World Population 9,150 8,801 8,309 7,675 6,909 5,978 2,521 1,262 1,650

Transcription

1 GM Salmon

2 Why GMO? output from fisheries has effectively hit a ceiling since the mid-1980s any growth in seafood consumption is due to aquaculture improving aquaculture output to keep up with growing populations, appetites, preferences

3 World Population 6,909 7,675 8,309 8,801 9,150 5, ,262 1,650 2, Estimated (millions) Projected (millions)

4 Population by Region 10,000 Asia Africa Europe Latin America Northern America Oceania 7,500 (millions) 5,000 2,

5 Northern America *excludes Mexico

6 Consumption Rates 4,000 Average Daily Per Capita kilocalories (food calories) 3,000 2,000 1, Global Industrialized Countries

7 Global Total Daily Consumption 30 teracalories (10^12 calories) teracalories =.106 exajoules (10 18 joules)

8 Energy Consumption

9 Relative Energy 1 Day Consumption (2030) Tsar Bomba (50 megaton) 0.2 Japanese Earthquake (9.0 Richter) Month Consumption (2030) 3.18 exajoules (10 18 joules)

10 Aquaculture

11 Aquaculture Issues Solid Waste and Effluent Pollution uneaten food and waste fall to the ocean floor and build up bacteria attempt to break down the sediment, lowering O2 in the water Baggiatoa form in absence of O2 and HSO4 and CH4 are released through anaerobic decomposition toxic

12 Aquaculture Issues Chemical Pollution antifoulants incorporated into the materials of the netpens leach into the water toxic to some sea life pesticides used to control parasites effective at very low levels deadly to crustaceans like the sea lice they seek to destroy

13 Aquaculture Issues Solid Waste and Effluent Pollution effluents rich in nitrogen and phosphorous lead to algae blooms which die and add to the sediments below Chemical Pollution antibiotics active in water hundreds of meters away from netpens for months harmful to CNS, liver and promote antibiotic-resistance

14 Aquaculture Issues Escapees may compete with native species for space and food may spread parasites or disease to native species or other aquaculture facilities

15 GM Aquaculture fish grow more rapidly food, pesticides, antibiotics used at a greater rate and/or greater quantities as pens have higher turnover rates escapees may be significantly more harmful due to their increased space and food requirements

16 Aquaculture Issues Escapees may interbreed hybridizatize

17 Existing Laws Animal Protection Nonindigenous and/or Invasive Major environmental laws

18 Animal Protection Animal Health Protection Act protects livestock (farm-raised animals) or related industries from pests or any organism allied regulates pest articles harbor pests

19 Animal Protection Animal Health Protection Act prohibits export via move export extra territorial or interstate move move includes release to environment

20 Animal Protection Animal Health Protection Act GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) GM salmon may be articles as they harbor pests or disease disease broadly interpreted by the secretary gene transmission?

21 Animal Protection Animal Damage Control Act originally passed to contol damage from wildlife predators protects fisheries and aquaculture GM salmon may exhibit predatory characteristics, causing loss to fishery and aquaculture operations

22 Nonindigenous/Invasive Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act purpose to prevent unintentional spread of nonindigenous species through ballast water or other pathways

23 Nonindigenous/Invasive Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act, amended by National Invasive Species Act nonindigenous species any species or viable bilogical material that enters an ecosystem beyond its historic range

24 Nonindigenous/Invasive Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act aquatic nuisance species nonindgenous species that threatens diversity and abundance of native species or ecological stability of infested waters, or commercial, aquacultural activities

25 Nonindigenous/Invasive Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act creates inter-agency task force to identify and prevent the nonindigenous and nuisance aquatic species

26 Nonindigenous/Invasive Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act Michigan v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2010) multiple states Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ohio, and Pennsylvania sued Corps to take action under prevent Asian Carp from entering Great Lakes

27 Nonindigenous/Invasive Executive Order creates another inter-agency body the Invasive Species Council designed to prevent introduction of invasive species and if introduced, respond to control their populations

28 Environmental Laws Clean Water Act individual fish (or humans/animals) are not point sources netpens, however, have been found to be point sources feces, urine, antifoulants, other additives, pesticides, antibiotics all pollutants

29 Environmental Laws Clean Water Act United States Public Interest Research Group v. Atlantic Salmon of Maine, LLC found non-native fish to be pollutants within the meaning of the CWA proof that pollutant causes harm not required

30 Environmental Laws Endangered Species Act potential takings due to effects of aquaculture facilities in general, and in the estimation of some (GM salmon even riskier more resource-intensive than regular aquaculture), more pronounced

31 Existing Laws Destructive Nonindigenous Neither Animal Protection NI or Invasive CWA ESA Potential Criminal Penalties

32 Thanks. Questions?