PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR JODA

Transcription

1 PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR JODA MARCH 2016 SUBMITTED TO ODISHA URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FUND (OUIDF) (FOR JODA MUNICIPALITY) BY TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED 247 PARK, 4 TH FLOOR, TOWER A L.B.S MARG, VIKHROLI (WEST) MUMBAI

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. SUMMARY i-vii CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION Odisha Urban Infrastructure Development : 1 Fund 1.2 Project Objectives : Authorization : Scope of the Report : Structure of the Report : Acknowledgement : 3 CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DETAILS Need for the Project : Profile of Project Area : Profile of Joda ULB : Location of Joda Site : Topography of Land : Climatic conditions (Meteorology) : Area and Population : Population Projections : Population Density : Current waste management Scenario : Primary Collection : Secondary Collection and Transportation : Details on waste quantity, composition and waste generation rates : Waste Quantity, Composition and Waste : 11 Generation Rates in Joda Gaps in waste collection : Waste Characterization : SWM organization : Baseline Study Parameters for Study : 12 i

3 Page No. CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Technical Profile : Integrated Waste Management : Proposed Scheme for Joda Municipality for Solid Waste Management : Waste Collection : Primary Waste Collection : Secondary Collection : Construction and Demolition Waste : E-Waste : Processing Plant for Municipal wastes : Segregation of hazardous materials : Landfilling : Process Technology : Technology Alternatives for Waste Processing : Selection of Technology : Waste Management by Composting : Windrow Composting : Aerated Static Pile Composting : In-Vessel Composting : Decentralized Composting : Vermi Composting : Optimization of Windrow Composting Processing : 26 Facility Broad Specification for the Sanitary Landfilling Facility : Liner System : Leachate Collection : Leachate pond : Leachate Treatment : 28 ii

4 Page No Infrastructure of Processing and Land filling : Option for Additional Technology Intervention : Reclamation of Existing Dump yard : Alternatives for Management of Medical Waste : Resources : Manpower : Equipments for handling Waste, Transportation Vehicles, Infrastructure Development : Construction material : Power : Source of water for utilities, domestic : 33 CHAPTER 4 - SITE SELECTION Land details : Major techno-economic feasibility considerations : Joda Site for Dedicated Processing & Land filling Facility 4.3 Option for Centralized Processing & Land filling for Joda-Barbil Cluster : 34 : Land Area Required : Traffic Problems : Public Resistance : Ownership Issues : Boundary Wall with Greenbelt and Landscaping : Suitability of Landfill Site : Suitability of Joda Landfill Site : Social Aspects : 38 iii

5 Page No. CHAPTER 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES : Air pollution control measures : Water pollution control measures : Solid waste disposal : Noise : Ecology of the Area : Green belt development : Land use : Design Environmental Targets : Environmental Monitoring : 45 CHAPTER 6- REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT (R&R) PLAN : Joda Site : 46 CHAPTER 7- PROJECT SCHEDULE & COST ESTIMATES : Project Implementation Schedule : Project Cost : 47 iv

6 LIST OF FIGURES Page No. 2-1 Joda Ward Map : Joda Site Location Map : Topographic Land Features within a Radius of 5km from Joda Dump Site : Proposed Scheme for Waste Collection, Transportation and Processing at Joda Municipality : Zone Map for Joda : Process Scheme for Windrow Composting : Typical Sectional Profile of Liner Systems & Leachate Collection of Sanitary Landfill 3-5 A Comparison of Waste Management System in Existing and Proposed Scenario : 27 : 31 v

7 LIST OF TABLES Page No. 2-1 Population Projection for Joda : Vehicles for Primary Collection and transportation at Joda : Manpower for SWM in Joda : Regulatory Guidelines of Compost Quality : Environmental Mitigation Measures : 42 vi

8 SUMMARY This Summary presents the highlights of the proposed project for setting up of an Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Processing and Sanitary Landfilling at Joda in the state of Odisha. Introduction 1. The Implementation of Municipal solid Waste (MSW) Management is an important component of the Government of India's (GoI) "Swachh Bharat Mission" (SBM) - component IV. The Government of Odisha has set up a Trust namely "Odisha Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (OUIDF)" in the Housing & Urban Development for the purpose of developing and financing of these Projects. 2. OUIDF has grouped 32 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) into ten (10) clusters for preparation of DPR for integrated solid waste management. TATA Consulting Engineers Limited (TCE) has been appointed by OUIDF for preparation of DPR for integrated solid waste management for Cluster VIII comprising of Joda and Barbil ULBs. 3. The objective of the project is to implement integrated solid waste management system into action in the identified ULBs and offer the citizens of Joda a clean, healthy and safe environment. Project Highlights: Project Details Site Land Area Required Water Source Water Requirement Electrical Power Source Electrical Power Demand Fuels Employment Opportunity Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Processing and Sanitary Landfilling. Joda, Keonjhar district Odisha Within the existing dump area of about 5.5 acres Existing Municipality bore well or PHED supply. About KLD Nearest Substation 100KVA HSD for DG Set power back-up for Admin Bldg. About persons (direct) Capital Investment (INR) About 6.74 Crores for Composting & Land filling (phase I) Additional Environmental Mitigation Cost (INR) In the tune of 60 lakhs i

9 Project Details 4. Joda is a Municipality in Barbil Tehsil of Champua Sub-division in Kendujhar (Keonjhar) district of Odisha. Joda has a population of 46,681 (as per Census 2011) with 10,697 households within its 14 wards. It is at a distance of about 15km Barbil Municipality. 5. Joda is famous for its rich iron and manganese mine deposits. There are 31 slums and 6 revenue villages under Joda Municipality. The area under the municipality is about 26.5 sq. km. The slum population is about 70 percent. 6. The estimated collection of municipal solid waste is in the tune of 14 TPD from all sources. 7. The primary and secondary waste collection in Joda is primarily outsourced to external agencies with a central supervisory manpower under the respective Municipalities. Main infrastructure available for primary collection and transportation are Tricycle, Push Cart Carriers and tractors. 8. The area acquired by the Municipality for dumpsite is about 5.53 acres. This land is under the possession of Joda Municipality and is already being used for open dumping of mixed municipal solid wastes generated within Joda ULB. 9. The study area of Joda is located within to latitude and to longitude. The MSL of the site varies between m. The Dumping site is located in ward no. 6 near Bachuhutting, which is in the south direction and is beyond 500 m. In the adjacent dumpsite area the principal drainage channel, Sona River is flowing in the west at a distance of about 50 metres. Railway line in SE railway from Barbil to Banspani is adjacent to the landfill site in the eastern direction. Bhadrasahi airstrip, which is used for occasional small business flight operations is at a distance of about 7 km NW from this site. 10. Ground water in Joda varies from about 3-6 m below ground level in post-monsoon and winter season. 11. As per the Climatological Normal of IMD of Keonjhar observatory, the highest temperature recorded is around C in May and the lowest temperature recorded is C recorded in the month of January. The average relative humidity is around 70% and the total annual rainfall is about 1284 mm. The mean wind speed is 4.8 km per hr. The predominant wind directions are from W and NE. 12. The population density for Joda is around 1762 per sq km. ii

