WRF Webcast Preparing for and Mitigating Algae Blooms and Cyanotoxins The Utility Perspective

Transcription

1 No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission. WRF Webcast Preparing for and Mitigating Algae Blooms and Cyanotoxins The Utility Perspective April 7, 2015

2 2014 WRF Webcast Link to view previous webcast -

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4 Regulatory Status Higher priority in the USEPA regulatory arena Cyanotoxins (as a group) were listed on the recently published CCL4 Some cyanotoxins will likely be included in UCMR4 EPA to release health advisories for a handful of cyanotoxins in spring or summer of 2015 Regulatory Update. 03/15/2015 (Alan Roberson, AWWA. )

5 Today s Presentations Keith Cartnick Mitigation of Harmful Algae Blooms and Cyanotoxins A Case Study David Cornwell HAB and Cyanotoxin SOP Lake County Water Orren Schneider Ultrasonic Control of Algae in a NJ Reservoir

6 Mitigation of Harmful Algae Blooms and Cyanotoxins A Case Study Keith Cartnick Sr. Director Water Quality and Compliance United Water

7 What are Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Actually are photosynthetic bacteria The dominant nuisance group freshwater ecosystems Many can fix their own nitrogen Responsible for nuisance blooms, impact on recreational usage, potable water supplies Can produce taste and odor compounds (geosmin / MIB) and cyanotoxins. Many are not grazed by zooplankton Excellent Oregon reference site:

8 Diversity of Freshwater Algae

9 What Do Cyanobacteria Need to Grow? Light / Temperature / Carbon Dioxide Macro-Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus) Micro-Nutrients (Iron, Silica, others) For most Mid-Atlantic freshwater systems, phosphorus is the primary limiting nutrient 1 lbs of phosphorus has the potential to generate up to 1,100 lbs of wet algae biomass More phosphorus means more algae

10 Where is the phosphorus coming from?

11 Nuisance Freshwater Algae Planktonic Bloom Filamentous Mat Algae

12 Addressing nuisance blue-green algae in Lambertville Reservoir, Symptom (July 2012), high densities of blue-green algae, clogging filters, creating taste and odor compounds, increasing treatment costs and causing concerns about Cyanotoxins Cause, elevated nutrient concentrations, particularly phosphorus, the warm still-water habitat and long-term changes in prevailing weather patterns (climate change). Summer started approximately 6 weeks earlier than usual.

13 Social Media Just a few drops DATE POSTED: Thursday, January 17, :05 AM EST To express my reaction to the knowledge that Anabaena is present in our water is in one word called scared. It takes only a few drops of this toxic water for it to be harmful to people and pets. Toxin Found In Brains Of Dead Alzheimer's Victims Substance Made By Algae Common In Lakes, Oceans By Margaret Munro CanWest News Service

14 Monitoring, Management and Treatment Plan (MMT Plan) Monitoring Collect site-specific data in the reservoir to assess and respond to conditions Management Implementation of both in-lake and watershed-based measures to improve overall water quality. Utilize alternate source (canal), if necessary. Treatment Develop more of a pro-active than reactive treatment strategy for the reservoir. Implement control measures at the WTP.

15 Monitoring 31 reservoir monitoring events scheduled for February November 2013 Collect a variety of water quality data, including temperature, DO, ph, conductivity, water clarity, nutrients (nitrogen / phosphorus), suspended solids, chlorophyll a, plankton (phyto- / zoop-) - Also includes the collection and analysis of samples for geosmin and MIB, and triggered monitoring of cyanotoxins, per WHO guidelines (beyond State regulations)

16 Monitoring Results in 2013 From March to mid-may TP concentrations were moderate ( mg/l) However, by late May and through mid-august TP concentrations were excessive (greater than or equal to 0.05 mg/l, the NJ State criteria) High densities of algae throughout the growing season with dominant groups being chrysophytes, diatoms and green algae in spring and diatoms through the summer (unlike 2012!). The exception was an early spring bloom of blue-green algae (Anabaena; 14 March 2013)

