BIOETHANOL FROM DEWAKA BANANA WASTE AS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 8, Aug 2018, pp , Article ID: IJMET_09_08_085 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed BIOETHANOL FROM DEWAKA BANANA WASTE AS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Ni Luh Sri Suryaningsih, Wahida Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Musamus, Papua Yenni Pintauli Pasaribu Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Musamus, Papua ABSTRACT Bioethanol becomes an important solution to substitute the role of petroleum fuels due to the declining fossil fuel reserves. However, the development of bioethanol also facing problems because the raw materials of bioethanol production are mostly foodstuff, resulting in competition between them. This research is conducted on other raw materials that do not compete as food that is Dewaka banana waste. In the present paper, we report for the first time ethanol concentration of Dewaka banana hump throughout batch fermentation with acid hydrolysis using HCl 1.5 N at 90 C for 70 minutes and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 5 days. The results showed that bioethanol concentration from the fermentation of Dewaka banana hump was 17.60% and after purification by distillation obtained 51% bioethanol. These results indicate that Dewaka banana waste especially the humps are potential as sustainable energy sources. Therefore Dewaka banana waste processing can be able to maintain the cleanness of the community environment, and also help local communities to increase their income. Key words: Banana Waste, Bioethanol, Dewaka Banana. Cite this Article: Ni Luh Sri Suryaningsih, Wahida and Yenni Pintauli Pasaribu, Bioethanol from Dewaka Banana Waste as Sustainable Energy and Environmental Management, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(8), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Biofuel is now a very important solution to replace petroleum fuels because of the fossil fuel reserves that continue to decrease from year to year. A number of economic and environmental editor@iaeme.com

2 Ni Luh Sri Suryaningsih, Wahida and Yenni Pintauli Pasaribu benefits are derived from biofuel. Utilization of biomass to produce bioethanol is one way to reduce the use of crude oil and environmental pollution (Balat and Balat, 2009; Pasaribu et al., 2018; Samudro et al., 2018). Bioethanol can be used as fuel, either as a gasoline mixture or a gasoline substitute. In some countries, bioethanol has been used as a gasoline mixture. In the United States, the most widely used is 10% of ethanol mixture in gasoline (E-10). While in Brazil, 100% of ethanol or a mixture of 24% of ethanol and 76% of gasoline (Zabed et al., 2014). Some favorable bioethanol properties as fuel include higher octane number, evaporation enthalphy and flame speed, and wider range of flammability. Based on these properties, bioethanol provides a higher compression ratio (CR) and shorter burn time, which in turn provides better theoretical advantages than gasoline in an integrated circuit engine (IC engine ) (Zabed et al., 2014). Vehicles using mixed ethanol-methanol-gasoline fuels reduce CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions, when compared to pure gasoline. The ethanol-gasoline mixture shows lower CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions levels of pure gasoline but higher than the ethanol-methanol-gasoline mixture. In addition, the ethanol-gasoline mixture produces the highest brake power, a mixture of ethanol-methanol-gasoline showing moderate volumetric, torque, and brake power efficiency levels, lying between a mixture of methanol-gasoline and a mixture of ethanol-gasoline (Elfasakhany, 2015). Bioethanol can be produced from a variety of raw materials. Biethanol from sugar cane under certain conditions, into clean fuel and has various advantages over petroleum derived gasoline in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality in metropolitan cities (Balat and Balat, 2009; Suryaningsih et al., 2018; Razif et al., 2006; Zaman et al., 2017). Some of the bioethanol raw materials found in Indonesia such as sugarcane, cassava, sweet potato, sago, nipah, and sorghum are potentials that can be developed in the future. The potential of bioethanol from cassava: 180 liters/ton; molasses: 270 liters/ton; sorghum seeds: liters/ton;sweet potato: 125 liters/ton; sago: 608 liters/ton; nipah: 93 liters/ton, and sweet sorghum: 75 liters/ton (Boedoyo, 2014). The development of bioethanol in Indonesia is not without obstacles. The main raw materials for bioethanol development are sugar and sugarcane while Indonesia is still dependent on sugar imports. While sugar cane which is a by product of sugar industry is relatively expensive and compete with food flavoring industry. Other bioethanol sources such as cassava, sweet potato, and sago are the staple foods that cause difficulties in its utilization due to competition between foodstuff and energy source. This condition requires a new strategy to find other sources as bioethanol feedstock without competing with foodstuffs. Dewaka banana is a banana growing in the southern part of Papua. Dewaka banana tree is bigger than the banana trees in general with a tree weighing about 150 kg. Because of its size, Dewaka banana tree produces a huge amount of waste after it had fruits. The banana waste of leaves, stems, and bumps are always thrown out by community. Dewaka banana tree s waste can be used as a raw material for producing bioethanol (Boedoyo, 2014). Other potential plants (Mangkoedihardjo and April, 2012; Mangkoedihardjo and Triastuti, 2011).) may be considered in the future. Previous research on Dewaka banana is the use of Dewaka banana fruit as an alternative energy source (Suryaningsih and Pasaribu, 2015). In addition, there has been conducted an analysis of glucose level on Dewaka banana waste, such as on leaves, stems, and humps (Pasaribu et al., 2016). The results of glucose level analysis showed that Dewaka banana tree parts, which contains glucose content are humps which contain 49.54%; stems which contain 35.10%; and leaves which contain 18.52%), and the mixture of the three parts (composite) contains 32.67% of glucose. This high enough glucose content is a good indication that parts of this Dewaka banana tree in the form of waste still can be used. Until now, there has been no editor@iaeme.com