10 13. After survey and estimation it appears that the total municipal solid waste generation from all sources in Joda in 2016 is about 14 TPD. This is estimated to go up to 21 TPD in Sl. No. ULB Waste Generation (TPD) Joda Physical characterization of municipal solid waste sampling carried out indicates a waste composition of 37-45% of compostable matter, recyclables of 12-15% and inert matter of 40-45%. 15. Chemical characterization indicates C/N ratio ranging from and calorific value of mixed dumpsite wastes is found to be in the range of Kcal/kg. 16. The presence of toxic elements like lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, cadmium etc. are found to be in the range of mg/kg which are well within the permissible limits of Schedule II Class A and Class B of Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 vide MoEFCC, GOI notification dated 24th September, EIA study for the Processing Plant and Sanitary landfilling would be carried out by conducting base line study of one dry month. 18. Baseline data would be collected as per stipulated guidelines within the study area of 5 km radius around the proposed site which shall include micro-meteorology, ambient air environment, surface and ground water quality, ambient noise quality, land environment, ecological environment and socio-economic environment. Proposed Solid Waste Management Facilities 19. The predominance of food waste compounded by horticultural waste would drive the choice of technology more towards biological processing i.e. composting. Good C/N ratio and lean calorific value of wastes probably indicate composting as the preferred choice of technology for waste processing for Joda. 20. Composting of municipal waste can be broadly classified in five (5) categories namely, wind row composting, aerated static pile composting, in-vessel composting, decentralized composting and vermin-composting. iii

11 21. The suitable technology of choice for composting in Joda would be windrow composting due to lower capital investment and operational costs as compared to other composting technologies combined with large scale success of this technology across India. 22. Processing of waste is necessary for recovery of recyclable materials. The centralized processing Plant would receive segregated waste in wet, dry and mixed form. The dry waste processing would utilize manual labour or equipment that separate material into various streams e.g. fibre, paper, plastic, containers etc. for disposing same to designated pool of recyclers. 23. The wet waste collected in the segregated form from primary and secondary collection stations would be pre-processed before sending for wind row composting. 24. The processing facility would be complete with pre-sorting material handling equipment, various size reduction facilities for metal cans, plastic bottles etc. The processing facility would also comprise of pollution control equipment and other equipments e.g. fixed storage bins, truck scale, belt scale etc. 25. The recoverable hazardous items would be disposed of to recycling agencies or sent to secured land fill after sorting out carefully from the dry and wet waste segregation lines. The rejects after processing would be stored in a separate place for placing it in a secured landfill with proper liner systems. There would be leachate collection and treatment system with evaporation ponds for management of the leachate generated within the landfill facility. 26. It is estimated that about 40-45% of the total waste generation would be rejects or wastes in the real term, which need to be land filled in a proper manner. The secured waste landfill area shall be designed for an initial period of years of storage to be later expanded to 25 years based on area availability. The total landfill area would be divided in separate phases of 5-7 years each. 27. The processing and land filling facility at Joda would be complete with peripheral access roads within the site, approach road to the landfill site upto the processing plant, security office, weigh bridge & control building, water supply facilities, power and lighting system, communication system, sewage system, fire-fighting system, tyre cleaning system, garage and workshop, administration office and laboratory, 4 m high compound wall all along the property line with barbed wire fencing with 3-5 m wide peripheral greenbelt. The coverage of greenbelt has been estimated to be about 12% of the total area. iv

12 28. The physical infrastructure components in the primary and secondary collection and transportation services include the procurement of tricycles, Household Bins, Community Bins, Tata Ace tippers and garbage compactors for transportation of MSW from various wards. 29. With the increase in population the waste generation would also increase which would in turn require larger number infrastructure components for collection and transport of the waste. 30. The available landfill area can accommodate additional space for waste storage, if the rejects fraction of the recyclable wastes in the tune of about 15% is subjected to RDF technology for manufacture of RDF pellets. 31. The existing dump material in Joda is scattered indiscriminately. As soon as the layout for the proposed processing and landfilling shall be finalized, an area shall be demarcated to store the waste already dumped and strewn around the site. 32. It is estimated that about TPD of waste has been dumped so far in last 10 years in the dumpsite. The ULB has to take initiatives to remove the already dumped mixed waste and store at a designated area within the facility. 33. The manpower would be ensured for smooth functioning of the activities involved in waste collection, transportation, processing and land filling operations of designated Contractor Agencies or BOO-BOOT operators as applicable on a day to day basis. Site Selection and Social Aspects 34. The site is presently used for dumping of mixed wastes. The site has Authorizations from OSPCB to set up waste processing facility. 35. Considering Joda and Barbil as cluster towns it would be more convenient if a suitable land for siting a centralized waste processing and sanitary landfilling facility catering to both the ULBs could be found out. 36. No central site for waste processing and land filling for Joda and Barbil could be found out as this would have required about 15 acres land. 37. There are other disadvantages of central processing and landfill site for this cluster including the significant reason of waste transportation problems due to heavy traffic on the road connecting Joda and Barbil, the region being an iron-ore deposit zone. v

13 38. Keeping in with the provisions of the siting guidelines, the site at Joda more or less qualifies with the stated conditions critical of which is nearness to human habitations. The processing and land filling facility would be 500 m away from nearest human habitations. 39. Living conditions of nearby settlements would be improved by setting up of this project facility and also facilitate prevention of water borne diseases to significant extent. It is expected that due to coordinated efforts of municipality, NGOs and SHGs the socioeconomic conditions of rag-pickers families would also be significantly improved. 40. The setting up of composting and landfilling project would help in direct employment of about persons. Apart from this there would be employment of additional employment of 200 odd as contractual skilled and semi-skilled workers for primary and secondary waste collection, road sweeping, drain cleaning etc. due to the proposed integrated solid waste management operation. Environmental Protection Measures 41. The proposed project shall abide by the design environmental guidelines as laid down in CPCB manual and MSW Rules (Mgmt. & Handling), 2000 and 2015 (vetted), GOI and prevailing environmental quality at the respective sites. 42. Environment Protection measures regarding air, water, solid waste, noise, land use due to the proposed project during construction and operational phases would be accounted. Internal roads would be bitumen covered to reduce fugitive dust emissions. 43. Leachate generated at various places in the plant would be in the range of cum/hr. This would be collected and properly treated in an ETP. Sanitary landfilling would be adopted for rejects generated from processing, ETP sludge and evaporation pond settled particulates. 44. Site clearing or operational activities would not impact the ecology of the area adversely, since there are no known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal and plant species in the area. 45. The proposed project would be developed on the existing waste disposal site. Hence, no change in the land use of the site due to the proposed project would be anticipated. 46. Monitoring for air quality parameters as per NAAQS 2009 and surface water quality would be carried out on a six monthly basis. The ground water quality monitoring in 5 permanent vi