17 Management Conducted a bathymetric assessment of the reservoir Developed a hydrologic budget Developed a pollutant (TN, TP and TSS) budget Installed a de-stratification, aeration system in the reservoir (March 2013) Monitor alternate source of supply (canal)

18 Installation of De-stratification / Aeration System

19 Aeration Benefits Helped maintain measurable amounts of dissolved oxygen throughout the water column over the summer season Reduced the release of phosphorous from bottom sediment, which could have fueled algae growth Provides de-stratification, which helps to deter blue-green algae growth (in turn, helped to avoid the development of geosmin)

20 Depth (Meters) Lambertville Reservoir Dissolved Oxygen Profile at Station 4 2 August Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)

21 In-Lake Management Measures De-stratification/ aeration system (completed) Possible use of nutrient inactivation (future) Floating Wetland Islands (future) Some type of harvesting (probably not req d) Biomanipulation (fish stocking, etc. TBD)

22 Watershed-Based Management Measures Streambank / shoreline stabilization Creation / expansion of riparian / wetland edge Possible stormwater management of residential / agricultural lands Preserve / protect forested lands within the watershed (horse farm)

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25 Treatment Strategy for the Reservoir Use water quality data to determine when to treat as oppose to sticking to scheduled treatments (e.g. twice a month) Make an effort to treat during the log phase of a bloom (I.e. high rates of growth) don t wait too long, and monitor frequently Use of liquid chelated copper-based algicides (CaptainR the first half of growing season and Earth TecR the second half)

26 Treatment Triggers Table (under development) Parameter Units Range of Results Treatment Trigger Total Phosphrous (P) mg/l Greater than 0.05 mg/l; trigger to treat with nutrient inactivator NOT chelated copper product Chlorophyll a ug/l Between 20 to 30 ug/l; depending on the dominant algal group Secchi Depth (Water Clarity) ft ft or 1 meter Blue-Green Algal Cell Counts cells/ml 0-493, cells/ml to treat; however, lower thresholds may apply depending on season / algal type Geosmin ng/l < > 10 ng/l (Implement PAC) MIB ng/l < > 10 ng/l (Implement PAC)

27 Treatment Strategy (continued) From early April to late August a total of eight (8) small-scale, spot treatments were conducted at the reservoir Higher frequency of treatments but targeting smaller areas, instead of a few large treatments

28 WTP Upgrades Installation of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) system, as a back up for MIB/Geosmin and cyanotoxin control Upgrade of filters (added media) to accommodate PAC system load

29 Summary Chrysophytes, green algae and diatoms dominated the reservoir in 2013 Blue-green algae were not the dominant group, which is at least partially attributed to the destratification / aeration system Geosmin concentrations were consistently below the detection limit throughout 2013 MIB concentrations periodically increased above its detection limit No triggered monitoring for cyanotoxins required

30 Treatment Strategy Reduced the Magnitude of Blooms

31 Treatment Strategy Reduced the Magnitude of Blooms

32 Conclusions (2013) The de-stratification system helped improve water quality and minimize cyanobacteria growth; in turn, this contributed to keeping geosmin concentrations low in MIB concentrations increased periodically, but this only occurred when TP concentrations were 0.05 mg/l or greater. PAC system provided adequate treatment/ removal. More frequent monitoring of WQ parameters helped determine the most appropriate times to apply algaecides. Small-scale, spot treatments of copper-based algicides, at the initiation of high growth rates of filamentous mat algae helped keep algae and MIB concentrations in control in Need to focus on reducing late summer TP levels, and continue to develop our MMT plan.

33 Conclusions In 2013 No unmanageable algal blooms No unmanageable taste and odor events No need to test for cyanotoxins, per WHO guidelines Restored customer satisfaction!

34 2014 A Big Bloom in late August

35 2014 Geosmin Levels

36 2014 Lessons Learned Did we get too comfortable with the good water quality conditions we saw through early August (this worked in 2013) Should we have monitored more and treated in late July, upon seeing an increase in algal cell counts? We utilized another component of the MMT switching to an alternate source (canal) WQTC HAB/Cyanotoxin workshop indicated that others have had the same experience Need to learn reservoir management changes under the new plan Low reservoir levels and no flow is a deadly combination reservoir treatment becomes restricted by your permit requirements. UW needed to rely on other components of the MMT (I.e. alternate source of supply)

37 Future Actions Continue monitoring program with increased monitoring during the early/ mid-summer period. Further development of treatment strategy table. Consider a one-time application of Phos-Lock R, a clay-based product that inactivates phosphorus similar to alum but with no aluminum (not for internal load control; strips water column of P). Consider the installation of Floating Wetland Islands to remove some of the available nutrients in the water column (emphasis on phosphorus). Remain aware of developing technologies

38 HAB and Cyanotoxin SOP Lake County Water David Cornwell, PhD, PE and Nick Pizzi, EE&T, INC Craig Adams, Utah State University Rick Martin, Randy Rothlisberger, John Spetrino, Ken Stoneman Lake County Department of Utilities Painesville, OH

39 SOP Outline Background information on HAB Key plant(s) information Monitoring & sampling cyanobacterial cells Monitoring & sampling cyanotoxins Analytical methods discussion Protocol decision trees Cyanobacterial cells Cyanotoxins Implementing treatment strategies

40 Important Plant Aspects

41 Series flume Process flow diagram - Aquarius 1. Raw Water Pump station Mix flocs 2,000 36in 3@ 8.55 mgd 2@ 4.54 mgd Mix flocs Hypo feed and return line 1. Raw sample point 2. Settled water sample point F i l t r a t i o n 2. Admin Building and classroom SFBW Basin and return pumps 235,000 gals WTP normally operates in parallel, but can go to series flow for special situations clearwells Settled water flume with gate HS and Backwash Pumps

42 Sampling Cyanobacterial Cells Routine Where to Sample Sampling for Algal Cells in Response to a Visual Siting of an Algal Bloom Lake County West WTP (Aquarius) Raw water influent before screens, prior to permanganate Lake County East WTP (Bacon Road) Raw water influent before screens, prior to permanganate Settled water (dip sample end of flume) Settled water at end of basins, before Cl 2

43 Sampling Cyanobacterial Cells Sample Method Details Collection details for routine intake grab sample Safety Bottles and volumes Preservation Storage/shipping/handling-ice no freezing

44 Sampling Cyanobacterial Cells Sampling Details Advanced details are described Surface samples in the lake Discrete depth samples Depth integrated samples Requires boat rental Share info with other plants-network tree

45 Sampling Cyanotoxins Sample Method Details Sample volume Glass container Finished water requires quenching to remove chlorine Preservation not needed Refrigerate up to 5 days longer freeze

46 Sampling Cyanotoxins Sample Lysing When comparing cyanotoxin levels to thresholds Measure only extracellular Filter and handle carefully When measuring cyanotoxin levels to inform treatment measure total and extracellular Recommend 3x freeze thaw method for Lysing

47 Decision Trees Cyanobacterial cells sampling frequency and triggers Cyanotoxin sampling frequency and triggers

48 Visual Examination of Supply Presence of Algae Noted Cyanobacteria Action Plan and Notifications Awareness Level Moderate Bloom Microscopic Examination of Water No Regular Monitoring Weekly Cell Counts Regular Lake Inspection Minor Bloom No Cyanobacteria detected at > 10,000 cells/ml or > 1 mm³/l biovolume or > 5 mg/l chlorophyll A Yes Cyanobacteria detected at > 100,000 cells/ml or > 10 mm³/l biovolume or > 50 mg/l chlorophyll A Yes Notify OEPA Initiate Algae Monitoring of Settled Water Alert Level Severe Bloom Eliminate Raw Water Permanganate Feed REQUIRED OPTIONAL Initiate ELISA testing for MC and CYL cyanotoxins in both raw and finished waters (see cyanotoxin testing flow diagram) Eliminate Raw Water Permanganate Feed Initiate Algae Monitoring of Settled Water Notify OEPA Initiate ELISA testing for MC and CYL cyanotoxins (see cyanotoxin testing flow diagram)

