Technical Assignment 2: Building and Plant Energy Analysis Report. Jason Jones Mechanical Option Multipurpose Athletic Center West Long Branch, NJ

Transcription

1 Technical Assignment 2: Building and Plant Energy Analysis Report Jason Jones Multipurpose Athletic Center West Long Branch, NJ October 27, 2004

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 2 LEED Green Building Certification 3-4 Degree of Ashrae Standard 90 Compliance 5-7 Lost Rentable Space 7 Mechanical System First Cost 8 Yearly Energy Utilization Data 8-9 HAP Energy Analysis Appendix A Appendix B 15 Appendix C 16 Appendix D Appendix E 20 Appendix F 21 Appendix G 22 Appendix H 23 Appendix I 24 Appendix J Bibliography 31 1

3 Executive Summary This report contains the building and plant analysis of the Multipurpose Athletic Center (MAC) at s located in West Long Branch, N.J. This report was developed by looking into the LEED requirements and determining how the MAC building performed according to their set of standards and requirements. The building was also compared to the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard to determine whether the building envelope and lighting power densities complied with the standard. Additional calculation were used to determine the buildings load analysis, emissions, ASHRAE Standard 90 compliance, lost rentable space, and the mechanical systems first cost. The Multipurpose Athletic Center was not designed for LEED and therefore would not earn very many LEED credits. After applying standard 90, it was determined that the building does not meet the requirements. The building was analyzed to uncover the lost rentable space due to the mechanical equipment and shaft space, which was found to be approximately 6 percent. The first cost of the mechanical systems within the building was determined to be approximately 5 percent of the cost. An energy analysis was performed using HAP to compare the computerized load and ventilation for the building with the actual design data. Along with the energy analysis, a breakdown of the energy utilization was found. The building was analyzed for the emissions that are generated from the building. These emissions were then compared to other buildings of the same type and other buildings of the same size. The emissions from this building are broken down into 4.6 million pounds of CO 2, 14 thousand pounds of NOx, 21 thousand pounds of SO 2, and 18 hundred pounds of particulates. The total energy for electricity and natural gas was found to be 4.6 million kwh of electric and 8 million cubic feet of natural gas. The total operating cost of the building is $481,500 per year. 2

4 LEED Green Building Certification The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Building Rating System version 2.1, is a national standard rating system to determine whether a building is a green building. The MAC building was analyzed to see how many points the building would have received if it were rated using LEED building standards, Appendix A. The LEED system focuses on six major components of a building to determine whether the building can be classified as LEED certified. The six major categories are sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, and innovation and design process. Within these six categories there are different credits or points that are awarded if the design of the building meets the credits requirements. Some of the major components have a list of requirements the project needs too meet in order for the building to even be considered in becoming a LEED building. To become LEED certified you need to earn a certain number to points: Certified (26-32), Silver (33-38), Gold (39-51), and Platinum (52+). The LEED guide is broken down to create a user-friendly system of determining the points that can be obtained. The sustainable site section of the LEED guide focuses on the development of the site and the surrounding areas. The MAC building did not have any special focus on site selection. The site was chosen due to the logical orientation of the adjacent buildings and football field. The water efficiency section deals with lowering the total water consumption or creating an innovative design to lower the water waste. There are no particular water efficient designs found in the MAC building. The energy and atmosphere section is related to the buildings energy consumption and the elimination of certain harmful chemicals within the mechanical systems. The materials and resources focuses on using renewable materials and having many of the materials be produced within the local region. This building has yet to be bid so the location of the materials is hard to determine. Since the building is in a fairly active part of the country it may be able to meet some of the requirements, but it is too early to tell with no documentation of who is supplying the materials. The indoor environmental quality section focuses on the building interior spaces and providing a design that monitors and limits the pollutants within a building environment. The innovation and design process is 3

5 a special section that gives the designers an opportunity to design a system to make the building more green. These can range from having a rainwater catch system to having grey water system that uses plants to purify and cleanse the water. There was no special attention dedicated to fulfilling the LEED requirements so the building does not accomplish many of the LEED requirements. The MAC building was built to perform the way the owner specified. According to the analysis and the limited documentation, it was determined that the MAC building earned 3 points. The analysis was done assuming that the point would not be received if there was not enough documentation to determine the point would be earned. Therefore, the building may have been able to earn more points but there was not enough information given to know if more points could have been earned. The MAC building could have received more points if it was designed to become LEED credited. Within the LEED system, there are certain points the MAC building could take advantage of and attempted to earn. With the proper documentation, the building could have been awarded a few more points. A few points could have been earned if it were designed to meet the requirements of alternative means of transportation by including a bike rack and by offering a couple bus stops nearby. Another way of earning points would have been to design a system to catch the rainwater and use it for irrigation. Furthermore, some water efficiency points could have been awarded if the building installed low flow fixtures and waterless urinals. The MAC building does receive electricity from a power plant that is 5% renewable, but it is not enough when the building has to factor in the amount of natural gas that it uses. Overall it was not the owners intent to make the building a LEED credited building. 4