14 monitoring wells within a perimeter of 50 m from the landfill would be carried out quarterly once. Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Plan 47. Proposed project site in Joda is located in ward No. 6 near Bachuhutting. This land is under the possession of Joda Municipality and is already being used for open dumping of mixed municipal solid wastes generated within Joda ULB. There are no settlements within the acquired site. All R&R issues have been already settled by Joda Municipality. 48. The Joda municipality is in possession of Authorization Order from OSPCB to use the land as dumping ground for MSW. The Joda Municipality is also in possession of the authorization to set up a waste processing and disposal facility vide OSPCB letter dated 5th December 2013 with a validity of the authorization up to 31st March Project Schedule & Cost Estimates 49. The whole project is estimated to be completed in about 12 months following approval of DPR and 6.5 months from obtaining environmental clearance whichever is later. It is envisaged that the proposed facility would be operational from January The estimated CAPEX for the centralized composting and landfilling plant facility would be about Rs 6.74 Crores for the year , although this will be operational from The cost for environmental monitoring would be around 8 lakhs per annum. However, the additional estimated cost of EMP for addressing environmental concerns arising due to setting up of this project would be in the tune of 60 lakhs comprising of ETP for leachate treatment and permanent groundwater monitoring wells. vii

15 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to a systematic process that comprises of storage, collection, transportation, processing and disposal of solid refuse residuals in an engineered sanitary landfill. Effective solid waste management has the following benefits: - It prevents contamination of water and soil; - Reduces waste sent to the landfill, which may have negative impacts on groundwater and air quality; - Reduce emissions from energy consumption, as waste when recycled requires less energy than making goods from virgin materials thereby reducing the energy demand and pressure on non renewable sources; - Contributes to Climate Change by reducing methane emissions from landfills. Waste prevention and recycling (including composting) divert organic wastes from landfills, reducing the methane released when these materials decompose. - Reduction in quantum of waste by diverting it to recycling and other processing unit reduces the landfill costs; - An effective waste management implies the concept of 3Rs e.g. reduce, reuse and recycle waste matter leading to introduction of more and more of waste matter into the value chain leading to economic benefits; - Waste management being a labour intensive activity, it helps in employment generation. The Implementation of Municipal solid Waste (MSW) Management is an important component of the Government of India's (GoI) "Swachh Bharat Mission" (SBM) - component IV. 1.1 Odisha Urban Infrastructure Development Fund The Government of Odisha has set up a Trust namely "Odisha Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (OUIDF)" in the Housing & Urban Development for the purpose of developing and financing Infrastructure Projects under taken by Urban Local Bodies, Statutory Bodies, Public Sector Undertakings and Private Investors and attract inter alia, investments, professional advice from institutions for financing Infrastructure Projects. 1

16 1.2 Project Objectives The current system of Solid Waste Management (SWM) in most of the ULBs in Odisha is that door to door collection of waste, collection from market and from community bins, transportation and disposal at the dump yard is being carried out without any processing or treatment. This has led to environmental degradation, air pollution, surface and ground water contamination and poses grave health hazards. The objective of the project is to implement solid waste management practices into action in the identified ULBs and offer to the citizens of the state a clean, healthy and safe environment. As a first step in this direction, OUIDF intends to hire consulting service providers to design a SWM scheme customized to the requirements of the identified Clusters. The SWM system would be in line with Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management (ISWM) practices and adhering to the local regulations and professional best practices. TATA Consulting Engineers Limited (TCE) has been appointed by OUIDF for preparation of DPR for integrated solid waste management for Cluster VIII comprising of Joda and Barbil ULBs. 1.3 Authorization OUIDF with their LoA no. 491/OUIDF (OUIDF - 74/2014) dt appointed TCE for preparation of PFR and DPR for integrated solid waste management for Cluster VIII (Joda and Barbil ULBs). Environmental Clearance for the proposed projects also needs to be obtained for the respective ULBs from the SEIAA, Government of Odisha. 1.4 Scope of the Report This Report presents the present and proposed municipal solid waste management system at Joda. This Report is prepared for submission of Form-I application to SEIAA for obtaining Environmental Clearance as per the guidelines of EIA Notification, 2006 of MoEFCC, GOI. 2

17 1.5 Structure of the Report This Report is presented in seven (7) chapters. The structure of this Report is as per the guidelines of MoEFCC and Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Common Municipal Solid Waste Management Facilities, ILFS, September, Following this Introduction Chapter, Chapter 2 presents the Project Details; Chapter 3 presents the Proposed Solid Waste Management Facilities; Chapter 4 presents the Site Selection; Chapter 5 presents the Environmental Mitigation Measures. Chapter-6 and Chapter-7 highlights the R&R aspects and project cost respectively. 1.6 Acknowledgement Consultant acknowledges the all round cooperation extended by the authorities of Joda Municipality in carrying out the basic study. Consultant also acknowledges the advice and directions provided by OUIDF from time to time for successfully conducting the study. 3

