole field data and seasonal drawdown, Check tariffs against daily routines and save $$ if not kw, Run the best pumps and avoid the worst, Use the cheapest resources and watch demand peaks, Use pumps as designed, and design pumps for their intended use, i.e. work with your operators. Corporate structure: Are your Operations and Engineering departments integrated? Or are your operations people struggling with standard engineering solutions? Economics Yes, you are still in the right room! This is Pump Economics or Procurement. Select pumps on least wholelife cost, not Capex >80% of the pump wholelife cost is the energy it uses, Pumps use between 70 and 90% of the water industry energy demand, Justify improvements on future energy prices, e.g. 10 years from now is about half the design life, Refurbishing pumps is more cost effective than buying new; we have the technology, we can rebuild them cheaply. 14

15 Pump Refurbishment It works, and it s cheaper and more cost effective than a new pump Before and after; MCWA Drinking Water Process Case Studies ex US Ref Subject Area Case Study Description UK YW1 UK ScW4 EU KWR3 EU KWR4 EU KWR5 Clarification / Primary Clarification / Primary / Optimisation Coagulation Disinfection / UV Ozonation Replace DAF nozzles. Bypass DAF plant when possible Optimise coagulation procedure Reduce UV energy due to better coagulation Reduce energy by combining ozonation with GAC filters 15

16 Advanced treatment plant What about membrane plant for M/F, U/F or RO? Pressures & energy are 10 x conventional processes, Membranes must have progressed in ten years Lower driving pressures and reject rates, Easier CIP systems and lower chemical demands, More reliability and fewer cartridge failures, So how about a package upgrade on old plant? What is the potential scope here? Hierarchy of Processes by Potential Energy Use Drinking Water Treatment Processes Low energy use High energy use Clarifiers Hydraulic Media back Chemical UV Dissolved Air Mixers wash dosing Disinfection Flotation Sewage Treatment Processes Low energy use High energy use Biological (percolating) filters Anaerobic membrane bioreactor Bio-aerated flooded filter Step fed activated sludge(asp) Nutrient removal ASP Conventional membrane bioreactor Sludge Thickening Processes Low energy use High energy use Picket fence thickeners Drum thickeners Belt thickeners Belt presses Centrifuges 16

17 Sludge handling Drinking water sludges are easier than wastewater, but: Keep it moving if possible, if it stops it settles, Plant layout is key to keeping sludge pipelines short, Use long radius bends and swept tees, Sludge mixing The most energy cost-effective method is zoned air or gas mixing, Pumping sludge for mixing is <10% efficient, Disposal is easier with less chemical content, but you knew that! Combined heat and power Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems Match generator size to average gas production Combined Heat and Power (CHP) refers to the thermodynamics of combustion that realise up to 60% of the fuel energy as heat and only about 40% is available for useful work such as generating electricity. S Typical PFD for STW Sludge CHP Digester Biogas Blower WGB Scrubber CHP Engine Heat Hot Water Loop Dump Description of the Process Sludge gas from digesters contains about 65% methane and can be used as a fuel. Historically it has been used in boilers to warm digesters but for CHP it is conveyed to spark ignition engines which are coupled to electrical generators. Low grade heat is recovered from the engine cooling jacket, oil coolers and charge intercoolers and this is sufficient for warming digesters. Higher grade heat can be recovered from exhaust heat exchangers but these can suffer a high h attrition rate. The gas contains various impurities such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and siloxanes and is saturated with water vapour which is usually controlled by condensate knockout pots. Other impurities can require removal or their effects can be managed through an intensive maintenance by replacement programme on the engine and its accessories. Potential Interventions Check the business model: run treatment processes to benefit digestion and optimise digesters for gas output to maximise CHP output. This turns digestion from a cost centre to a profit centre. Using co-digested waste in the digester could increase returns through improved ROCs allocations. Range of Potential Savings CHP is capable of running a complete sewage treatment works, saving imported power and yielding ROCs or Carbon Credits. Case Studies AU-SAW3; AU-MW4; AUSW3; AU-SW4; UK-UU2; UK-SWW1 CH-EAW1; NA-CWW1; NA CM1; NACB1; NACC1; NA-KC1; NA-LAC1 E Renewable Energy - CHP Generation Case Study: UK-UU2 Increased CHP generation with new 320kW CHP engine at Lancaster WwTW. United Utilities, UK Ref Enquiry Item Response information, description and remarks 1 Location: Country, urban or rural: England,Urban 2 Sector: clean, waste or sludge: Wastewater 3 Works Owner or Operator: with United Utilities financial set-up, regulatory or not. 4 Size: flows and loads or population Population Equivalent = 113,000 equivalent: Average flow = 54 Ml/d 5 Energy Provider: with costs, Gas De France cost per Kw of electricity incentives, taxes and conditions: 8.3p(Total) 6 Process: physical, chemical, or Anaerobic Digestion producing methane gas biological description: 7 Component: all or part of the works: Part of the works 8 Specific energy problem: including Energy efficiency - carbon reduction reduces quality or consent details: imported energy requirements 9 Process/Plant changes: mechanical, electrical or controls: 10 Civil/Physical Changes: to water / effluent quality, civil works, or process: 11 Operational Changes: skill levels, Additional new 320kW CHP engine to reinforce an existing CHP generation comprising 104kW and 165kW engines previously optimised None None procedures and maintenance routines: 12 Risks and Dependencies: risk n/a assessment of project and changes. 13 Implementation: design, build, Commissioned i Aug 2007 procurement, installation and commissioning: 14 Energy Efficiency gains: kwh & Approx 2.0 GWh/year kwh/m kWh/m 3 15 Cost / Benefit analysis: financial Saving approx 140k pa. appraisal or payback time. 2.5 years payback period 16 Project review: could it be improved Generation capacity has been increased but with or developed? remaining capacity to be utilised post EEH project 17 Confidence grade: on data provided. Good data and confidence with data extracted from actual imported energy bills Observations: See attached graph derived from UUs energy suppliers website. Data extracted from suppliers energy bills imported energy reduced from 500,000kWh per month to less than 200,000 kwh per month through various initiatives with new CHP the major benefit. 17

18 Building services and renewables case studies Area Case Study Country Notes Building Services AW3 UK installation of a Powerperfector unit at an office. Building Services SW2 AU new energy efficient office. Mini Hydro Turbine MW3 AU 6 mini hydro turbine installed. Mini i Hydro Turbine SAW2 AU hd hydro turbine on filtered potable tbl water. Mini Hydro Turbine ScW1 UK In pipe turbine at pumping main. Mini Hydro Turbine SEW1 AU mini hydro using pressure released from Pressure Reduction Valve. Mini Hydro Turbine SWW2 UK Littlehempston WTW inlet turbine. Mini Hydro Turbine VE1 FR 4 micro hydro plants within gravity network. Mini Hydro Turbine VE3 FR 2 low heads turbines on nitrified WWTP effluent. Mini Hydro Turbine YW1 UK wastewater inlet hydro generator. Biogas/CHP EAW1 CH Optimized use of sewage gas. Biogas/CHP EAW2 CH biogas is upgraded to bio methane and delivered to the grid.. Biogas/CHP MW4 AU 7 new generators to replace 5 old. Biogas/CHP SAW3 AU CHP to offsite power costs. Biogas/CHP SE2 SP biogas engine for sludge drying. Biogas/CHP SW3 AU improved gas production - Chemically Assisted Sedimentation. Biogas/CHP SW4 AU Use biogas to produce electricity. Biogas/CHP SWW1 UK UK's 1st sewage gas turbine negating energy. Biogas/CHP UU2 UK increased CHP generation with new engine. Heat Pump VE4 CN heat pump on effluent for WwTW winter heating and summer cooling. Renewable Energy case studies - US NJAW solar energy, AW wind energy in New Jersey, CWD wind energy in Cleveland, Gravity is renewable and everywhere we just need to use it better! Renewable resources and attitudes vary significantly 18

19 Global perspective Regulation v innovation in the UK, Advanced processes in Europe, Geography in Australia, Self sufficiency in Singapore, Social engineering in South Africa, Teachers and students in the USA, Need to cover developing country issues. Summary Disappointments: Nothing on: clean water membranes, mixing comparisons, WW preliminary i treatment t t or effluent re-use. Successes: Good spread of empirical to scientific, loads on pumping, major savings from small investments in aeration, confirmed energy usage in different areas and promising studies in renewables. Where do we go from here? 19

20 Holistic catchment management Climate Change Impacts More extreme peak rainfall events??? Erosion & loss of soil & carbon on high ground M: land use More extreme flood events overload drains Higher siltation loads in lower reaches more dredging etc M: wetland design More impacts on coastal towns and treatment works - both sorts M: separate systems A logical outcome of the WFD and RBMPs, This will require us to re-think how much water is available for different priorities, where we put sustainable new housing developments, how we grow our food and in what order we re-use our water resources. Holistic energy management - future If there is 80% less than now, how do we use it? How much water do we use to generate energy? Do we count the energy used to improve water quality? How much energy can we get from Renewables? Because as we have seen, water and energy are intimately linked, And on a finite planet there is only so much of either. 20

21 Thanks for listening, Questions and Answers 21