3 Bioethanol from Dewaka Banana Waste as Sustainable Energy and Environmental Management publication on the bioethanol levels of Dewaka banana trees from South Papua origin. This study aims to determine the bioethanol levels that can be obtained from the parts of Dewaka banana tree, namely leaves, stems, humps, and a mixture of all the three parts. 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The sample used in this research are the parts of Dewaka banana tree, namely leaves, stems, and humps. All parts are processed into flour prior to analysis. In addition to these three parts, there is also a sample consisting of a mixture of the three parts. The process of determining the bioethanol content consists of 2 stages, namely hydrolysis stage and fermentation stage. The hydrolysis used is acid hydrolysis. Fermentation (Hidanah et al., 2016) s conducted by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The hydrolysis step is determined by determining the glucose level using the Luff Schoorl method through several steps, namely: (1) determination of optimum temperature of banana stem hydrolysis; (2) determination of optimum HCl concentration of banana stem hydrolysis; (3) determination of optimum time of banana stem hydrolysis; and (4) determination of glucose levels of all samples under optimum conditions. Furthermore, the fermentation stage is carried out by: (1) determining the optimum time of fermentation; (2) determining refractive index with refractometer; (3) determining bioethanol content with gas chromatography (GC). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Production of bioethanol from Dewaka banana tree waste was conducted through 2 stages, namely hydrolysis stage and fermentation stage. Hydrolysis is hydrolysis of acid using hydrochloric acid (HCl). The optimum conditions for hydrolysis were at 90 C, 70 minutes, and HCl concentration of 1.5 N. The hydrolysis result on all parts of the banana tree that had been completed was shown in Table 1. Table 1 Glucose Contents of All Parts of Dewaka Banana Plant No Part of Dewaka Banana Plant Glucose Content (%) 1 Leaf Leaf Average Pseudo stem Pseudo stem Average Hump Hump Average Composite Composite Average 34,32 Dewaka banana humps showed the highest glucose levels (49.74%). Based on these results, the banana humpswas further fermented into bioethanol (Pasaribu et al., 2016). The optimum time of fermentation was determined by the time variation of 1 to 6 days by determining the refractive index using linear regression equation y = x with r 2 = (Figure 1) editor@iaeme.com

4 Ni Luh Sri Suryaningsih, Wahida and Yenni Pintauli Pasaribu y = x R² = Bias Index Ethanol Level (%) Figure 1 Relation Curve of Etanol Standard Rate with Bias Index. Fermentation results showed that fermentation for 5 days gave the highest refractive index of bioethanol, resulting in the highest bioethanol content as well. Bioethanol content of fermented banana ginger on the 5th day was 17.60%. Thus the optimum time of fermentation is 5 days. This result is in line with the results of the study (Suryaningsih and Pasaribu, 2015), which states that the fermentation time of 5 days gives the highest bioethanol content in the banana Dewaka. Fermentation time (day) Tablee 2 Fermentation Time of Dewaka Banana Hump Solution volume (ml) Distilate Volume (ml) Bioethanol Index of Refraction Bio-Ethanol (%) Other research on bioethanol production as a result of banana hump hydrolysis with fermentation obtained glucose level of banana after hydrolyzed was 13.56% and highest ethanol content was in addition of starter 8% and fermentation time was 5 days, i.e % v/v (Solikhin et al., 2012). Bioethanol content of Dewaka banana watewas higher than the content of bioethanol from starch of Canna edulis Ker. i.e. 4.7% v/v, whey (by-product of cheese processing) was %, sago rumbiawas 13.60%, sweetcorn skin was 4.50%, cassava skinwas 6.00%, and sweet potato was 9.70% (Putri and Sukandar, 2008; Azizah et al., 2012; Polii, 2016; Agustina et al., 2016; Erna et al., 2016; Moede et al., 2017). These results indicated that Dewaka banana humpwas one of the potential raw materials in producing bioethanol. After fermentation, the bioethanol was further purified by distillation at 80 C. The bioethanol content of Dewaka banana hump was determined by gas chromatography by comparing the peak area of bioethanol chromatogram with ethanol standard (100% of absolute ethanol) at the same retention time. Bioethanol content of banana hump = x 100% = 52.02% editor@iaeme.com

5 Bioethanol from Dewaka Banana Waste as Sustainable Energy and Environmental Management The results of the bioethanol production from banana hump are listed in Table 3. The results showed that from 25 grams of Dewaka banana hump flour, 15 ml of bioethanol with ± 51% of content can be produced. Sample Table 3 Bioethanol Content of Dewaka Banana Hump Weight of powder (g) Solution volume (ml) Distillate volume (ml) Peak area Bioethanol level (%) Absolute ethanol Hump , Hump , If bioethanol was desired with a higher content of up to 99%, further distillation and processing were required. Of the 15 ml of 51% of bioethanol, it was estimated to produce 7.73 ml of 99% of bioethanol. Dewaka banana tree used in this study had an average weight of kg with the weight distribution of each part, moisture content, and dry matter weight as listed in Table 4. Table 4 Water Content and Weight of Banana Tree Dewaka Tree Parts of Tree Fresh Weight (kg) Water Content (%) Dry Weight (kg) Leaf Pseudo Stem Hump Dry weight of Dewaka banana as much as 5.65 kg could obtain banana hump flour as much as 5.03 kg with 11% of assumption of average loss kg of banana hump flour would produce 3.02 liters of 51% ofbioethanol. If bioethanol was desired to be purified to 99%, distillation and subsequent processes would produce 1.55 liters of 99% of bioethanol. In addition to banana humps, banana tree stem and the mixture (composite) also obtained quite high level of glucose, namely 37.33% and 34.32%. This level also meant that bananas and vegetables can be further processed into bioethanol and can be used as a sustainable alternative energy. Dewaka banana tree waste processing will help the people to improve the yield of production waste of Dewaka banana fruits. 4. CONCLUSION The optimum condition of making bioethanol from Dewaka banana is by using HCl 1.5 N, and hydrolyzed for 70 minutes at 90 C temperature and it is fermented for 5 days. A total of 25 grams of banana hump flour can produce 15 ml of bioethanol with a concentration of 50%. Dewaka banana tree waste has a potential to be used as an alternative energy source. Therefore, Dewaka banana tree waste processing can not only keep the environment clean, but also help local people to increase their income. REFERENCES [1] A. Elfasakhany. (2015). Investigations on the effects of ethanol methanol gasoline blends in a spark-ignition engine: Performance and emissions analysis. j.jestch [2] Erna, I. Said, P.H., Abram. (2016). Bioetanol dari Limbah Kulit Singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Melalui Proses Fermentasi. J.Akad.Kim. 5(3) [3] F.H. Moede, S.T. Gonggo, Ratman, (2017). Pengaruh Lama Waktu Fermentasi Terhadap Kadar Bioetanol dari Pati Ubi Jalar Kuning (Ipomea batatas L.). J. Akad. Kim. 6(2) editor@iaeme.com

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