49 MINOR ALGAL BLOOM Next slide

50 Visual Examination of Supply Presence of Algae Noted Microscopic Examination of Water No Awareness Level Moderate Bloom Regular Monitoring Weekly Cell Counts Regular Lake Inspection Minor Bloom No Cyanobacteria detected at > 10,000 cells/ml or > 1 mm³/l biovolume or > 5 mg/l chlorophyll A Yes Cyanobacteria detected at > 100,000 cells/ml or > 10 mm³/l biovolume or > 50 mg/l chlorophyll A Notify OEPA Initiate Algae Monitoring of Settled Water AWARENESS LEVEL MODERATE BLOOM Yes Next slide Eliminate Raw Water Permanganate Feed OPTIONAL Initiate ELISA testing for MC and CYL cyanotoxins in raw water (see cyanotoxin testing flow diagram)

51 Cyanobacteria Action Plan and Notifications Visual Examination of Supply Presence of Algae Noted ALERT LEVEL SEVERE BLOOM Awareness Level Moderate Bloom Microscopic Examination of Water No Regular Monitoring Weekly Cell Counts Regular Lake Inspection Minor Bloom No Cyanobacteria detected at > 10,000 cells/ml or > 1 mm³/l biovolume or > 5 mg/l chlorophyll A Yes Cyanobacteria detected at > 100,000 cells/ml or > 10 mm³/l biovolume or > 50 mg/l chlorophyll A Yes Notify OEPA Initiate Algae Monitoring of Settled Water Alert Level Severe Bloom Eliminate Raw Water Permanganate Feed REQUIRED OPTIONAL Initiate ELISA testing for MC and CYL cyanotoxins in both raw and finished waters (see cyanotoxin testing flow diagram) Eliminate Raw Water Permanganate Feed Initiate Algae Monitoring of Settled Water Notify OEPA Initiate ELISA testing for MC and CYL cyanotoxins in raw water (see cyanotoxin testing flow diagram)

52 Threshold Levels For Cyanotoxins Guideline Do not drink (µg/l) 1 Do not contact (µg/l) 1 Recreation advisory (µg/l) 1 Reporting limit (µg/l) 2 Microcystin (total of all congeners) Saxitoxin (total of all congeners) Anatoxin-a Cylindrospermopsin Ohio EPA, 2014; 2 Abraxis)

53 Cyanotoxin Triggers Routine Monthly Triggered From Figure 1 (Cyanobacteria monitoring) Monthly sampling of raw intake water (non-treated) (flush tap for >30 seconds prior to sampling) Triggered cyanotoxin sampling: -Moderate bloom - raw intake water (non-treated) (flush tap for >30 seconds prior to sampling) - Severe bloom raw and finished water

54 Cyanotoxin Action Plan and Notifications-Raw Water Monthly sampling of raw intake water (non-treated) (flush tap for >30 seconds prior to sampling) Triggered From Figure 1 (Cyanobacteria monitoring) (Moderate or severe bloom) RAW WATER Screening analysis for extracellular MC and CYL of raw untreated water. Analyze extracellular toxins only for threshold comparisons Initiate finished water sampling and analysis Path To Finished Water Sampling No Any toxin concentration (raw water) > 50% of threshold Yes Toxin concentration (raw water) > threshold No Yes Yes Conduct threetimes weekly sampling of raw intake water (nontreated) (after tap flush for >30 seconds prior to sampling) Conduct weekly screening for specific toxin No Yes Any toxin concentration in raw water > threshold for any of the three samples within week Continue as indicated with raw water samples Return Path from Finished Water Sampling