18 CHAPTER 2- PROJECT DETAILS This Chapter describes the existing waste management scenario, details of waste quantity, composition and waste generation rates in Joda. 2.1 Need for the Project At present the MSW disposal is carried out in an unscientific manner by open disposal of mixed waste. The Implementation of MSW Management is also an important component of the Government of India's (GoI) "Swachh Bharat Mission" (SBM) - component IV in The Government of Odisha thus proposes to strengthen the MSWM system covering collection, segregation, recycling, transportation processing and disposal in 32 ULBs so as to comply with the service level Benchmarks of the GoI and also to meet its goal of maintaining growth rates without jeopardizing the environment and its natural resources. The setting up of proposed project at Joda, which is one of the 32 ULBs is aimed at fulfilling the above objectives. 2.2 Profile of Project Area The project area consists of Joda Municipality in Keonjhar district of Odisha. Joda is important due to the presence of iron ore deposits and a concentration of small to large scale mining industries Profile of Joda ULB Joda is a Municipality in Barbil Tehsil of Champua Sub-division in Kendujhar (Keonjhar) district of Odisha. It has a tribal population of 30%. Joda is famous for its rich iron and manganese mine deposits. Both minerals are exported to China and Korea through Haldia port near Kolkata and Paradip port near Bhubaneswar. Joda got municipal status in Joda has a population of 46,681 (as per Census 2011) with 10,697 households. Joda is about 15 kms from Barbil. Joda is located at a distance of 260 km from state capital Bhubaneswar. The nearest railway station is at Banspani at a distance of about 4 km from the dumpsite and the Barbil railway station is at a distance of about 7.1 km from Joda. Ranchi Airport at Jharkhand is located at a distance of about 256 km by road and Bhubaneswar Airport in Odisha is located at a distance of 266 km from Joda by road. Joda municipality has 14 wards. Sona River, the major surface water stream passes through Ward Nos. 1,3,4,5 6, 7, 10 and 14. There are 31 4

19 slums and 6 revenue villages under Joda Municipality. The area under the municipality is about 26.5 sq. km. The population projection would be in the tune of 70,000 in Location of Joda Site Project site in Joda is located in ward no. 6 near Bachuhutting within to latitude and to longitude in Barbil Tehsil of Champua Sub-division in Kendujhar (Keonjhar) district of Odisha. The area acquired by the Municipality for dumpsite is about 6 acres. A survey of the land area has been carried out in the present study which indicates an available land area of about 5.53 acres. The site comes under Seismic Zone-II i.e. low damage risk zone. Occurrence of flood is not envisaged. This land is under the possession of Joda Municipality and is already being used for open dumping of mixed municipal solid wastes generated within Joda ULB. Railway line in SE railway from Barbil to Banspani is however, adjacent to the landfill site in the eastern direction. Bhadrasahi airstrip, which is used for occasional small business flight operations is at a distance of 7 km NW from this site. The waste dumping site for TSL is near Manmora and the area of the dumping site is around 2 acres. The site has been in use for the past 5 years. The nearest settlement of existing Joda dump site is Bacchu Hutting in the south direction and is beyond 500 m. The Ward Map and Site Location Map is as shown in Fig 2-1 and 2-2 on pages 7 and 8 respectively Topography of Land The topography of the land area is moderately undulating. The MSL of the site varies between m. The Sona River is flowing in the west at a distance of about 50 metres which is the principal drainage channel for storm water in the adjacent area. The site is surrounded by hills on the NW which are mainly iron ore deposits. The general elevation of the study area within 5 km radius is varying from m above msl. In the South is the Baitarani Reserved Forest which is mainly occupied by the mining industry as the area is rich in iron and manganese deposits. The topographical map of Joda showing the study area within 5 km radius of proposed project site is presented in Fig 2-3 on page 9 5

20 2.2.4 Climatic conditions (Meteorology) As per the Climatological Normal of IMD of Keonjhar observatory, the highest temperature recorded is around C in May and the lowest temperature recorded is C recorded in the month of January. The average relative humidity is around 70% and the total annual rainfall is about 1284 mm. The mean wind speed is 4.8 km per hr. The predominant wind directions are from W and NE Area and Population Joda has a population of 46,681 (as per Census 2011) with 10,697 households. The Joda ULB is divided into 4 zones. Ward Nos. 1,2,3,4 are in Zone 1, ward Nos. 6, 7, 8 are in Zone 2, ward Nos. 5,9,11 are in Zone 3 and Ward Nos. 12, 13, 14 are in Zone 4. There are 31 slums and 6 revenue villages under Joda Municipality. As per Census 2011, the slum population is around with 6728 households. The area under the municipality is about 26.5 sq. km. The estimated collection of municipal solid waste as furnished by Joda Municipality is in the tune of 16 TPD from all sources Population Projections The population projection for Joda is as given in Table 2-1. Table 2-1: Population Projection for Joda Sl. No. Year Population Population Density The population density for Joda is around 1762 per sq km. 6

21 7 Fig 2-1: Joda Ward Map

22 Fig 2-2: Joda Site Location Map 8

23 E E N PROJECT SITE N Fig 2-3: Topographic Land Features within a Radius of 5km from Joda Dump Site 2.3 Current waste management Scenario Joda practices waste collection and dumping of same in their respective designated grounds as stated above on a regular basis. The present estimated collection of municipal solid waste as furnished by Joda Municipality is in the range of TPD from all sources Primary Collection Primary collection is the practice of waste collection from its very source of generation. Primary collection includes house to house or door to door collection, collection of waste from commercial units like shops, hotels and restaurants. There is no segregation of waste at source. 9

24 There are efforts for door to door waste collection on a daily basis from all households except the slum areas. In the slum areas door to door collection is not found to be possible due to inaccessibility of push carts or tricycles in the narrow lanes. The waste from the road side bins and door to door collection is done through tricycles and push carts to secondary collection centre from where the same is transported through tractors. In Joda, number of wards covered by door to door collection is 13 out of 14 wards. Wards 1 to 8 are entirely covered under door to door waste collection system and Wards 9-14 are having 60-70% coverage for door to door collection and there is no door to door collection in Ward no. 10. Primary collection and transportation of mixed wastes to separate designated dumping sites is also carried out by the major industrial establishments like Tata Steel, SE Railway, for their colony households. The capacity of community bins are 200 litres each and are made of Plastic and Metal. Street sweeping for 200 km road length is carried out on a basis of 80 km per day. The waste generated from cleaning drains is around 2-3 TPD and are transported to the dumpsite in tractors. The equipments required for road cleaning and drain cleaning is outsourced Secondary Collection and Transportation Tractors are used for transportation of waste from the collection points to disposal site. The bins are common for both decomposable and non-decomposable waste. The auto tippers are found to be in breakdown condition. The capacity of Tractor is 1 ton each. The tractors owned by the municipality are between 7-9 years old. The total distance travelled for transportation of waste is around trips daily. Table 2-2: Vehicles for Primary Collection and transportation at Joda Name of the vehicles No. of vehicles Condition Tricycle 30 Good Auto Tippers 02 Breakdown Push Cart Carriers 28 - Tractor 3 Good 10

