Excellent biofouling alleviation of thermoexfoliated vermiculite blended polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane

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1 Supporting Information Excellent biofouling alleviation of thermoexfoliated vermiculite blended polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane Yasin Orooji, Feng Liang, Amir Razmjou, Sha Li, Mohammad Reza Mofid, Quan Liu, Kecheng Guan, Zhengkun Liu and Wanqin Jin * Prof. W. Jin State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University (former Nanjing University of Technology) 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing (P.R. China) wqjin@njtech.edu.cn Content 1. The preparation process of PES-VMT composite membrane S-2 2. The parameters of acid-base Van Oss method S-2 3. SEM image of VMT samples S-2 4. Digital images of VMT samples: (a: raw; b: 900 C;c: 1000 C;d: 1100 C;e: 1200 C) S-3 5. Characterization of the sample heat-treated in 900 C; chemical analysis thru EDS of TEM and profile of IFFT S-3 6. Quantitative Results for VMT 900 C thru EDS of TEM S-3 7. TGA/ analysis of PES VIRGIN and PES VMT S-4 8. VMT doped PES membranes pore size distribution S-5 9. Pore size distribution results S Relaxation time S Amount of VMT in permeate (ppm) for various membranes S Water flux and BSA rejection of PES VIRGIN and PES VMT S Fluxes, flux recovery, BSA rejection of control and PES-VMT membranes S Histogram of bacterial strains stained with PI obtained via flow cytometry analysis of different PES-VMT samples with B. subtilis 168 S Histogram of bacterial strains stained with PI obtained via flow cytometry analysis of different PES-VMT samples with E. coli DH5 alpha S-8

2 PES polymer Dissolution Membrane casting Vermiculite-PES membrane Vermiculite Figure S1. The preparation process of PES-VMT composite membrane Liquid Milli-Q water Glycerol Formamide Table S1 The parameters of acid-base Van Oss method SFT (mn/ m) σdisperse (mn/ m) acid (mn/ m) Figure S2. SEM image of VMT samples S-2 base(mn/ m)

3 Figure S3. Digital images of VMT samples: (a: raw; b: 900 C;c: 1000 C;d: 1100 C;e: 1200 C) Figure S4. Characterization of the sample heat-treated in 900 C; chemical analysis thru EDS of TEM and profile of IFFT Element Line Table S2. Quantitative Results for VMT 900 C thru EDS of TEM Weight % Atom % Formula Compnd % O K 48.60S (null) --- Na K Na 2 O 0.00 Mg K MgO Al K Al 2 O Si K SiO K K K 2 O 0.84 Ca K CaO 0.03 Ti K TiO Cr K Cr 2 O Mn K MnO 0.00 Fe K FeO 0.54 Total S-3

4 There is compactness and shift in VMT blended samples in comparison to virgin PES. The last degradation for composite membranes occurred in the range of o C, which happened in the range of o C for the pristine sample. These are naturally forecast results as well owing to an increase in strongly merged polymer molecules to VMT porosities and VMT thermal resistance. TG /% C 58.7 C 44.7 C a 54.1 C 58.5 C C C C C C C C C C [1] 20.ngb-ds3 TG DTG [2] 0.ngb-ds3 TG % DTG [3] 5.ngb-ds % TG DTG % [4] 10.ngb-ds3 TG % DTG [5] 15.ngb-ds % TG [1] DTG [4] C C Temperature / C [5] [4] DTG /(%/min) [2] [2] [3] [1] [5] [3] /(mw/mg) 6 [1] exo C Peak*: 58.9 C Peak*: 60.9 C C C C [1] 20.ngb-ds3 [2] [2] 0.ngb-ds3 [3] 5.ngb-ds3 [4] 10.ngb-ds3 [5] 15.ngb-ds C C [4] [3] C [5] Peak*: 50.4 C 0 b Temperature / C Figure S5. TGA/ analysis of PES VIRGIN and PES VMT represents by a) TG/DTG and b) [1] S-4

5 The pore size distribution PES VIRGIN PES-VMT0.05 PES-VMT0.10 PES-VMT0.15 PES-VMT D/nm Figure S6. VMT doped PES membranes pore size distribution Table S3. Pore size distribution results sample name PES VIRGIN PES-VMT0.05 PES-VMT0.10 PES-VMT0.15 PES-VMT0.20 Minimum pore size /nm Maximum pore size /nm Average pore size /nm The VMT doped membrane samples H 2 O adsorption capacity test -the greater tendency of the membrane to adsorb water resulted in the shorter T 2 (relaxation time). In this experiment, membrane wafer (2.1cm diameter) tested by adding 0.5ml of distilled water at room temperature at 25 o C for 5 minutes via low field nuclear magnetic resonance. The test results are shown in the following table. Table S4. Relaxation time Sample T 2 (ms) T 2 (ms) Pure water PES VIRGIN PES-VMT PES-VMT PES-VMT PES-VMT S-5

6 Table S5. Amount of VMT in permeate (ppm) for various membranes Sample Amount of VMT in membrane (%) Amount of VMT in permeate (ppb) PES (Control) PES-VMT <1 PES-VMT <1 PES-VMT <1 PES-VMT <1 Figure S7. Water flux and BSA rejection of PES VIRGIN and PES VMT Table S6. Fluxes, flux recovery, BSA rejection of control and PES-VMT membranes S-6

7 B168 Figure S8. Histogram of bacterial strains stained with PI obtained via flow cytometry analysis of different PES-VMT samples with B. subtilis 168 (B168) S-7

8 DH5a Figure S9. Histogram of bacterial strains stained with PI obtained via flow cytometry analysis of different PES-VMT samples with E. coli DH5 alpha(dh5a) S-8