Under the Direction of the MOP 11 Subcommittee of the Technical Practice Committee

Transcription

1 Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants WEF Manual of Practice No. 11 Chapter 13 Odor Control Sixth Edition Prepared by the Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Task Force of the Water Environment Federation Michael D. Nelson, Chair Charles G. Farley Alicia D. Gilley, P.E. Thomas P. Krueger, P.E. Kurt V. Leininger Darrell Milligan George R. Schillinger Timothy H. Sullivan, P.E. Holly Tryon Under the Direction of the MOP 11 Subcommittee of the Technical Practice Committee 2007 Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA USA 1

2 About WEF Formed in 1928, the Water Environment Federation (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization with 32,000 individual members and 80 affiliated Member Associations representing an additional 50,000 water quality professionals throughout the world. WEF and its member associations proudly work to achieve our mission of preserving and enhancing the global water environment. For information on membership, publications, and conferences, contact Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA USA (703) IMPORTANT NOTICE The material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with generally recognized engineering principles and practices and is for general information only. This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. The contents of this publication are not intended to be a standard of the Water Environment Federation (WEF) and are not intended for use as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by WEF. WEF makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether expressed or 2

3 implied, concerning the accuracy, product, or process discussed in this publication and assumes no liability. Anyone using this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. Copyright 2007 by the Water Environment Federation All Rights Reserved. Water Environment Research, WEF, and WEFTEC are registered trademarks of the Water Environment Federation. 3

4 Manuals of Practice of the Water Environment Federation The WEF Technical Practice Committee (formerly the Committee on Sewage and Industrial Wastes Practice of the Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations) was created by the Federation Board of Control on October 11, The primary function of the Committee is to originate and produce, through appropriate subcommittees, special publications dealing with technical aspects of the broad interests of the Federation. These publications are intended to provide background information through a review of technical practices and detailed procedures that research and experience have shown to be functional and practical. Water Environment Federation Technical Practice Committee Control Group B. G. Jones, Chair A. B. Pincince, Vice-Chair S. Biesterfeld-Innerebner R. Fernandez S. S. Jeyanayagam Z. Li M. D. Nelson S. Rangarajan E. P. Rothstein A. T. Sandy A. K. Umble T. O. Williams J. Witherspoon 4

5 Contents Chapter 13 Odor Control Introduction Purpose and Background What is Odor? The Olfactory Process Physiological Response Psychological Response Odor Generation Hydrogen Sulfide Odors Safety and Health Concerns Public Relations Odor Measurement, Characterization, and Dispersion Sampling Methods Qualitative Methods Sensory Analysis Odor Panel Evaluations Odor Concentration Odor Intensity Odor Character Hedonic Tone Quantitative Testing Analytical Methods 5

6 Odor Generation and Release in Wastewater Treatment Systems Collection Systems Industrial Discharges Gravity Sewers Force Mains Pumping Stations Liquid Treatment Processes Septage Disposal Preliminary Treatment Primary Clarification Secondary Treatment Processes Fixed-film processes Activated-sludge process Secondary clarification Disinfection Solid Treatment Processes Sludge Processing Sidestreams Sludge Transfer Systems Thickening Blending and Holding Stabilization Dewatering Composting 6

7 Thermal drying Incineration Land application Odor Control Methods and Technologies Controlling Hydrogen Sulfide Generation Operational Control Methods Chemical Addition Iron Salts. Hydrogen Peroxide Chlorine Potassium Permanganate Nitrates Ozone Containment Masking Agents and Counteraction Chemicals Vapor-Phase Control Technologies Chemical Wet Scrubbers Activated Carbon Adsorption Biofiltration Biotrickling Filters Activated-Sludge Treatment Odor Control Strategies for the Operator Operator s Approach to Solving an Odor Problem 7

8 Monitoring Time of Day, Week, or Year Weather Concerns Odor Complaints Summary References 8

9 LIST OF TABLES 13.1 Odorous compounds in wastewater 13.2 Characteristics of hydrogen sulfide 13.3 Maximum allowable exposure of air pollutants for workers 13.4 Health effects of hydrogen sulfide exposure 13.5 Regulatory parameters for industrial discharges 13.6 Odor control methods and technologies 13.7 Chemicals used for liquid-phase odor control 13.8 Liquid process operational emissions control 13.9 Solids process operational emissions control Summary of odor control technology applications at wastewater treatment facilities Portable monitoring equipment for odor control 9

10 LIST OF FIGURES 13.1 The sulfur cycle 13.2 Odor sensory evaluation methods 13.3 Locations in wastewater systems where odors may develop 13.4 Flowchart for selecting an odor control method or technology 13.5 Full dome covers 13.6 Full flat covers 13.7 Flat fabric covers 13.8 Chemical wet scrubber 13.9 Activated carbon adsorption Biofiltration Biotrickling filter Operator s approach to solving an odor problem Sample odor complaint investigation form 10

11 Preface This sixth edition of this chapter was produced under the direction of Michael D. Nelson, Chair. The principal author of this chapter is Alicia D. Gilley, P.E. This chapter is intended to be a reference of practice for operators involved in managing air emissions from wastewater conveyance and treatment facilities. This chapter provides information on odor measurement and characterization as well as the mechanisms of odor generation in both the collection system and treatment processes. Significant changes in the revised version of this chapter are in the discussion of appropriate odor control methods and technologies, as many innovative treatment technologies have been introduced in the past several years. Operation and maintenance requirements for control equipment are also included. Finally, odor control strategies for the operator are discussed, providing a sequence of steps to consider when approaching an odor control problem. Review of this chapter was also provided by Farzin Kiani, P.E.; Ed Ratledge, Chi-Chung Tang, and George Wilson. Authors' and reviewers' efforts were supported by the following organizations: American Bottoms Wastewater Treatment Facility, Sauget, Illinois Black and Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri Eutek Systems, Inc., Hillsboro, Oregon Hubbell, Roth, & Clark, Detroit, Michigan Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, Whittier, California 11

12 Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, California Veolia Water North America, Norwell, Massachusetts 12