25 2.4 Details on waste quantity, composition and waste generation rates The waste generation from Joda, collection of same, existing gaps and waste characterization is dealt with in the following sub-sections Waste Quantity, Composition and Waste Generation Rates in Joda During the present study, the total municipal solid waste generation at Joda is estimated to be about 14 tons/day for the year This is estimated that waste generation would go up to about 21 TPD in Based on the present waste collection system, which is lifted manually in Jhuris (waste baskets) into the tractortrailers, the estimated daily waste collection from all sources by 11 trips of tractortrailers of 1 ton capacity each is about 11 tons in Joda including drain silt, roadside litters etc. Excluding drain silt, construction debris, this indicates that a gap of about 3-5 tons/day exists. This gap is accountable by dedicated waste collection practiced in Joda by Tata Steel for their Colony households and S.E. Railways for their residential Quarters and dumping in separate designated grounds Gaps in waste collection During the survey, it has been observed that in many of the slum zones, waste collection is poor and irregular and wastes are mostly dumped by the community nearby the hutments. The animals comprising of cattle, goats, dogs are found to be feeding on the vegetable and fish/mutton/chicken wastes Waste Characterization Physical characterization of municipal solid waste sampling carried out in Joda indicates a waste composition of 37-45% of compostable matter, recyclables of 12-15% and inert matter of 40-45%. Chemical characterization indicates C/N ratio ranging from and calorific value of mixed dumpsite wastes is found to be in the range of Kcal/kg. The presence of toxic elements like lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, cadmium etc. are found to be in the range of mg/kg which are well within the permissible limits of Schedule II Class A and Class B of Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 vide MoEFCC, GOI notification dated 24th September,

26 2.4.4 SWM organization The manpower available for primary collection and transportation are labour for Door to Door Collection, Sweeper & drain cleaners, Drivers, Sanitary Workers, Labourers, Supervisors. Table 2-3: Manpower for SWM in Joda Sl. No. Manpower Wards managed by Municipality (outsourced to Private Agencies) 1. Door to door collection Sweeper & drain cleaners Rag Pickers Nil 4. Drivers Sanitary Workers Labourers 8 (Own) 7. Supervisors Baseline Study Parameters for Study EIA study for the Processing Plant and Sanitary landfilling would be carried out by conducting base line study of one dry month. The EIA study would include determination of baseline conditions within 5 km radius study area from the boundary of the project site, assessment of the impacts on the environment due to the construction and operation of the proposed project and recommendations on the mitigation measures to be adopted, to minimize the impact on the environment within acceptable levels. Baseline data would be collected as per stipulated guidelines within the study area of 5 km radius around the proposed site which shall include micro-meterology, ambient air environment, surface and ground water quality, ambient noise quality, land environment, ecological environment and socio-economic environment. 12

27 CHAPTER 3- PROPOSED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES The existing waste management scenario, details of waste quantity, composition and waste generation rates in Joda has been described in the previous Chapter. This Chapter presents the proposed solid waste management facilities for Joda ULB. 3.1 Technical Profile Various activities of the proposed integrated municipal solid waste management in Joda ULB right from segregated primary collection, secondary collection and transport to the centralized facility at the respective municipalities, processing technology for waste composting, landfilling of the rejects generated during secondary segregation and processing have been described in the sections below Integrated Waste Management A proper and scientific integrated waste management system would upgrade significantly the living status of the people residing there and also ensure eradication of some of the major health related problems when combined with 100% compliance to clean sewerage facilities and pure drinking water supply in all the Wards Proposed Scheme for Joda Municipality for Solid Waste Management The essential steps of an efficient solid waste management system are balanced on scientific and timely collection both at primary and secondary levels, of waste generated from each household across all sections of people including the slum areas in each Ward of the municipality, regular street and drain sweepings, ensuring maximum segregation at origin followed up by secondary segregation at waste processing facility and secured land filling of inert and non recyclable waste fraction. Other important aspect of a sustainable waste processing facility is installing proper monitoring mechanism from the angle of environmental aspects, economic returns and community acceptance. The proposed scheme for waste collection, transportation and processing for Joda Municipality is given in Fig. 3-1 on the next page. 13

28 14 Fig.3-1: Proposed Scheme for Waste Collection, Transportation and Processing at Joda Municipality

29 3.2 Waste Collection A two bin system shall be introduced for waste collection at all levels and sources of generation. The 2-bin system would essentially comprise of (i) principally wet or moist waste comprising of kitchen waste, food waste etc. which are bio-degradable and (ii) principally waste papers, plastics, sanitary napkins, rags, cardboards, etc. many of which are recyclable. The street sweepings and drain cleaning material and sludge would not be disposed along with the household municipal waste collected. The silt collected from the drains would be disposed of in low lying lands. The street litter collected which would be mixed in nature shall be brought to the processing facility for waste processing and segregation Primary Waste Collection Primary waste would be collected from all households and slum areas within each ward of the ULB. Joda ULB having 14 wards would be segregated into 4 zones e.g. Zone-1 comprising of Ward -1, 2, 5,6, 7 and 8; Zone -2 comprising of Wards 3,4,10 and 14; Zone -3 comprising of Wards 9 &11 and Zone-4 comprising of Wards 12 & 13. Household Collection For one first time Municipal Authorities in Joda has to provide two (2) separate bins of color Blue and Green to each household. The Blue color bin would be meant for collection of all recyclable or non-biodegradable items which are basically dry in nature. The Green color bin would be meant for collection of various wastes as identified above which are wet in nature. The bin sizes can be of 20 litre each. Two (2) Tata Ace-tipper with dedicated dry and wet waste containers (capacity -1.8 cum) of green and blue color would visit the major lanes and by-lanes every day morning at pre-determined time for waste collection. This system and schedule of arrival in each Ward would be informed to the households at prior by ULB officials through respective Ward Councilors and Supervisors. For areas where Tata Ace-tipper cannot enter due to narrow lane access, the tri-cycle with separate dry and wet waste containers would enter for waste collection at a pre-determined time. It is estimated that about 60% of the slum population which is nearly 70% of the total population of Joda shall be covered with tri-cycle as a part of primary collection system. 15

