ENERGY CRISIS, EFFECIENCY AND ALTERNATE ENERGY. Angshuman Gayan, Stn. Er (PS4)

Transcription

1 ENERGY CRISIS, EFFECIENCY AND ALTERNATE ENERGY Angshuman Gayan, Stn. Er (PS4)

2 INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENTATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY, IS THE GOAL TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO PROVIDE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IS ANY ENERGY SOURCE THAT IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE MOST POPULAR ENERGY SOURCE OF THE TIME

3 UNDERSTANDING THE PRESENT SCENARIO: EVER GROWING DEMAND OF ENERGY FOR PROPELLING MODERN GROWTH LOOMING ENERGY CRISIS & PEAK OIL STRATEGY OF MITIGATION SUCCESS STORIES CONCLUSION

4 World Wide Energy Production 15.2% alternative 84.8% fossil fuels

5 Energy Consumption The four primary consumers of energy globally Industrial 32% Transportation 28% Residential 22% Commercial 18% 93% of the energy generated and used are from nonrenewable resources

6 OIL PRODUCTION LIMIT CONCEPT OF PEAK OIL GLOBAL ENERGY RESERVES Energy & Global Scenario 6

7 EXTRACTION RATE COST OF PRODUCTION PEAK OIL PRODUCTION VOLUME TIME

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9 Energy & Global Economy 9

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11 The date an area s oil production reaches its maximum Means that about half the oil has been produced Does not mean running out of oil Does mean a continuous decline in production When oil half gone, the flow of oil begins to fall Not like a gas tank Oil in the ground is not in a pool but in tiny droplets Droplets move slowly through the earth due to pressure At halfway point pressure drops flow decreases What Is Peak Oil?

12 Gb The argument is not if but when and how fast? Past Future Production barrel of oil is found for every 5 barrels consumed Oil Discovery/Production Peaks World

13 Energy & Global Economy 13

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15 Core assumptions Our economy runs on oil oil fuels our economy We measure our material welfare (income) by the economy To paraphrase our income is based on oil consumption Economy grows when oil consumption increases Economy shrinks when oil consumption decreases Implies major societal change when demand exceeds supply Oil prices will rise rapidly but shortages will still occur Could have long-term recessions Why Is Peak Oil So Important?

16 World Population Billions in 2000 Years

17 First half 1.5 Billion to 2.3 Billion 150% increase Second half 2.5 billion to 6 Billion 240% increase Spurt in growth correlates with switch from coal to oil World Population Billions

18 Popl World Oil Usage Billion Barrels/Year

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23 India 4 th largest consumer of oil : 135 MMT(3.4% of total) India s Oil consumption increased at 4% (decade after 1998) against the world of 1.4 % USA China Japan India Russia Germany S. korea

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28 UNDERSTANDING EFFECIENCY FROM AN ENGINEERING POINT OF VIEW

29 Energy Input Energy Efficiency Efficiency Energy Conversion Device Useful Total Energy Output Energy Input Useful Energy Output Energy Dissipated to the Surroundings

30 A heat engine is any device which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. Accounts for 50% of our energy conversion devices Heat Engine

31 Maximum efficiency that can be obtained for a heat engine Temperature is in Kelvin!!!!!!! Carnot Efficiency EGEE S. Pisupati 31

32 The efficiency of a system is equal to the product of efficiencies of the individual devices (sub-systems) System Efficiency EGEE S. Pisupati 32

33 Efficiency of a Light Bulb Step Step Efficiency Cumulative Efficiency Extraction of Coal 96% 96% Transportation 98% 94% (0.96x0.98) Electricity Generation 38% 36 % (0.96x0.98x0.38) Transportation Elec 91% 33% Lighting Incandescent 5% 1.7% Fluorescent 20% 6.6% EGEE S. Pisupati 33

34 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Solar Wind Hydropower Tidal Power Biomass Geothermal

35 HOW MUCH SOLAR ENERGY STRIKES EARTH? The sun gives off 3.90x10 26 Watts (Universe 4th edition, p585) The earth intercepts energy equal to a disk equal to the earth's diameter Earth's radius is 3,393,000 meters (WGS84 value is 6,378,137 m/2) Earth's solar interception area is (3.14)(3,393,000)^2 This equals 3.62x10 13 m 2 The amount of power crossing earth's orbit is 1388 watts / m 2 Therefore: the earth intercepts 5.02x10 16 watts We see that the earth intercepts 50 quadrillion watts of solar power each day We could use some of this energy without depleting the sun!

36 Energy from our sun (1366 W/m^2) is filtered through the atmosphere and is received at the surface at ~1000 watts per square meter or less; average is 345 W/m^2 Air, clouds, and haze reduce the received surface energy Capture is from heat (thermal energy) and by photovoltaic cells yielding direct electrical energy

37 Equator HOW MUCH SUN IS THERE IN THE WORLD?

38 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS DECOMPOSITION Collect & Distribute Energy Start Collect Energy Regulate Energy Store Energy Control Energy Distribute Energy Use Energy