Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA

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3 Biofuels Production

4 Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener Phillip Carmical

5 Biofuels Production Edited by Vikash Babu, Ph.D, Ashish Thapliyal, Ph.D & Girijesh Kumar Patel, Ph.D

6 Copyright 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved. Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or other - wise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at For more information about Scrivener products please visit Cover design by Kris Hackerott Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ISBN Printed in the United States of America

7 For my loving son, Daksh, on his first birthday -Vikash Babu Dedicated to my Wife, Dev, Subh, Family & Friends -Ashish Thapliyal For my loving parents -Girijesh Kumar Patel

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9 Contents Preface List of Contributors xvii xix 1 Introduction to Biofuels 1 Pramod Kumar and Vikash Babu 1.1 Global Scenario of Biofuel Production and Economy 4 References 7 2 Advances in Biofuel Production 11 M.D. Berni, I.L. Dorileo, J.M. Prado, T. Forster-Carneiro and M.A.A. Meireles 2.1 Introduction Advances in the Production of First, Second and Third Generation Biofuels Conventional and Advanced Biofuels First Generation Biofuels Second Generation Biofuels Third Generation Biofuels Solar Fuels Bio-refineries Future Trends of Biofuels Development Advances in the Production of Biomass for Biofuels Genetic Engineering Fourth Generation Biofuels Economic Aspects 52 vii

10 viii Contents 2.3 Conclusions 54 Acknowledgements 55 References 55 3 Processing of Biofuels 59 Divya Gupta, Ajeet Singh, Ashwani Sharma and Anshul Nigam 3.1 Introduction First Generation Biofuels Second Generation Biofuels Biodiesel from Algae Production of Algal Biomass Oil Extraction Transesterification / Base Catalysis Pyrolysis Hydroprocessing Cellulosic Ethanol Size Reduction Enzymatic Hydrolysis Chemical Method Fermentation Process Syngas Conclusion 80 References 80 4 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production 85 Virendra Kumar, Purnima Dhall, Rita Kumar and Anil Kumar 4.1 Introduction Sources of Lignocellulosic Biomass Lignocellulosic Biomass can be used for Bioethanol Production Bioethanol Production Process Pretreatment Hydrolysis Detoxification Fermentation Distillation 109