6 Degree of ASHRAE Standard 90 Compliance The focus of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard is intended to create a guideline for an energy-efficient design of a building. This report focuses on two aspects of ASHRAE Standard 90 and determines whether the MAC building is designed to comply with the standard. The two aspects that are going to be focused on are the building envelope and the lighting of the building. Building Envelope Within Standard 90, chapter 5 main purpose is to give a guideline for the buildings envelope. The buildings envelope is the part of the building that separates the outside environment of the building from the interior conditioned spaces of the building. This includes the windows, walls, and roof of the building. A building envelope analysis was performed to determine whether the building complies with this section of the standard. The first step was to determine the Heating Degree Days, HDD, and the Cooling Degree Days, CDD for the location of the building. The MAC building will be located in West Long Branch, NJ, and the weather data from Long Branch, NJ was used in determining our buildings HDD and CDD. The weather data was found in Table D-1 of ASHRAE Standard 90, where the HDD was found to be 5253 and the CDD was found to be These values correspond to Table B-14, which is a list of the building envelope requirements, such as the U-values for the roof and walls. Typical wall or roof Design Standard 90 assembly R-Values U-Values R-Values U-Values Comply? Brick Wall Assembly Yes Metal Panel Wall Assembly No Roof Assembly Yes Attached in Appendix B is a detailed description of the composition of the walls and roof. The results show that the maximum assembly U-value for each section of the walls or 5

7 roof complies with Standard 90. On the other hand, the minimum insulation complies with the brick wall assembly and the roof assembly but does not meet the minimum requirement for the metal panel walls. The required R-value of the insulation for the metal panel is 13.0 while the provided insulation is To determine the buildings compliance with the fenestration section of the building envelope a few assumptions had to be made. The windows were assumed to have the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of 0.43, which was found in the load energy analysis program files. Likewise, the U-values of the windows are taken from the load energy analysis. The U-values are specified as The total surface area of the exterior of the building is approximately 56,300 ft 2 and the total area of the windows is 9,300 ft 2. The percent glazing of the building is then determined to 16.5% of the building. Therefore, the building does not comply with the fenestration standard since the SHGC of the standard is The building does comply with the maximum U-value allowed for this building. Lighting Chapter 9 of Standard 90 is devoted to the energy used to light the building. The standard gives the maximum requirements for a buildings lighting density. There are two different methods to determine the buildings compliance of the buildings lighting power density. The first method is the building area method which involves comparing the calculated total power density of the building with the lighting density for that specific type of building. By calculating the total watts of the building from the lights and dividing it by the total area, the total power density of the building is found. The second method which was used in this analysis was a space by space method. This method involves determining the power density for each room by calculating the watts of lights in the room and dividing it by the area of the room. Table in ASHRAE Standard 90 gives a breakdown of the space by space power densities for different types of buildings. The athletic facility power density table, Appendix C, was used in the MAC building analysis. A summary of the space by space method is provided in Appendix D. 6

8 Overall, the building complies with the standard for all but a few spaces. If the building was analyzed using the building area method, it is suspected that the building would comply with Standard 90. By analyzing the building envelope and the power density, it is determined that the engineer did in fact design based on ASHRAE Standard 90. The power density is only exceeding in 3 of the 96 rooms. Furthermore, the metal panel wall only failed because it provided an insulated R-value of 12.8 instead of the 13 required by the standard. Lost Rentable Space Mechanical room and mechanical shafts can occupy a decent amount of space within a building. This space can not be used by the occupants and is lost or unoccupied space. The design team can try to hide these rooms and shafts to make them not consume the premium spaces and locations within the building. For instance, in a sky scraper it makes more sense to place the mechanical room in the middle of the building and not use the exterior spaces where windows can be located. Furthermore, air handling units can be positioned on the roofs of buildings to not occupy any of the rentable space. The MAC building positioned the major mechanical equipment in the north side of the building. The equipment was essentially clustered together to make the piped runs from the pumps to the chillers and cooling towers shorter. There are other rooms that serve the air handling units scattered throughout the building. The building is very efficient in the design and location of utilizing the space given to the mechanical equipment. This analysis provided two different breakdowns of the lost rentable space, Appendix E. The first provides a breakdown is of all the interior rooms including the mechanical rooms and shafts areas. The second includes the cooling tower that is located adjacent to the building. The cooling tower was included because it is located in an enclosed space outside the building. Therefore, the cooling tower does not directly take up space from the building but it does take up space on the ground next to the building. It was found that for the MAC building has 5.3 percent lost from the rooms/shafts and 7 percent was lost when the cooling tower is included. 7

9 Mechanical System First Cost The MAC building has not yet been bid so an approximate cost was estimated. A detailed breakdown of the mechanical system first cost is located in Appendix F. The mechanical system cost information was based off of the Means Estimating Mechanical Guide. The mechanical equipment that was included in this estimate is the air handling units, water chillers, cooling towers, and pumps. The cost information was generated for this section. The cost does not include the fan schedule, unit heaters, split systems, expansion tanks, sound attenuators, or piping. