Guy Van Uytven, M. Eng., MBA, P.Eng., FCSSE

Transcription

1 Guy Van Uytven, M. Eng., MBA, P.Eng., FCSSE

2 Introduc)on Numerous studies by the scien1fic community have iden1fied anthropogenic (man- made) global warming as a contributor to climate change. This has resulted in a shi> in popular percep1on of the effect of global warming. More governments are signing on to such ini1a1ves as the Kyoto accord or are proposing their own solu1ons to reduce green house gas emissions. Renewable energy will play an important part in tomorrow s energy supply, public support is high and momentum has been established. 27/05/2013 CCTC2013 2

3 In North America electricity represents 40% of total energy use! Total Electricity Genera)on in Canada, 2011 = TWh Conven1onal Steam 16.07% Combus1on Turbine 7.15% Nuclear 14.27% Wind 1.63% Solar 0.04% Hydro 60.15% Internal Combus1on 0.27% 27/05/2013 CCTC2013 3

4 The Interna1onal Energy Agency 2012 report forecasts that by 2035 renewable energy will account for almost one- third of total electricity output. Quebec s installed wind capacity will reach 4000 MW by 2015 (10% of total peak demand) In Alberta present wind genera1ng capacity is 7.5% of total genera1ng capacity. In Ontario it is 6.5%. Excep1ng hydro and nuclear, two thirds of the remaining genera1on facili1es (high GHG emi\ng technology) are over 30 years old, in the process of being re1red, providing opportunity for replacement with RE. 27/05/2013 CCTC2013 4

5 Demand for power on 4 February Ontario Demand (MW) Hour 27/05/2013 CCTC2013 5

6 Constraints Balancing demand with supply at lowest possible cost within opera1onal and system constraints. Tradi1onally large coal and nuclear plants, as well as large hydro- electric plants have provided most economic way to supply base load. The size of current thermal units (1000 MW) dictates that they should be used in most efficient manner. Balancing performed with AGC More and more wind farms will put pressure on thermal plants. Cycling of thermal units can be very damaging. And financial costs associated with cycling are very high. O>en steam will be released (energy will be dumped). DUMPING COULD BE AVOIDED IF ENERGY COULD SOMEHOW BE STORED. 27/05/2013 CCTC2013 6

7 ENERGY STORAGE/ENERGY BUFFERS Best known energy storage device is the bagery. In February, in Texas, world s largest bagery was commissioned. It is capable of delivering 36 MW over a period of 15 minutes. Pumped storage is another op1on with poten1ally higher storage capacity Proposed atoll in the North Sea Compressed air Hydrogen produc1on 27/05/2013 CCTC2013 7

8 Storage (cont d) These forms of energy storage are expensive. Canada is blessed with an abundance of hydro- electric facili1es. Presently hydro- electric genera1ng capacity in Canada is about 76,000 MW. Wind energy storage is used in Northern Europe 27/05/2013 CCTC2013 8

9 The Case for Energy Super Highways Reliably integra1ng high levels of RE into the North America bulk power system will require significant changes to tradi1onal methods used for system planning and opera1on. According to the North American Reliability Corp. (NERC) over 145,000 MW of new RE are to be added to the NA system in the next decade. The largest por1on to be supplied by wind farms. Main problem to overcome will be storage. 27/05/2013 CCTC2013 9

10 Energy Transportation Wind availability and demand centers in the US 27/05/2013 CCTC

11 Energy Transportation (cont d) The case for Transcon1nental energy transporta1on was already made: by the Canadian Society for Senior Engineers (CSSE) in its 2010 Energy Compass advocacy report. in the 2010 report by the Canada Power Grid Task Force of the Canadian Academy of Engineering (CAE) which recommended examina1on of two scenarios: The interconnec1on and strengthening of the Canadian electricity grid, enabling the passage of large blocks of power both east- west and north- south to the US. The above basic scenario with expanded interconnec1ons to an an1cipated US east- west electrical grid to provide an intercon1nental electrical network. in the 2012 subsequent report by the CAE Energy Pathways Task Force in which it was recommended to connect exis1ng provincial grids through a new high- capacity transmission. 27/05/2013 CCTC

12 System Planning 27/05/2013 CCTC

13 Transwest Express HVDC interconnection +/-600kV, 1200 km, 3000 MW, Construction start: /05/2013 CCTC

14 Why HVDC? Cost. HVDC line cost is about 70% of AC line cost. Example: Itaipu (Brazil) uses two 600 kv bipoles to transmit 6,300 MW of power. An AC op1on would require three series compensated 735 kv lines with addi1onal intermediate substa1ons to maintain voltage control. Transmission capacity. 4,000 to 6,000 MW A bipole HVDC line can s1ll operate with one pole out of service. Greater power control due to thyristor control means greater opera1onal flexibility. A HVDC line between power pools can prevent system unbalance in one pool to affect the other pool. Reduced ROW and absence of induced e- m fields. 27/05/2013 CCTC

15 James Bay to Sandy Pond, +/- 450 kv, 2000 MW, 1480 km 27/05/2013 CCTC

16 Name Location Voltage Power Length Nelson River Manitoba Bipole 1: +/-450 kv Bipole 2: +/-500 kv 3,850 MW combined 895 km 937 km Pacific Intertie Wash - Calif +/- 500 kv 2,000 MW 935 km Gezhouba -Shanghai China +/- 500 kv 1,200 MW 1046 km Inga - Shaba Congo 500 kv monopole 560 MW 2 x 1700 km James Bay Mass. Canada - US +/- 450 kv 2,000 MW 1480 km Itaipu Brazil +/- 600 kv 2 x 3,150 MW 2 x 800 km Yunnan - Guangdong China +/- 800 kv 5,000 MW 1400 km Xiangjiaba Shanghai China +/- 800 kv 6,400 MW 2000 km Porto Velho Sao Paulo Brazil +/- 600 kv 3,150 MW 2500 km JinPing - Sunan China +/- 800 kv 7,200 MW 2090 km 27/05/2013 CCTC

17 CONCLUSIONS Development and integra1on of RE in North America will be helped by providing transmission interconnec1ons between the wind farms and the major load centers. Replacement of aging coal fired genera1ng plants by intermigent RE requires energy storage facili1es to act as buffers. Hydro- electric facili1es with large reservoirs are well suited to provide energy storage. Canada, with 60% of its genera1on coming from hydro, can provide this service. The best loca1ons for wind farms are located in Canada and the North of the US. Interconnec1ng these wind farms with Canada s hydro- electric facili1es by means of East- West HVDC energy highways would solve cycling and energy dumping. Interconnec1on of wind farms across the con1nent would allow part of this intermigent energy to be considered as firm energy. 27/05/2013 CCTC