30 Balance population would be covered by Tata Ace Tippers for primary collection. In Slum area the common community bins provided for dry (blue color) and wet waste (green color) disposal would be 120 litres capacity each. Collection from Market place and Community Centres In market place and community centres, a 2-bin collection facility would be introduced. This shall be based on the size of the market or community Centres. A 3.5 cum bin each for (i) food waste of bio-degradable in nature comprising of fish chicken and mutton waste, vegetable waste etc. and (ii) for various kinds of non-biodegradable and recyclable wastes shall be kept at strategic locations. The vegetarian and non-vegetarian shops each would be provided with a 120 litres wheeled bins for storage of wastes and transporting same daily to the centralized 3.5 cum bins located within the market area. Apart from these, there would be a 2-bin waste of 100 (2x50) litres located at every 100 metre distance along the lanes within the shopping centres/shopping plaza. In Melas and festival grounds, two bins with 3.5 cum capacity each for wet food waste and dry recyclable or inert wastes would be placed for daily lifting by refuse compactor Secondary Collection Secondary collection includes picking up waste from community bins, waste storage depots or transfer stations and transporting it to waste processing sites or disposal wastes. The primary and secondary collection system is essential to avoid containers overflow and waste littering on streets. Separate 3.5 cum bins for dry and wet waste types shall be provided at a centralized location(s) in each of the four zones comprising of fourteen (14) Wards of the Joda Municipality. Wastes picked up by the household collection team would be transported to these intermediate Centres. The intermediate centre or waste transfer stations are aimed basically for transfer of primary collected waste into vehicles for transport to the centralized facility. Here Tata Ace-tippers and tricycles would feed the primary collected material into separate 3.5 cum metal containers kept for secondary collection of wet biodegradable waste and other dry wastes. The metal bins with covers would have lifting hooks for lifting to refuse compactor trucks and transport same to Central processing Plant. 16

31 The waste collected in designated dry and wet bins located in the market area and market or shopping Centers or Office/Institutions and served by the waste collection team within respective domain areas would be separately brought to the centralized processing facility by refuse compactors. The secondary collection area of dimensions about 10 m x 7 m would be a designated area with proper low height guard wall and a raised platform at m height with a proper ramp up and down from the road for facilitating the Tata Ace-tippers and tricycles to ride over the platform and unload the material directly into the bins placed on the ground with minimal spillage and then get down from the opposite end. The refuse compactor truck would stand near the bins and lift up same for waste feeding into the compactors and transportation to the centralized processing facility. This would also minimize manual handling of the waste to the extent possible Construction and Demolition Waste For Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste in Joda, dedicated metal bins of 3.5 cum capacity with proper markings on them shall be placed at specific locations in each Zone of the municipality. The C&D waste shall be lifted by hook loaders or refuse compactors onto the trucks/dumpers and brought to a separate segregation facility to be identified by the ULB. In this facility after recovery of valuables and reuseable, the construction wastes shall be utilized for designated low lying land filling and other construction back filling purpose E-Waste Various electronic wastes belonging to these two categories generated within the Joda ULB shall be stored separately at the generation place. Such waste can be arranged to be collected from the sources by the Municipality as a part of special waste stream or through dedicated e-recycling agencies. For such collection dedicated bins of adequate capacity may be kept at each zone of the ULB. 17

32 18 Fig 3-2: Zone Map for Joda

33 3.3 Processing Plant for Municipal wastes Processing of waste is necessary for recovery of recyclable materials and disposal to dedicated Vendors so that balance processed waste is suitable for composting. Due to non-availability of separate dedicated land, the processing Plant for Joda would be located within the existing dumping yard. The centralized processing Plant would receive segregated waste in wet and dry form. Only some part of waste in-spite of best of efforts for at source segregation may be of mixed nature, which needs to be segregated in a pre-sorting bay. The wet, dry and mixed wastes would be stored in separate storage pits ready for onward conveyor loading and segregation. Processing of waste is necessary for recovery of recyclable materials. The centralized processing Plant would receive segregated waste in wet, dry and mixed form. The dry waste processing would utilize manual labour or equipment that separate material into various streams e.g. fiber, paper, plastic, containers etc. for disposing same to designated pool of recyclers. The wet waste collected in the segregated form from primary and secondary collection stations would be preprocessed before sending for wind row composting. The processing facility would be complete with pre-sorting material handling equipment, various size reduction facilities for metal cans, plastic bottles etc. The processing facility would also comprise of pollution control equipment and other equipments e.g. fixed storage bins, truck scale, belt scale etc. The recoverable hazardous items would be disposed of to recycling agencies or sent to secured landfilling after sorting out carefully from the dry and wet waste segregation lines. All avenues would be explored to utilize the non-biodegradable and non-recyclable carbonaceous waste for use in manufacturing of RDF pellets or burning in any nearby cement kilns or smelting furnaces. The ultimate rejects after processing would be stored in a separate place for placing it in a secured landfill with proper liner systems Segregation of hazardous materials The hazardous materials would contain toxic elements like lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, cadmium etc. These materials would be sorted out carefully from the dry and wet waste segregation lines so that the recoverable items are disposed of to recycling agencies to the extent possible and balance sent to secured landfilling. 19

34 3.3.2 Landfilling It is estimated that about 40-45% of the total waste generation would be rejects or wastes in the real term, which if no other use could be found out need to be landfilled in a proper manner. The secured waste landfill area shall be designed for an initial period of years of storage to be later expanded to 25 years based on land area availability. The total landfill area would be divided in separate phases of say, 5-7 years life each so that soon after any particular area is filled up the subsequent phases of land filling can be taken up. 3.4 Process Technology The processing technology of municipal solid wastes, segregated at source on dry and wet basis and brought separately to the central facility with an aim so as to utilise the maximum value of the inherent waste characteristics given the available processing technologies as discussed below Technology Alternatives for Waste Processing Any technology selected must be in compliance to the basic principles of sustainability i.e. it should be environmentally compatible, economically feasible and socially acceptable. Keeping in line with these principles, the various technologies available for processing, treatment of management of municipal waste are basically of two natures e.g. (i) technologies based principally on utilization of the organic value of waste viz. composting, bio-methanation and (ii) technologies which aims at utilizing the calorific value of waste by extracting energy from waste viz. refuse derived fuel (RDF) manufacturing, pyrolysis, mass incineration and other waste to energy options. Waste Processing Methods Important Waste Parameters Desirable Range Moisture Content (%) <40% Thermal Processing Technologies Volatile Matter (%) >40% Fixed Carbon (%) <15% Inert (%) <35% Net Calorific Value (Kcal/kg) >1700 Biological Processing Technologies Moisture Content (%) >50 Organic Matter (%) >40 C/N Ratio

