Akira Sekiya. Background and targets

Transcription

1 United Nations Forum on Climate Change Mitigation, Fuel Efficiency and Sustainable Urban Transport Korea Press Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea 6-7 March 2 Reducing the climate impacts of mobile air conditioning Comparison of global warming effects among, R-744( ), and HFO-234yf by TWPG, CWP, and analyses Akira Sekiya National Institute ofadvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Background and targets Climate Change Mitigation is the most important issue for environment. Target (UNFCCC): stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere Fuel Efficiency and Sustainable Urban Transport Wide range of technologies are necessary. Power source, Urban system, Need to be analyzed by adequate methods. Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) High GWP refrigerants have been used, however they have good properties in terms of energy saving. History of refrigerants for MAC system GWP energy use CFC- HFO-234yf HFC-52a R-744(CO 2 ) (GWP) 4,75, (energy use) small higher than 34a large (status) phased out in current due to ODS use under R&D -- under R&D Comparison of environmental acceptability as refrigerant system is necessary

2 This report Mobil Air Conditioning refrigerants are evaluated in terms of global warming. Warming Effects Indirect (Fuel Efficiency) Direct (Refrigerant) >> HFO-234yf > >> HFO-234yf > ) Use JAMA s LCCP data for MAC (Mobile Air Conditioning) system. 2) Not only GWP, but also new indicators, TWPG, TTPG, CWP, and are used for the evaluation ation of global warming. 3) The most important technology is discussed by comparing these results. LCCP : Life Cycle Climate Performance TWPG : Total Warming Prediction Graph CWP : Composite Warming Potential GWP : Global Warming Potential TTPG : Total Temperature Change Prediction Graph : Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Warming Number GWP and new indicators, TWPG and CWP (a) ) GWP (b) TWPG PG(kg (kg) (c) ) CWP The relative direct warming effect values The residual amount in the atmosphere The relative integrated warming effect, TWPG (W m -2 ) GWP, TWPG (kg) and CWP evaluation for kg release of and. A. Sekiya, J. Fluorine Chem., 28, pp.37-42,

3 MAC System* Model framework and input assumptions for the evaluation Car service life :s Car engine type :.5L Gasoline 4.3L Gasoline Data points : Phoenix, Tokyo, Frankfurt Data : Energy consumption, leakage rate, etc. Refrigerant,, HFO-234yf HFC-52a (simulated as secondary loop) DP- (NA: chemical structure unknown) Direct emission i (refrigerant leaks) Indirect emission i (Energy consumption) Leakage from refrigerant production AC system and engine cooling fan and transportation operation Regular emissions A/C system stem manufacturing Irregular emissions Refrigerant manufacturing Service emissions Transportation of each component End-of-life emissions End-of-life recycling and recovery recovery rate of the refrigerant after --usage *) JAMA, SAE 8 th Alternate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, 7-9 July 27 GWP due to the use of car air-conditioning LCCP Calculation by JAMA* Compact Car (.5L Gasoline Engine) ssion [kg] CO2 emis Tokyo CO2 R34a FLUID-H DP Direct emissions Indirect emissions R34a : FLUID-H :HFO-234yf DP : unknown 4 35 Phoenix 4 35 Frankfurt CO2 e mission [kg] CO2 e mission [kg] CO2 R34a FLUID-H DP- R34a CO2 FLUID-H DP *) SAE 8 th Alternate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, 7-9 July

4 TWPG due to the use of car air-conditioning Tokyo, Compact Car (.5L Gasoline Engine) direct emissions + indirect emissions car is produced d d at t the beginning i i R F [W/m 2 ] 4E 4.E-2 3.5E-2 3.E-2 2.5E-2 2.E-2 5E.5E-22.E-2 5.E-3 TWPG (Radiative forcing vs Time) CO2 HFO-234yf duration of use : s recovery rate of refrigerant after the use 9%.E direct emissions : leakage of refrigerant through the life of the car indirect emissions : energy consumption due to A/C operation, manufacturing, recycling, etc. CWP due to the use of car air-conditioning Tokyo, Compact Car (.5L Gasoline Engine) direct emissions + indirect emissions car is produced d d at t the beginning i i CWP, CO2 (kg g, y) = CO2 duration of use : s HFO-234yf recovery rate of refrigerant after the use 9% >> > HFO-234yf direct emissions : leakage of refrigerant through the life of the car indirect emissions : energy consumption due to A/C operation, manufacturing, recycling, etc

5 resi idual amount [k kg] Difference between GWP and * Decay after the kg release of and into the atmosphere GWP amount RF.67 kg (out of kg) is evaluated.33 resid dual amount [kg g]. kg is evaluated resid dual amount [kg g] kg is evaluated resid dual amount [kg g] 75 % amount RF.75 kg is evaluated : Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Warming Number *) A. Sekiya, et al., J. Fluorine Chem., 3, pp , Feature of concept evaluation period evaluation amount long-term evaluation point (s, rates) settings relationship with climate impacts characteristics ti of evaluation GWP integrated warming values up integrated warming values up to s after the to equal removal rate from the emission atmosphere s lifetime-dependent long-lived gases : partial eval. equivalent quantity evaluation short-lived gases : total eval. by unifying the removal rate impossible due to uncertainty longer evaluation is possible over long-term behavior of within the range where the behavior of is clear Higher rates are desirable. s is arbitrary Progress of research can be reflected. weak strong one-sided evaluation sustainability is evaluable

6 values A. Sekiya, et al., J. Fluorine Chem., 3, pp , 2 Common Name Chemical Formula Lifetime [s] (75) (8) (82) GWP * Years until decreases by the given removal rate [s] Years until gas X decreases by the given removal rate / Lifetime of gas X Carbon dioxide Methane CH Nitrous oxide CFC- N 2O CCl 3 F HCFC-22 CHClF HCFC-4b CH 3 CCl 2 F HFC-32 CH 2F HFC-25 HFC-52a CHF 2CF 3 CH 2 FCF 3 CH 3 CHF HFO-234yf CF 3CF=CH ** Nitrogen trifluoride PFC-4 NF 3 CF PFC-28 C 3 F RF CO2 used for the calculation is.85-5 [W m -2 kg - ] The coefficients for concentration response function of : the same as Shine, Climatic Change, 68, pp.28-32, 25. *) Quoted from IPCC Climate Change 27. **) Calculated in the same way of IPCC 27. * and GWP due to the use of car air-conditioning Tokyo, Compact Car (.5L Gasoline Engine) duration of use : s Recovery rate of refrigerant after the use GWP P / N(82) GWP (82) 43,43 7 : 9% or % HFO-234yf 4.45 direct emissions indirect emissions r.r.=9% r.r.=% r.r.=9% r.r.=% GWP <> HFO -234yf *) A. Sekiya, et al., J. Fluorine Chem., 3, pp ,

7 Summary What is GWP, TWPG, CWP and? Evaluation results by TWPG, CWP and using JAMA s LCCP data GWP Evaluation results of Compact Car (.5L Gasoline engine) >>> >> HFO-234yf Evaluation of future warming Not available Effects of recovery on total warming significant TWPG, CWP, >>> > HFO-234yf >>> HFO-234yf very small results agree with those of TWPG, TTPG and CWP. Sustainable MAC refrigerant: HFO-234yf LCCP by GWP shows only one side of global warming. We may lead to serious problems in our future environment if we examine this matter with limited indicators, like GWP only. Let s study the global warming using adequate and diverse evaluation methods