Quagga/ Zebra Mussels: Impacts Coming Your Way

Transcription

1 NWHA May 20, 2011 Quagga/ Zebra Mussels: Impacts Coming Your Way Sarah Clark, P.E. Phil Brandhuber, PhD

2 Agenda Spread of mussels in United States Zebra/Quagga mussel biology and impacts Can spread be stopped? Treatment options Estimated costs to treat at power facilities What should you do?

3 The Spread of Mussels - Why Worry? Mussels on the shore of Lake Winnebago, WI

4 USGS Mussel Sightings May, 2010

5 Zebra and Quagga Mussels Zebra Mussel Quagga Mussel Photo USGS

6 Quagga/Zebra Mussel Facts Small bivalve, < 5 cm Transported as planktonic larvae or veligers, 40 µm Veligers swim 2-5 weeks before settling and attaching Mature mussels produce 40,000 to 1,000,000 veligers/year Attach to hard surfaces using byssal threads Attached mussel thickness is ~ 6 inches before sloughing begins Veligers are small!

7 Quagga/Zebra Mussel Life Cycle Planktonic Free floating Microscopic Several days to several weeks duration Benthic Attach to surface Macroscopic 2-3 year lifespan

8 Translocation Pathways for Mussels Highest Risk Much Less Risk

9 Mussels on the Move How Do They Travel? In/on recreational watercraft Boat hulls Dirty anchors Bilge water Aquatic plants Veligers are carried by water currents Natural water courses Man made conveyances Mussel Veliger

10 Zebra Mussel Colonization Potential Parameter Colonization Potential High Moderate Low Very Low Salinity (ppt) Calcium (mg/l) 25-> <9 ph Water Temperature ( o C) Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) < > <8 > <4 Secchi Depth (cm) Water Velocity (m/sec) <10 >250 <0.075 >1.5 O Neill 1996

11 Infestation Risk Level Based on Calcium Levels Legend Red = High Orange = Medium Yellow = Low Green = Very Low Ref: Bonneville Power Administration and the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission

12 Can Mussels be Dried Out and Killed? Aerial Exposure and Mortality of Zebra Mussels Relative Humidity (%) Days to 100% Mortality at Air Temperature ( o C) 5 o C 15 o C 25 o C 35 o C Sources: ZMR Technical Note ZMR 2-10, Payne 1992 ZMR Technical Report CR 93-1, McMahon, Ussery, and Clarke, 1993

13 Colonization Impacts on Water Body Colonize hard surfaces Detritus on shorelines Change water quality Increase water clarity Increase algae blooms Impact fisheries Habitat damage Food chain altered

14 Ecological Impacts Colonize fresh water in dense mats - smother native plants and animals Filter feeders - efficiently remove food and nutrients from water Starve native aquatic species Can collapse entire food webs, reduce fish populations and devastate fisheries Razor-sharp shells cover beaches inhibits recreational use

15 Colonization Impacts to Water System Infrastructure Loss of hydraulic capacity Obstruction of valves Blockage of trash racks and screens Increased corrosion of steel & cast iron pipes due to bacterial growth Damage to moving parts

16 Impact of Infestation on Hydraulic Capacity of Full Pipe Assumptions - Fixed head - 6 infestation - Hazen Williams C factors initial - 60 post infestation

17 Material Preferences Preferred Stone Wood Concrete Iron/Steel Aluminum Plastics Fiberglass Not Preferred Copper Brass Galvanized surfaces Silicone Zebra Mussels on Native Freshwater Mussel Quagga Mussels on Galvanized Iron

18 Impacted Systems in Hydro Facilities Piping Circulating water systems Service water systems Traveling screens Once through Pumps Water towers Pumps Piping Trash racks Pipes Raw water makeup Trash bars Condenser water boxes Heat exchangers Forebays Condenser tubes Emergency systems Holding ponds Fire protection systems Area coolers Storage tanks Main pumps Seal water systems Wet wells Jockey pumps Strainers Pump wells Submerged pumps Drag valves Pump suction chambers Intake structures Makeup demineralizers Lift pumps Intake screens Circulation systems Pump bell housings Intake tunnels Emergency water systems Screen wash systems Source ACOE - SMIS

19 Can They be Stopped? Mussels on intake screen Mussels on boat propeller

20 Mussel Prevention by Educating the Public

21 Montana Inspectors Find Quagga Mussel on Sailboat Near Flathead Lake Adult quagga mussel found on sailboat hull during inspection at Dayton Yacht Harbor on March 5 Found by Montana Invasive Species coordinator Mussel alive Boat had been in Lake Mead Had been decontaminated at Lake Mead and inspected by Idaho DOT Source: Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife News Bulletin, March 11, 2011

22 State Efforts in Oregon and Washington WDFW conducting boat checks to stop aquatic invasive species Report Sightings 18779INFEST InvasiveSpecies.wa.gov August 2010

23 Treatment Options Tried and True or Emerging Technologies Shopping for mussels

24 Life Cycle and Treatment Approaches Prevent infestation Chemical oxidants/uv Mollusicide Pulse current Anoxia Deal with infestation Anti-attachment surfaces Chemical oxidants Molluscicide Desiccation Anoxia Physical cleaning

25 Categories of Control Technologies Exclusion (prevention of entry) Sand filter intakes Bank filtration Permeable barrier Boat drying/inspection Prevention of Settling High-velocity flows Coatings Electrified surfaces and electrostatic shock Cathodic protection Acoustics Cavitation Mechanical control methods Manual scraping Pigging High-pressure jetting Abrasive blast cleaning Mechanical filtration Disposable substrates Chemical control methods Metallic salts Nonoxidizing biocides Oxidizing biocides Asphyxiation (DO deprivation) Thermal treatment (heat shocking) Exposure and desiccation Desiccation at non-freezing temperatures Desiccation at freezing temperatures Ultraviolet irradiation Biological control methods

26 Surface Coatings Can prevent settlement of mussels on exposed surfaces (intake, interior of pipeline, etc.) Foul Release Anti-Fouling Thermal-spray Lifespan of 3-10 years Uncoated Steel Foul-release Coating

27 Mechanical Cleaning Mussels build-up on infrastructure until it can be mechanically cleaned Must withstand mussel accumulation Must collect and dispose of removed mussels and shells Must withstand mechanical abrasion System must be shut down to clean mechanically Pressure jet cleaning from raft

28 Chemical Oxidation Chlorine is simplest oxidant to use and operate Need to verify permit requirements (discharge of chlorinated water) Usually use sodium hypochlorite Generate on site or purchase liquid chemical Storage tanks, pumps, piping, chlorine analyzer Determine timing and duration of operation Learn to operate chemical feed system

29 BOR Lower Colorado Region Research Activities Monitoring substrate using bioboxes Evaluating anti-foul coatings and materials to resist mussels Testing 40 & 80 micro filtration systems Evaluating water jetting system for exterior cleaning Evaluating treatment using bacterium (Zequanox) Evaluating chemical, thermal, biological treatment alternatives Using underwater inspection technologies for monitoring and identifying O&M requirements

30 Economic Impacts of Mussels are High

31 Ontario Power Niagara Plants Approach to Mussel Control Install chlorine generation equipment, piping, analyzers 24-hr a day dosing at 0.65 ppm for 10 days to ensure complete kill Focus treatment during warm water (> 20 o C) for quicker kill Target August/September so mussels cannot reestablish before winter Use live mussels in a biobox to monitor treatment effectiveness

32 Estimated Costs for Mussel Treatment Using Chlorine and Anti-foulant Coating Sodium hypochlorite injection system Capital cost: $70,000 to $100,000 per power generator O&M cost: $100,000 per year Anti-fouling coating on trash racks Material cost: $15/sf (Bonneville First Powerhouse has 77,000 sf of racks or $1.1M for material) Labor cost includes removal, cleaning, coating and reinstallation Cost of down time Ref: Potential Economic Impacts of Zebra Mussels on the Hydropower Facilities in the Columbia River Basin, Pacific States Marine Fisheries, 2005

33 Installation Costs for Sodium Hypochlorite System & Anti-fouling Paint (w/o installation) for Projects in CRB Ref: Potential Economic Impacts of Zebra Mussels on the Hydropower Facilities in the Columbia River Basin, Pacific States Marine Fisheries, 2005

34 Recommendations for City of Westminster, CO Water Plant Intake Standley Lake Oxidant Oxidant Dam Reductant Upper intake Valve shaft Lower intake Big Dry Creek 60 Reductant Stream release facility Valve house Oxidant Coat existing trash racks Cathodic protection of valves Breakpoint chlorination at municipal water treatment plants 48 Thornton/Northglenn Westminster Preliminary Estimated Cost : $8.6M

35 What Should Concerned Agencies Do? Determine vulnerability of infrastructure to mussel colonization Participate in or establish a monitoring program Support local efforts to prevent infestation Boat inspection and cleaning programs Develop a plan for protecting infrastructure Evaluate mussel control technologies for your situation think multi-barrier approach Make a plan based on current technologies Monitor emerging technologies

36 Questions? The quagga (Equus Quagga) is recently extinct. These animals averaged 53 inches in height and weighed between 500 and 700 pounds.