35 3.4.2 Selection of Technology Looking at the lifestyles of the people after carrying out primary survey in various Wards, it has been found that major constituent of wastes generated from the households would be of food wastes, vegetable wastes, fish, chicken and mutton wastes with a rising proportion of plastics percentage in the higher income groups. The plastics, paper, metal and other miscellaneous non-organic wastes would be of 26-32%, but all are not fit for recycling. Actual recyclables would not be more than 15% considering only 50% of the material generated in this category is fit for recycling in other downstream industries. Therefore about another 15% waste would find its way into the landfill along with the inerts. The suitability of technologies which are based on some form of burning or incineration for extracting energy is dependent on the nature of wastes and quantum of waste generation. For mass incineration and waste to energy options, the MSW should ideally have moisture content less than 40% and minimum calorific value of 1450 Kcal/kg and an annual average of 1700kcal/kg. The nature of waste generated in Joda does not comply with the above criteria. The compostable matter would be in the range of 37-45% and inert matter would be ranging somewhere between 40-45%. C/N Ratio of the waste is in the range of The balance fraction would be mainly recyclables e.g. paper, plastics, metals, leather etc. The calorific value of waste would be in the range of Kcal/kg. The physical nature of wastes and quantum of generation after field sampling report suggests that the waste is not rich in calorific value so that it is suitable for waste to energy option of processing. The waste to energy technologies based on mass incineration, refuse derived fuel, plasma arc or pyrolysis are highly capital intensive and would not be suitable for this much quantum of wastes with a lean calorific value as generated at Joda, even if considered together. The feasible capacity for consideration of these technologies would not be less than 500 TPD. The predominance of food waste compounded by horticultural waste would drive the choice of technology more towards biological processing i.e. composting, biomethanation etc. However, bio-methanation is more capital intensive and has its own complexities of utilization of bio-gas and its distribution network, its demand in the market and consistency in generation and supply. This probably indicates composting as the preferred choice of technology for waste processing for Joda. 21

36 3.4.3 Waste Management by Composting Based on the draft guidelines of CPHEEO Manual (Draft), 2014, the composting of municipal wastes can be broadly classified in five (5) categories namely, wind row composting, aerated static pile composting, in-vessel composting, decentralized composting and vermi-composting Windrow Composting Windrow composting process consists of placing the pre-sorted feed stock in long narrow piles called windrows that are turned on a regular basis by turning machines or pay loaders for boosting passive aeration. The turning operation mixes the composting materials and enhances passive aeration. Every 7 th day a waste pile is turned. This process is continued for five (5) weeks and high temperatures of C within the windrow is maintained to sanitize the material. The Process Scheme for Windrow Composting is as shown in Fig 3-3 on the next page. The size and spacing of windrows depend on the equipment used for turning. The optimum capacity for wind row composting is 500 TPD. However, in India there have been several ventures where wind row composting of much smaller capacities in the range of TPD have been implemented. Following wind row composting the material need to be segregated through a series of sieves and the coarser material which is fit for compost has to be further cured for about two (2) weeks, when low level of microbial activity would continue. The completely cured material does not emit any smell and is ready for bagging as product compost. A major disadvantage of wind row composting is that the system does not operate efficiently during the monsoon season. During this time the waste is turned more frequently at an interval of 3-4 days. In the last week during monsoon the waste is kept under a monsoon shed with provisions for mechanical aeration. In general each wind row material is ready for curing on the 36 th day. On this day, the compost is successively screened through two stage screening stage of 35 mm and 16 mm screens. Screened material coming out of coarse segregation by curing of same for another 2 weeks when adequate oxygen supply and 25-30% moisture content would be maintained. The completely cured well composted material would not release any foul odor and is ready for final screening below 4 mm in size and packaging of finished product for marketing. 22

37 Fig 3-3-: Process Scheme for Windrow Composting 23

38 Table 3-1: Regulatory Guidelines of Compost Quality Parameters Organic Compost MSW Rules, 2000 FCO Rules, 2009 Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Arsenic (mg/kg) Cadmium (mg/kg) Chromium (mg/kg) Copper (mg/kg) Lead (mg/kg) Mercury (mg/kg) Nickel (mg/kg) Zinc (mg/kg) C/N Ratio < 20 < 20:1 ph Max 6.7 Moisture % by weight (max) Bulk density (gm/cm 3 ) <1 <1.6 TOC T Nitrogen T Phosphate Total Potassium Color Dark brown to black - Odor Absence of foul odor - Particle size Min. 90% should pass through 4 mm IS seive Min. 90% should pass through 4 mm IS seive Conductivity The sum total of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium nutrients shall not be less than 1.5% Aerated Static Pile Composting Aerated static pile composting is a technology that requires the composting mixture of pre-processed material to be placed in piles that are mechanically aerated. The piles are placed over a network of pipes connected to a blower, which supplies the 24

39 air for composting. Unlike aerobic windrow composting, the aerated static pile has direct control over aeration. This is the strength of this system, which can be used to reduce the fermentation time and also save fuel used by the turning equipment. Producing compost using this technology usually takes 6 to 12 weeks depending on preprocessing of feedstock, air movement and temperature control. A controlled air supply enables construction of large piles, which decreases the need for land In-Vessel Composting In-vessel composting systems enclose the feedstock in a chamber or vessel that provides adequate mixing, aeration, and moisture. There are several types of invessel systems available - drums, silos, digester bins and tunnels. These vessels can be single- or multi-compartment units. In some cases the vessel rotates, in others the vessel is stationary and a mixing or agitating mechanism moves the material around. Most in-vessel systems are continuous-feed systems, although some operate in a batch mode. All in-vessel systems require further curing after the material has been discharged from the vessel. The detention time in the vessel varies from 1 to 2 weeks. A 3 week curing period after the active composting period is required Decentralized Composting Decentralized composting is the composting of source separated organic waste in limited quantities from households, apartments, neighborhoods, markets, gardens or from the entire ward. The decentralized composting approach reduces transportation costs, makes use of low-cost technologies based mainly on manual labour. Decentralized composting facilities generally handle from very small waste quantities up to 20 tons per day depending on the size of the community and volume of compostable waste materials in the waste stream Vermi Composting Vermi-compost is the castings of earthworms. Vermi-composting is the process of composting the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste with the help of earthworms, resulting in the production of vermi-compost which can be used in agricultural fields as a soil conditioner and nutrient supply. Vermi-composting is typically suited for managing smaller waste quantities. It is an ideal technology for towns which generate up to 50 tonnes of mixed municipal solid waste per day. The worm species that are commonly considered are Pheretimasp, Eiseniasp & Perionyx sp. These worms are known to survive in the moisture range of 20-80% and the temperature range of C. 25

40 3.4.9 Optimization of Windrow Composting Processing Facility Considering all the above technologies for composting, it appears that the suitable technology of choice for composting of processed waste in Joda would be windrow composting due to lower capital investment and operational costs as compared to other composting technologies combined with large scale success of this technology across India. Distinct Advantage: Wind row composting systems although involve larger area for building up the waste piles for 4-5 weeks followed by maturation period of about 2 weeks, but is less mechanically intensive and robust in approach and reliability. No special processing equipment or rotating parts is involved. This technology can be conveniently scaledup as the waste generation builds up. The land required would be higher but capital investment and operational costs in terms of energy would be moderate and lower than other composting options especially in-vessel mechanical composting. Disadvantages: The windrow composting system is dependent on temperature of C and sensitive to low and high moisture conditions (moisture content is maintained 55-65%), hence a strict maintenance of conditions would be necessary. Land required would be higher compared to most of other composting technologies. The process would be slower in the winter season and little difficult to operate in the rainy season. Odor would be an issue if turning is inadequate Broad Specification for the Sanitary Landfilling Facility The broad specification of sanitary landfill for scientific dumping of rejects and nonrecyclable materials are provided in the following sections Liner System The liner system would essentially comprise of HDPE geo-membrane and geo textile layers to be laid over compacted clay layer of 900 mm thickness. The clay layer would be of bentonite clay to be laid over native compacted soil to 95% procter density. The base area would have sufficient slope to guarantee draining of leachate and storm water. The composition of the base sealing system has to be in compliance with the MSW Rules The permeability of the base layer would be 26

41 less than 1 x 10-7 cm/s. In case adequate bentonite clay is not found in the nearby areas, then geo-synthetic clay liner (GCL), which is bentonite sandwiched between two layers of geo-textiles would be used as a base layer. The GCL may be further reinforced with an additional layer of HDPE liner. Above the clay liner or GCL liner a HDPE geo-membrane liner with standardized thickness of 2 mm and conforming to ASTM standards would be laid. Above this a protection layer of geo-textile liner with 2000 gm/m2 weight would be laid. Above these layers a drainage layer of 300 mm thick with filter gravel and ensuring a permeability of greater than 10-2 cm/sec would be laid. The drainage layer would comprise of mm round shaped gravel and pipes of mm diameter with sloping towards the leachate collection sump. A non-woven geo-textile layer would be laid above the drainage layer as a protection to the drainage layer and this also helps in maintaining high filtering capacity of the underlying drainage layer. A typical Sectional Profile of Liner Systems and Leachate Collection of Sanitary Landfill is shown in Fig 3-4 below. Fig 3-4: Typical Sectional Profile of Liner Systems & Leachate Collection of Sanitary Landfill 27

42 Leachate Collection The basic objective of the leachate collection system is that all the leachate would be collected and removed from the landfill area into the leachate collection pit through the underlying drainage layer. The leachate collection system would be designed so that it can take care of water generated from a storm resulting in maximum rainfall in 24 hours continuously for 72 hours based on a 50 years historical storm data. It is estimated that total leachate generation from the proposed waste processing and landfilling facility would be in the range of cum/hr Leachate pond This would be essentially a 2-chamber pond with liner system in the bottom and side walls to hold the leachate without percolating into the soil underneath for treatment of same Leachate Treatment The leachate collected need to assessed with chemical characterization or TCLP test of leachate. Based on the chemical characteristics of leachate, treatment process may include biological processes such as activated sludge, aeration, nitrification/denitirification, chemical processes such as oxidation, neutralization and other physical processes such as activated carbon adsorption, ultra-filtration etc. One alternative of treatment would be evaporation of leachate water in shallow ponds for which large area would be required. The residual salts may be disposed of to the secured landfill. This alternative would be further explored during the DPR stage and engineering of the landfill system Infrastructure of Processing and Land filling The processing and land filling facility at Joda would be complete with the following infrastructure: i) Peripheral access roads within the site with single lane of 3.5 m width. Approach road to the landfill site up to the processing Plant would be of 7.0 m width. ii) Security Office iii) Weigh bridge & control building iv) Water Supply facilities v) Power and lighting system 28

43 vi) Communication systemsewage system vii) Fire-fighting system viii) Tyre cleaning system ix) Garage and Workshop x) Administration Office and Laboratory xi) 4 m high compound wall all along the property line with barbed wire Fencing Option for Additional Technology Intervention The available landfill area can accommodate additional space for waste storage, if the rejects fraction of the recyclable wastes in the tune of about 15% is subjected to RDF technology for manufacture of RDF pellets. This RDF product pellets can then be sold out as supplementary fuel in cement kilns, bio-mass based power Plant boilers, bituminous road construction etc Reclamation of Existing Dump yard The existing dump material in Joda site are scattered indiscriminately. As soon as the layout for the proposed processing and landfilling for each ULB shall be finalized, an area shall be demarcated to store the waste already dumped and strewn around the site. It is estimated that about TPD of waste has been dumped so far in last 10 years in the dumpsite. This waste due to degradation over this long period has been reduced in volume and weight. Considering 60% loss in overall weight of the dumped wastes, it is estimated that about 2500 tons of degraded waste is lying at each of the respective sites. The ULB has to take initiatives to remove the already dumped mixed waste and store at a designated area within the facility. This is required for undertaking the design & engineering and construction activities of the proposed processing Plant and landfill facility. 29

44 This can be preferably done within the area designated for second phase of land filling. The soil over which this waste has been dumped so long is also prone to contamination and this soil need to be excavated out from various depths and analysed at laboratory for presence of hazardous toxic elements e.g. mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium etc. Based on the contamination levels a proper soil management plan need to be drawn up. The waste generated within the ULB during the construction period of one year or so shall be also stored in the same designated area. After the processing Plant and landfill facility is made ready and commissioned, the dumped mixed wastes which could be utilized for recovery of recyclables and other hazardous materials. The hazardous material of biological nature e.g. syringes etc. could be disposed of through incinerators located in hospitals for management of bio-medical wastes. Other wastes which are hazardous in nature but does not have suitable disposal option would be considered for sending to a centralized RDF facility within the state or the last preferred option of disposal in a designated area of the proposed secured landfill in the ULB with adequate additional protection and properly covered with soil. The organic matter of the balance waste would have been already degraded significantly under open atmospheric conditions and with exposure to precipitation and heat of sun. Therefore same can sieved in 16 mm trommels and mixed with soil for use as manure in the landscaping and greenbelt within the complex of processing and landfilling facility Alternatives for Management of Medical Waste No bio-medical waste generated in hospitals, primary health centres or medicine shops shall be accepted in the processing and landfilling facility. Medical wastes generated in the Joda Municipality is in the tune of 20 tons per month. The generation of higher bio-medical wastes in Joda is mainly due to presence of Tata Steel Hospital, where a large number of patients from its employees family and distant areas also turn up for treatment. All these wastes need to be managed exclusively in dedicated centres of bio-medical waste management facilities comprising of incinerators. In Joda, the TSL hospital is having facility for bio-medical waste management. Joda ULB needs to take up this issue with TSL management, so that this facility is extended to include the management of bio-medical waste generation from all other health centres within Joda. 30

45 31 Fig 3-5: A Comparison of Waste Management System in Existing and Proposed Scenario