Bio-waste Management Technologies in Rural Areas of India

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1 Bio-waste Management Technologies in Rural Areas of India Gobar Dhan Prof. Virendra K. Vijay Head, Centre for Rural Development & Technology Coordinator- BDTC IIT, Delhi

2 Unnat Bharat Abhiyan The Centre is National Coordinator of Unnat Bharat Abhiyan (UBA) which is inspired by the vision of transformational change in rural development processes by leveraging knowledge institutions to help build the architecture of an Inclusive India. Vision: Bring transformational change in rural development processes by leveraging knowledge institutions to help build the architecture of an Inclusive India. Mission: The Mission of Unnat Bharat Abhiyan is to enable higher educational institutions to work with the people of rural India in identifying development challenges and evolving appropriate solutions for accelerating sustainable growth. It also aims to create a virtuous cycle between society and an inclusive academic system by providing knowledge and practices for emerging professions and to upgrade the capabilities of both the public and the private sectors in responding to the development needs of rural India. Coordinating Institute: Union Ministry of Human Resource Development has designated Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi as the Coordinating Institute for Unnat Bharat Abhiyan. Participating Institutes: Unnat Bharat Abhiyan aims to connect institutions of higher education, including Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and Indian Institutes of Science Education & Research (IISERs) etc. Resource Institute: National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad has been entrusted with responsibility for training and capacity building of the various stakeholders of UBA.

3 Scientific Validation and Research on Panchgavya (SVAROP) Since the rural economy is largely cattle and agriculture based economy; it is very important to understand the scientific merit of the claims being made by traditional knowledge on the use of panchgavya in food, health, agriculture, utility products etc for better health and environment. CRDT has proposed the project for subjecting the Panchgavya claims to critical scientific validation and bringing out the technically correct facts on the use of panchgavya

4 Bio-Waste availability and potential for biomethanation in India Crop Residue, Dairy farms and village communities with a large number of cattle, community kitchens, hostels, community toilets, industries like distilleries, breweries, food processing, pulp and paper etc., sewage treatment plants and landfills, etc. The potential can be transformed to an aggregated capacity of nearly million m3 of biogas production per year.

5 Cattle Dung An estimate indicates that India has a potential of generating 6.38 X m 3 of biogas from 980 million tones of cattle dung produced annually from 300 million cattle population. The heat value of this gas amounts to 1.3 X MJ. In addition, 350 million tones of manure would also produce along with biogas. Apart from the 4.9 million domestic biogas plants installed in India against the potential of 12 million, there is a huge potential of installation of medium and large scale biogas plants installation in India in small scale industries, animal rearing farms, poultry farms, distilleries, tanneries, hotels, restaurants, military barracks etc.

6 Agricultural Residues Paddy cultivation in India = Million Hectares Rice Production = Million Tonnes Paddy Straw Generation = 160 Million Tonnes Punjab s Rice Production = Million Tonnes Punjab s Paddy Straw Generation = Million Tonnes % Paddy Straw is BURNED on fields Gobar and agro-residues management should not be construed religiously but should be approached in a sustainable, cultural and historical way.

7 Recommended Approaches to Bio-Waste Processing & Disposal 1) Wealth from Waste ( Processing of Organic Waste) (A) (B) Waste to Compost (I) Aerobic / Anaerobic Composting (II) Vermi-Composting Waste to Energy (I) Refuse derived fuel (RDF) / pelletization (II) Bio-methanation 2) Recycling of waste 3) Sanitary Land filling 4) Treatment of Bio-Medical Waste Separately

8 Biochemical Waste to Energy Conversion Biomethanation : Biogas Production

9 Viability of Biogas Technology Biogas utilizes energy sources in ways that do not deplete the earth s natural resources and are as environmentally benign as possible. Sources are sustainable and can be managed and used indefinitely without degrading the environment Nutrient rich slurry as manure Pollution abatement measure Biogas has been contributing for mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gases emission and sequestrating carbon in the form of conserving natural forest. Carbon-neutral and renewable energy Offers several benefits such as health, environmental, agricultural and economic benefit through reduced deforestation and carbon trading that increase the adaptive capacity against climate change.

10 Biogas Production & Utilization (Source: OFGEM, 2011)

11 Some Mega Projects Based on Biogas Technology in India 8.25 Mw Biogas Based Power Project In A Distillery at Banur, Dist. Patiala, Punjab

12 Raw Biogas A low Grade fuel (CH % & CO %) with lower percentage of methane. Mode of utilisation The presence of CO 2 besides being non combustible, restrains its compressibility there by making biogas difficult to be stored in containers. Upgraded Biogas A high grade fuel (CH4 > 90 % and < 10 % other gases) with high percentage of methane. Mode of utilisation Remote applications Methane burns faster hence yields a higher specific output and thermal efficiency compared to raw biogas when used as engine fuel. Upgrading, compression and bottling facilitates easy storage and transportation as a vehicle fuel

13 Techniques for Biogas Upgrading Water scrubbing technology is one of the most widely implemented with over 135 plants out of 400 biogas upgrading plants installed worldwide (IEA, 2013). Absorption Adsorption Membrane Cryogenic Based on physical absorption of gases in water- no chemical reaction involved. Water Pressure High Pressure No pre-cleaning of H Scrubbing 2 S required, Swing since solubility Gas Gas of H 2 S is higher than CO 2, it will Adsorption separation also get dissolved in water at high pressures. Water is used as a solvent cheap, easily and Low Pressure abundantly available. Physical Gas Liquid Regeneration Scrubbingof water is simple release of separation pressure. No heat requirement during absorption or regeneration process. No complicated Chemical and complex equipment required. Scrubbing Easy operation and maintenance. No use of chemicals. The established technologies for the removal of CO 2 from biogas are based on the differences in molecular, Cheap, thermodynamic Investment and cost transport is less. properties of the gaseous components in biogas.

14 State of the Art Water Scrubbing based BioCH 4 and BioCO 2 Production Technology Developed at IIT Delhi

15 WS1 Capacity Gas Flow Rate Quality of Gas Obtained WS1 (BioCH4 Production) WS2 (BioCO2 Production) 10Nm 3 /h 5 Nm 3 /h 95% BioCH4 99.9% BioCO2 Recovery of Gas 91% 88.5% WS2 BioCH 4 Application as Vehicular Fuel BioCO 2 Application Greenhouses Grain Fumigation Algae Cultivation

16 Standards for Upgraded Biogas in India The first Indian Standard IS 16087: 2013 entitled Biogas (Biomethane) Specifications has been released by BIS. This standard covers biogas (biomethane) applications in stationary engines, automotive and thermal applications and supply through piped network. It will help in increasing confidence of investors, infusing more finances and expanding business in biogas sector manifold. Upgraded biogas delivered to any vehicle, stationary engine or piped network shall comply to the following standards. No. Biogas Component Percentage 1 Methane (CH 4 ), min CO 2 + N 2 + O 2, percent, max(v/v) 10 Total Sulphur (including H 2 S), mg/m 3, max 20 Only CO 2, percent, max (v/v) 4 Moisture, mg/m 3, max 5 Video

17 Commercial Level Biogas Upgrading and Bottling Plants in India Technology Demonstration Projects on Biogas Generation, Purification and Bottling (BGFP) under RDD&D Policy of MNRE Under technology demonstration of new RDD&D Policy of MNRE during the year , the Ministry took up a new initiative for bottling of biogas to demonstrate an Integrated Technology-package in entrepreneurial mode on medium size mixed feed biogas-fertilizer plants (BGFP) for generation, purification, bottling and piped distribution of biogas. Under the demonstration phase, the Ministry has sanctioned a Central Financial Assistance (CFA) upto 50% of the cost (excluding cost of land) for a limited number of such projects for implementation following an entrepreneurial mode on reimbursement basis. 14BGFP projects with aggregate capacity of 23,116 cum/day have been sanctioned.

18 Biogas Upgrading and Bottling Plant at Abhohar, Mukatsar, Punjab 1st Technology demonstration plant BGFP project

19 Challenges Faced by Existing BGFP plants Low quality biomethane production High CH4 losses (low BioCH4 recovery) Low efficiency and low economic viability of the system. Lack of technical know-how and after sales services Technical problems like installing large capacity plants for biogas production, under collection of organic substrates (biowaste), under feeding, faulty construction, also lead to non-functioning and eventual failure of the biogas plants to produce good quality raw biogas.

20 Some Biogas based Power Projects in India Sant Shree Asa Ram Ji Gaushala Trust, Village Khanpur, Jassar Road, Tehsil & District Ludhiana, Punjab, 300 Cum per day, 50 KVA/40kW

21 Integrated Technology Packages for Commercialization and Entrepreneurship Cooking Biogas-Fertilizer Plants (BGFP) for Production, BioCH4, & BioCO2 production and Bio- fertilizer production

22 Models for Integrated Technology Packages for Commercialization and Entrepreneurship Technology of biogas is well known but making businesses / microenterprises through it is not well known. The model needs to support for creation of promoters / entrepreneurs who will used all the VAPs and create small enterprises that work locally. Model 1: Domestic biogas plants Domestic biogas plant in rural area (cattle manure based) Domestic biogas plant in urban area (kitchen waste based) Model 2: Commercial biogas plant through Entrepreneurial mode Biogas plant for gas distribution through pipeline network for cooking Biogas plant for small scale power generation Model 3: Rice straw based biogas plant for power generation Model 4: Industrial application of biogas plant in rural area Model 5: Large scale commercial biogas plant Biogas plant based on industrial waste/stp/msw/ for bio-cng production for automotive application Biogas plant based on industrial waste/stp/msw/ for power generation MoU between Punjab government and IOC to set up biogas, bio-cng plants on 15 th Jan, plants in scaled up to 400 plants over the next 3-4 years 400 units will consume biomass of about 10 million tonne per annum and will produce about 1,400 million kg per annum CNG and 6,000 million kg per annum manure.

23 Cost Economics of Technology Packages for Commercialization and Entrepreneurship Gaushalas, Sewage Treatment Plants, Fruit and Vegetable Markets, Agricultural Residue Based Plants Economic viability of Biogas-Fertilizer Plants (BGFP) for Production, BioCH 4 and Bio- fertilizer production( Payback period 4 5 years) 200 m3/day (approximate cost : Rs7.5 million) 500m3/day (approximate cost : Rs 12.5 million) 1000m3/day (approximate cost : Rs 20 million) Economic viability of Biogas-Fertilizer Plants (BGFP) for Production, BioCH4, & BioCO2 production, Bottling, Bio- fertilizer production(payback period 4 5 years) 2500 m3/day (approximate cost : Rs 45 million) 5000 m3/day (approximate cost : Rs 70 million)

24 Bio Slurry Golden Resource for Soil health Biogas digested slurry produced through anaerobic digestion is a nutrient-rich material generally directly applied after production on agricultural land as a fertiliser, thereby replacing manmade artificial fertilisers and/or soil conditioners. Enhanced soil quality Increased crop yields

25 Utilisable Forms of Biogas Digested Slurry Whole digested Liquid (liquor) form Dried form Composted digested slurry

26 1. The cost of proper disposal of slurry would come to about Rs 1/ltr 2. Fortunately Organic carbon concept is getting traction in agriculture. Bio slurry is the best source of it. 3. OC in slurry Parameters Total N% Total P 2 O 5 Total K 2 O Organic carbon Zinc mg/kg Copper mg/kg Manganese mg/kg Biogas slurry

27 Widespread Implementation of Technology Promotional Support and Resource Development Validation & Testing

28 Need of the hour for the Promotion of Biogas Bottling Technology Subsidies on Biogas Fertilizer Plants (BGFPs) National Biogas Mission linked with Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Establishment of Centre of Excellence in Biogas Energy at IIT Delhi for research, development and innovation, dissemination of technologies, and transfer of knowledge and awareness among people. Strengthening of Biogas Development and Training Centres (BDTCs) with sufficient budget and new mandates Safety Issues and RD& D for Cylinders for BioCH 4 and BioCO 2 Storage Standardization of Plants, Equipment's and Accessories for different scales Digesters, Power Plants, Cooking Burners, Upgradation Systems, Bottling Units, etc. Pilot scale introduction of Cash Transfer of Central Subsidy in beneficiary's bank accounts in selected districts. Standards for biogas slurry through Fertilizer Control Order Incentives for bio-slurry similar to chemical fertilizer

29 THANK YOU