55 Cyanotoxin Action Plan and Notifications-Finished Water Path from Cyanobacteria monitoring (figure 1) Path from Raw Water Sampling Triggered From Raw Water cyanotoxin monitoring Path to Raw Water Sampling Continue as indicated with raw water samples TREATMENT: Implement treatment options (e.g., increased PAC, no raw oxidant, increased post-filtration chlorination,, etc). Conduct ELISA on both extracellular (filtered) and total (lysed) cyanotoxin for operational information regarding location of cyanotoxins (extracellular vs. intracellular) in raw water Triggered From Figure 1 (Cyanobacteria monitoring) (Severe bloom) No (for two consecutive days) Screening analysis for MC and CYL of finished water. Analyze extracellular toxins only for threshold comparisons Yes Any toxin concentration in finished water > MRL Yes Yes FINISHED WATER Yes FINISHED WATER: Any toxin concentration in finished water > MRL?: Yes daily samples needed No repeat analysis within 24 hr No Notify Ohio EPA Conduct daily screening and analysis for specific toxin until toxins are no longer present in finished water in two consecutive samples Conduct LC/MS/MS confirmation for specific toxin (and suite of toxins within same analysis) at appropriate time per established procedure yes Yes Toxin concentration in finished water > Threshold

56 Treatment Preparation General concept is remove cells intact Need test that cyanotoxin is intracellular Discontinue raw water permanganate no raw water chlorine Discontinue pre-filter chlorine Test cells in settled water to assure efficient settling If count high ( <90+% removal) consider coagulant change /jar testing

57 Treatment Preparation Barriers for extracellular cyanotoxins Add appropriate PAC Use post-filter chlorine residual to oxidize cyanotoxins At Aquarius monitor cyanotoxins in recycle Remove sludge from thickener daily so cells don t lyse as much

58 T10 Available for Cyanotoxin Removal Bacon Road Clearwells Number of compartments 2 Surface area each 72 X 72 or 5,184 ft 2 Depth 15 Volume of 1 foot depth 38,000 gallons each compartment Baffling factor 0.36 Maximum capacity (2)X(5,184 ft 2 )X15 X 7.48 = 1.16 MG Detention time at 9 MGD 3 hours Aquarius Finished Water Storage T10= 3 hrs X 0.36= 1 hr Number of units 2 Clearwell Volume 585,000 gals each Surface area each 100 X 54 = 5,400 ft 2 Depth 14.5 Sub-filter Storage 375,000 gals each Baffling factor 0.5 Pump Chamber Storage 480,000 gals Total Maximum capacity (585,000 X 2) + (375,000 X 2) + (480,000) = 2,400,000 gals or 2.4 MG Detention time at 20 MGD 2.88 hours T10= 2.9 hrs X 0.5= 1.5 hr

59 Chlorine Removal Estimates For MC-LR, Anatoxin A And Cylindrospermopsin 60 min 90 min % removal MC-LR Anatoxin a Cylindrospermopsin t(min) = 60 free chlorine (mg/l as Cl2) = 0.5 % removal MC-LR Anatoxin a Cylindrospermopsin t(min) = 60 free chlorine (mg/l as Cl2) = 1.0 % removal MC-LR Anatoxin a Cylindrospermopsin t(min) = 60 free chlorine (mg/l as Cl2) = 1.8 % removal MC-LR Anatoxin a Cylindrospermopsin t(min) = 90 free chlorine (mg/l as Cl2) = 0.5 % removal MC-LR Anatoxin a Cylindrospermopsin t(min) = 90 free chlorine (mg/l as Cl2) = 1.0 % removal MC-LR Anatoxin a Cylindrospermopsin t(min) = 90 free chlorine (mg/l as Cl2) = 1.8 Rate constants used for calculations were approximated from Rodriguez et al. (2007) Water Research at 20 C Times Bacon min t 10 = 60 min Aquarius min t 10 = 90 min Free chlorine: 0.5, 1.0 and 1.8 mg/l as Cl 2 MC-LR is slowest microcsystin variant to be removed via chlorine so that all other variants will have greater removal Lower temperatures will have less removal Other water quality parameters (e.g., DOC) will affect these estimates

60 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Microcystin: 85% removal of microcystin (epa.gov) Wood-based PAC especially effective far superior to coal- or coconut-shell carbons due to meso-porous structure (2-5- nm) (EPA (2012), Fawell et al. (1993); Donati et al (1994), Warhurst et al. (1997)) MC-RR > -YR > -LR > -LA (Cook and Newcombe 2002) From C. Adams, USU, WQTC 13, Tailored Treatment of Cyanotoxins and Cyanobacteria: Oxidation, Adsorption and Other Technologies

61 Selected Treatment Options Discontinue preoxidation 1) Adjust PAC dose and type as needed for extracellular toxins 2) Adjust coagulant dose and type as needed for cyanobacteria removal 1. Adjust filter aid dose as needed 2. Discontinue prechlorination Adjust disinfectant (oxidant) dose and as needed for toxin removal Monitor toxins Intake Rapid Mix Floc/ Sedimentation Filtration Chlorine contact Distribution

62 Additional Considerations Recommend contingencies Protocol for Tier 1 Advisory Communication strategy Identify critical users for notification Consumer notifications Alternate water sources Distribution sampling plan/isolation measures Flushing locations/protocols Treatment preparations PAC selection PAC feed capabilities Doses for PAC to meet objectives Line up laboratory contract for 24-hour (preferably) LC/MS/MS analysis

63 Ultrasonic Control of Algae in a NJ Reservoir Orren D. Schneider, PhD, PE Manager, Water Technology American Water

64 Background Located in Short Hills, NJ Two main reservoirs: Water pumped from Passaic River into #2 Gravity flow to #1 which feeds plant Total Algae (#/ml) /1/08 7/30/08 11/27/08 3/27/09 7/25/09 11/22/09 3/22/10 7/20/10 11/17/10 3/17/11 7/15/11 11/12/11 3/11/12 7/9/12 11/6/12 3/6/13 7/4/13 11/1/13 3/1/14 Reservoirs have had extensive blooms of green and blue-green algae in past leading to taste and odor events Anabaena (#/ml) /1/08 7/30/08 11/27/08 3/27/09 7/25/09 11/22/09 3/22/10 7/20/10 11/17/10 3/17/11 7/15/11 11/12/11 3/11/12 7/9/12 11/6/12 3/6/13 7/4/13 11/1/13 3/1/14

65 Satellite Imagery Estimated Chlorophyll Concentration (mg/l) August 20, 2013

66 Past Treatment Use of copper sulfate and Cutrine only partially effective Budget ~$60,000/yr for these chemicals Environmental impacts Addition of chemical causes release of taste and odor metabolites (and possibly toxins) into water column Can lead to development of copper-resistant organisms

67 Technology Ultrasonic Treatment Generic ultrasound has been used for 10+ years in variety of industries Aquaculture Marinas Water and wastewater plants Low frequency, high intensity ultrasonic waves cause bubble formation and cavitation leading to disruption of cells and death Ultrasound only partially effective Small footprint affected Wrong species targeted When one species affected, another could fill niche

68 Impact of Ultrasound on Algal Cells Higher frequency and lower power does not cause cavitation or cell lysis Tuned to resonant frequency and leads to destruction of gas vesicles in cyanobacterial cells reducing buoyancy After cells sink, they cannot photosynthesize preventing blooms Cells naturally biodegrade on reservoir bottom Low power requirements allows for solarpowered systems

69 Buoys Transducers have tunable frequency to affect different types of algae Prevents growth of other algae after initial targets affected Buoy system On-board monitors and algorithms are used to predict predominant type of algae present output frequency adjusted accordingly Effective range 250 m radius (~50 acres) Solar powered On-board telemetry to upload data in near-real time

70 Complex anchor system

71 Buoy placement One master buoy Includes sensors for: Phycocyanin Chlorophyll Turbidity DO Temperature ph/redox Uplink to cloud for data retrieval Three slave buoys No sensors Relay technical information and work at same frequency as master

72 Testing Program Because no parallel comparisons can be made, must evaluate effectiveness against historical data Algae Geosmin and MIB TOC Weather Augmented by new data streams Buoy data (algal pigments, turbidity, ph, ORP, DO) Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrices

73 Algal Counts Diatoms Golden Green Algae Cyanobacteria Others Total 5/9/ /14/ /16/ /21/ /28/ /4/ /11/ /18/ /25/ /2/ ,770 7/9/ ,442 7/16/ /23/ /30/ /6/ /13/ ,069 1,323 2,405 8/21/ , ,230 8/27/ , ,463 9/3/ , ,699 9/10/ ,761 2,356 26,128 9/17/ ,602 1,291 44,894 9/24/ , ,598 10/1/ , ,085

74 Algae Counts Reservoir #1 Ultrasonic program change

75 Reservoir Comparison

76 Organic Character (FEEM) Excitation Emission Matrix Fluorometry Highlights character of organics in water Relative values not absolute Separates biological and algal signals from terrestrial organic signals

77 May-8 May-28 Jun-10 Jun-25 Jul-9 Jul-23 Aug-6 Aug-20 Sep-3 Sep-17 Oct-1 Oct-15 Oct-29 Humic Signal (Norm RLU) FEEM Results Humics terrestrial organics Reservoir 1 Reservoir 2 Chlorophyll algal activity 0.00 Phycocyanin cyanobacterial activity Tryptophan biological activity

78 May-8 Jun-3 Jun-17 Jul-2 Jul-16 Aug-6 Aug-20 Sep-3 Sep-17 Oct-1 Oct-16 Oct-29 Tastes and Odors (ng/l) Tastes and Odors 60 Reservoir 1 Geosmin 50 Reservoir 2 Geosmin 40 Reservoir 1 MIB Reservoir 2 MIB

79 May-8 May-22 Jun-5 Jun-19 Jul-3 Jul-17 Jul-31 Aug-14 Aug-28 Sep-11 Sep-25 Oct-9 Algal Pigments (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) Continuous monitoring data Phycocyanin Chlorophyll Turbidity

80 May-8 May-22 Jun-5 Jun-19 Jul-3 Jul-17 Jul-31 Aug-14 Aug-28 Sep-11 Sep-25 Oct-9 ph. Temperature ( C), DO (mg/l) Redox Potential (mv) Continuous monitoring data ph DO (ppm) Temp. ( C) Redox (mv)

81 Satellite Imagery Before and August 20, 2013 June 1, 2013 After June 20, 2014 Estimated Chlorophyll Concentration (mg/l) Solar array CBWTP Intake Approximate locations of buoys

82 Economics Capital Cost ~$160,000 for purchase and installation Operational Savings Copper sulfate/cutrine $60,000 Reservoir monitoring $25,000 Chemical Savings $18,000 Estimated on-going costs -$15,000 Simple Payback ~1.8 years Does not include savings from reduced residuals, increased filter run length

83 Conclusions Buoys had positive impact on algae levels Effective and economical Chlorophyll and phycocyanin levels generally low in Reservoir #1, higher in Reservoir #2 Changes in TOC due primarily to algae (chlorophyll and phycocyanin) and bioactivity (tryptophan) rather than terrestrial organics (humics/fulvics) Algae counts show die off of diatoms in mid-spring Increasing cyanobacteria counts in June Good control of cyanobacteria in July

84 Conclusions cont. Introduced Aphanizomenon (cyanobacterium) to Reservoir #1 in August, took time to recognize and adjust Instruments all give piece of puzzle FlowCam counts, but not organics FEEM nature of organics, but not concentration TOC concentration, but not impact of organics Buoy-mounted local concentration in reservoir, but not at treatment plant intake Satellite imagery useful for whole reservoir, but limited flyovers, cloud cover

85 Acknowledgements Lauren Weinrich and Scott Brezinski NJ American Water Funding and support Michael Breuno NJ American Water Sample collection and algal counts Marina Kreminskaya American Water TOC, phosphate analyses Michael Cohrs Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc. Algal characterization Lisa Brand LG Sonic Data interpretation, troubleshooting

86 Poll Questions If you have additional information that you would like to share, please Djanette Khiari at

87 Q & A Session

88 Thank You Comments or questions, please contact: Djanette - dkhiari@waterrf.org Keith - Keith.Cartnick@UnitedWater.com David dcornwell@eetinc.com Orren Orren.Schneider@amwater.com For more information, visit: