Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Waste from Sugarcane Industry

Transcription

1 Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Waste from Sugarcane Industry C.Subhacini 1, M.Ranjitha 2, S.Dhanapal 3 K.ArunPrakash 4, K.Uma shankar 5, 1,2,3 B.E.Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology, Salem. 4,5 Assistant Professors, Department of Civil Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology, ABSTRACT Salem id: subheecivil@gmail.com Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the industry has been the focus of research for economic, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous wasteproduct of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. This wasteproduct is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. It causes the chronic lung condition pulmonary fibrosis more specifically referred to as bagassios. In this paper, Bagasse ash can be utilized to stabilize the Expansive soil. The aim of this research was to make economical and to maintain environmental balance, and avoid problem of ash disposal. This soil was classified as CH as per Indian Standard Classification System (ISCS). Different dosages of blast furnace slag i.e. 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% were used to stabilize the expansive soil. The performance of Bagasse Ash stabilized soil was evaluated using physical and strength performance tests namely; plasticity index, specific gravity, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and Unconfined compressive strength Test (UCS). These tests were conducted in order to evaluate the improvement in strength Characteristics of the subgrade soil. Hence Use of such advanced materials in road construction can prove efficient in increasing the strength of soil and in turn reduce the project cost. From the results, it was observed that the basic tests carried out proved significant after the addition of Bagasse Ash. Keywords: Soil stabilization, black cotton soil, Bagasse Ash, CBR, unconfined compressive strength, MDD 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Black cotton soil causes many problems to road constructed on it. About 20% of the soil found in India is expansive in nature. Roads on black cotton soils are known for bad condition. In rainy season black cotton soil absorbs water heavily which results into swelling and softening of soil. In addition to this it also loses its strength and becomes easily compressible. Black cotton soil has tendency to heave during Available online: P a g e 245

2 wet condition. In summer season reduction in water content it shrinks and produces cracks. Thus as a result of this roads on black cotton soil suffer from early failures in pavement with heavy traffic excessive unevenness, ruts, waves and corrugations are formed. It is proposed to study causes of roads failure on black cotton soil. Typical behaviour of these soils under different climatic conditions has made the construction and maintenance of road not only expensive but also difficult. The failure occurs after every monsoon season, resulting in heavy cost of maintenance demand every year. The black cotton soils are very poor and undependable subgrade material. Hence the main problem is to treat the subgrade soil itself such that the undesirable characteristics are modified by stabilization. Stabilization is the process of improving the engineering properties of soil and making it more stable. In this study, industrial wastes from sugarcane industry Bagasse Ash is used to stabilize the soil. Today, world faces a serious problem in disposing the large quantity of agricultural waste. The disposal of agricultural waste without proper attention creates impact on environmental health. It disturbs ecosystem, causes air pollution, water pollution etc. The engineers have to take challenge for safe disposal of agricultural waste. This research undertakes use of agricultural waste in stabilizing black cotton soil, various attempts have been made to improve the strength of soil using different chemical additives in combination with lime and cement, but research work has to focus more on use of cheaper and locally available material. 1.2 Objective of study To use agricultural waste bagasse ash as a stabilizing material and to solve the problem of waste disposal. To study the properties of black cotton soil consistency limits, shear strength parameters and CBR value. To study the changes in properties of black cotton soil by adding Bagasse ash. To find out optimum amount of stabilizer required for stabilization of black cotton soil. 1.2 Requirement of soil stabilization The main requirement of soil stabilization is adequate strength and it depends on character of soil. In case of cohesion less soils the strength could be improved by providing confinement or by adding cohesion with a cementing or binding agent. In case of cohesive soil the strength could be increased by drying, making soil moisture resistant, altering the clay electrolyte concentration, increasing cohesion with a cementing agent and adding frictional properties. Black cotton soil swells during rainy season and shrinks during summer season. This alternate swelling and shrinkage creates cracks in the black cotton soil. These shrinkage cracks are 100 mm to 150 mm wide and 0.5 to 2 m deep. Swelling creates upward pressure on structure and shrinkage creates downward pull. It results into cracks or damage in the foundations. 2. Literature review Soil Stabilization by Calcium Carbide Residue and Fly Ash Calcium carbide residue (CCR) and fly ash (FA) are both waste products from acetylene gas factories and power plants. The input of CCR reduces the maximum dry unit weight of the soil because the specific gravity of the CCR is lower than that of the soil. In the active zone, strength significantly increases with the CCR content up to the CCR fixation point. Beyond this point, the strength gradually increases. This zone is designated as the inert zone. Next is the Available online: P a g e 246

3 deterioration zone in which strength decreases with the CCR content. [1] Soil Stabilization with Calcined Paper Sludge: Laboratory and Field Tests This paper examines the use of calcined paper sludge (CPS). The soils were stabilized with mixtures of CPS and cement (C). The mixture of CPS and Portland cement leads to mechanical improvements in the stabilization of soils. It is estimated that the greatest strength gain under compression may be obtained for mixtures of CPS:cement with ratios (in weight) of approximately 25:75.[2] Kiran R. G., Kiran Lhad studied The analysis of Strength Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil Using Bagasse Ash and Additives as Stabilizer. In this study the black cotton soil is taken from Harihara, Davanagere district, Karnataka. Under this study laboratory experiments are carried out for different percentages (4%, 8% and 12%) of bagasse ash and additive mix proportions. The strength parameters like CBR, UCS are determined. It is observed that,the blend results of bagasse ash with different percentage of cement for black cotton soil gave change in density, CBR and UCS values. The density values got increased from KN/m3 to 16.5 KN/m3 for addition of 8% bagasse ash with 8% cement. of bagasse ash by dry weight of soil. All the compactions involving moisture-density relationships, CBR and UCS tests were carried out by using energies derived from the standard Proctor (SP), West African Standard (WAS) and modified Proctor (MP) energies. Finally An optimal blend of is 8% OPC/4% BA is recommended for treatment of expansive black cotton soil for use as a sub-base material. M. Chittaranjan, M. Vijay, D. Keerthistudied the Agricultural wastes as soil stabilizers. In this study Agricultural wastes such as sugar cane bagasse ash, rice husk ash and groundnut shell ash are used to stabilize the weak sub grade soil. The weak sub grade soil is treated with the above three wastes separately at 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%,12%and 15% and CBR test is carried out for each per cent.the results of these tests showed improvement in CBR value with the increase in percentage of waste. 3. MATERIAL USED 3.1 Black Cotton Soil Moses G., K. J. Osinubi studied the Influence of Compactive Efforts on Cement- Bagasse Ash Treatment on Expansive Black Cotton Soil The dark grey soil used in this study was obtained along Gombe-Biu road in YamatuDeba Local Government Area of Gombe State using the method of disturbed sampling. The index properties were determined on the natural and treated soils with Stepped percentages of cement (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) were admixed with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% Available online: P a g e 247

4 Black cotton soil is the Indian name given to the expansive soil deposit in the central part of the country. Black cotton Soil is a residual soil, which have been formed from basalt or trap and contain the clay mineral montmorillonite that causes excessive swelling and shrinkage characteristics of the soil. The swelling behavior of the soil would depend largely on the type of clay minerals that are present in these soils and proportions in which they are present. The swelling and shrinkage of the black cotton soil can lead to damage the foundations of the buildings and road pavements. This results in difficulty of construct of foundation on such soil, so this soil needs special care. This soil produces excessive settlement of the foundation due to high compressibility. So it is important to improve the geotechnical properties of the blacksoil. Table.1 Properties of Black cotton soil The soil use for this study is collected from Ponni sugars, Erode. This soil has black-grey color. The index properties such as liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and other important soil properties are shown in figure. As per IS classification of soil, the soil is classified as CH. 3.1 Bagasse Ash Bagasse is a residue obtained from the burning of bagasse in sugar producing factories. Bagasse is the cellular fibrous waste product after the extraction of the sugar juice from cane mills. It is currently used as a bio fuel and in the manufacture of pulp and paper products and building materials. For each 10 tons of sugarcane crushed, a sugar factory produces nearly 3 tons of wet bagasse which is a byproduct of the sugar cane industry. When this bagasse is burnt the resultant ash is bagasse ash. Tamilnadu is having maximum number of sugar factories, these factories faces a disposal problem of large quantity bagasse. This material contains amorphous silica which is indication of cementing properties, which can develop good bonding between soil grains in case of weak soil. Bagasse is rich in amorphous silica indicated that it has pozzolanic properties. Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the construction of roads has been the focus of research for economical and environmental reasons. To stabilize expansive soil, the waste product bagasse ash is collected from Ponni Sugars, erode. Table.2 Properties of bagasse ash S.No Description of Properties Results obtained in the laboratory 1. Colour Black grey 2. Specific Gravity Grain Size classification a). gravel b). Sand c). Fines Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Shrinkage Limit Plasticity index Consistency Index Liquidity Index Maximum Dry Density Optimum Moisture content Unconfined Compression Strength California Bearing Ratio 1.20 Available online: P a g e 248

5 S.No Description Properties of Percentage (%) 1. Colour Black 2. Specific Gravity Silica (sio2) Magnesium (MgO) Calcium (CaO) Iron (Fe2O3) Sodium (Na2O) Potassium (K2O) Alumina (Al2O3) LABORATORY INVESTIGATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The influence of Bagasse Ash on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil were investigated by conducting various laboratory tests viz. consistency limits, standard proctor and California bearing ratio (CBR) test. 4.1 Methodology Basic laboratory tests (Attenberg s limit, compaction, CBR, UCC) were carried out on black cotton soil sample, and on combination of soil and bagasse ash to determine the basic properties of soil sample. Then the stabilization of black cotton soil with bagasse is carried out by blending the soil with different percentages of bagasse ash ((2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) and then optimum percentage of bagasse Ash can be added have determined. compressive strength) are carried. The strength tests are carried out on each percentage of blends. By getting the results of all these blends the comparison of the best suitable additive mix will be carried out. The results are concluded suitably IS Sample Preparation Collected soil sample is first dried in direct sunlight; the clods are broken to get a uniform sample. The organic matters, small aggregates, broken wooden material, pieces of glasses are removed carefully from soil sample. Sample is kept in oven for drying to use in test at temperature 105 C for 24 hrs. The prepared sample is then used for the test specified in 3.2. The weight of soil sample taken for test is replaced by percentage of weight of bagasse ash. Four different blends are prepared for replacement of soil in varying proportion of (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%). 5. Results and Discussions After the determination of basic properties of black cotton soil, soil stabilized with bagasse ash and the strength parameters like MDD, CBR and UCC were determined by conducting compaction, CBR (California bearing ratio) and UCCS (unconfined compressive stress) tests. To determine the strength behaviour of black cotton soil with bagasse ash waste, the laboratory tests (compaction, California bearing ratio, unconfined Available online: P a g e 249

6 5.1 Results of MMD and OMC for black cotton soil stabilized with bagasse ash 5.2 Results of unconfined compression test for black cotton soil stabilized with bagasse ash Black Cotton Soil + % % Bagasse Ash Replacement MDD (g/cc) OMC (%) % % % % % % % Black Cotton Soil + Replacement Bagasse Ash Density (g/cc) Maximum Dry Density % of replaced Bagasse Ash ressive stress(kn/m 2 ) Unconfined Compression Test % of replaced Bagasse Ash Moisture Content (%) Optimum Moisture Content % of Replaced Bagasse Ash 5.3 Results of CBR test for black cotton soil stabilized with bagasse ash % Replacement Black Cotton Soil + Bagasse Ash Available online: P a g e 250

7 CBR value California Bearing ratio % of replaced Bagasse Ash 6. CONCLUSIONS The use of agricultural waste slightly improves the properties of expansive soils, bagasse can be used as replacement in black cotton soil up to certain limits. The properties which improves are discussed here, The initial laboratory test showed that collected black cotton soil is solid and stiff. It has low permeability, high compressibility and low bearing capacity. It was observed that by the addition of 6% bagasse ash for black cotton soils, the density has significant increases from to 1.612(g/cc). But OMC decreases.further addition of Bagasse Ash density decreases and OMC increases. The increase in California bearing ratio value at 6% dosage had better effect compared to the other dosage. Increase in California bearing ratio indicates reduction in settlement. CBR values got increased from 1.28 to 2.20% for addition of 6% Bagasse Ash. Further addition of Bagasse ashcbr values decreases. UCS values got increases from KN/m 2 to KN/m 2 at 6% bagasse ash content. Further additionof Bagasse ash UCS values decreases. The effective percentage replacement of bagasse ash was found to be 6%. The blend suggested from this research is Black cotton soil + 6% replacement by bagasse ash, without any addition of cementing or chemical material, this would be an economic approach. Further more if any cementing material is added in suggested blend, then there will be definitely more improvisation in properties of expansive soils. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my team members M.Ranjitha, S.Dhanapal for their active support for completing this experimental project; also I would like to acknowledge KIOT, college for proving all facilities during research work. 8. REFERENCES [1]. A. Kumar, B. Singh Walia and A.Bajaj Influence of Fly Ash, Lime, and Polyester Fibers on Compaction and Strength Properties of Expansive Soil American Society for Civil Engineering, 2007, Vol. 19, pp [4]. Douglas O. A. Osula Evaluation of Admixture Stabilization for Problem Laterite, American Society for Civil Engineering, 1989, Vol. 115, No. 6. [2]. H. N. Ramesh, A.J.Krishnaiah et, al Effect of Lime on the Index Properties of Black Cotton Soil and Mine tailings mixtures IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), 2013, Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp [3]. Jian-Long Zheng, Rui Zhang, and He-Ping Yang Highway Sub grade Construction in Expansive Soil Areas, American Society for Civil Engineering, 2009, pp [4]. K. S. Gandhi Expansive soil stabilization using Bagasse Ash International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2012, Vol. 1 Issue 5 [5]. Ken C. Onyelowe Cement Stabilized Akwuete Lateritic Soil and the Use of Bagasse Ash as Admixture International Journal of Available online: P a g e 251

8 Science and Engineering Investigations, 2012 vol. 1, issue 2 [6]. Kiran R. G. and Kiran L. Analysis of Strength Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil Using Bagasse Ash and Additives as Stabilizer International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2013, Issue 7 [7]. KolawoleJuwunloOsinubi, Influence of Compactive Efforts on Lime-Slag Treated Tropical Black Clay Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2006, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp [8]. M. Chittaranjan, M. Vijay and D. Keerthi Agricultural wastes as soil stabilizers International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 2011, Vol-04, Issue No 06 SPL, pp [9]. Manasseh Joel and Isaac O. Agbede, Mechanical-Cement Stabilization of Laterite for Use as Flexible Pavement Material, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2011, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp [10]. Moses G. and Osinubi K. J. Influence of Compactive Efforts on Cement-Bagasse Ash Treatment of Expansive Husk Ash & Marble Dust, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.4, pp , October [15] K. V. Manjunath, HimanshuShekhar, Manish Kumar, Prem Kumar and Rakesh Kumar, Stabilization of black cotton soil by using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag international conference on Advances in architecture and Civil Engineering vol.1 pp [16] Saranjeet Rajesh Soni, P. P. Dahale, R. M. Dobale, Disposal of solid waste for black cotton soil Stabilization, International journal of advanced engineering sciences and technologies Vol No. 8, Issue No. 1, pp [11]. Dr. Robert M. Brooks, Soil Stabilization with Flyash and Rice husk, International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp , [12] E.A. Meshida, G.L.Oyekan, A.O.Ogundalu, Effects of Steel Mill Dust on the Strength Characteristics of Black Cotton Clay Soils, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, pp , May [13] J.B.Oza, Dr. P.J. Gundaliya, Study of black cotton soil characteristics with cement waste dust and lime, Procedia Engineering 51, pp , [14] Khushbu S. Gandhi, Stabilization of Expansive Soil of Surat Region using Rice Available online: P a g e 252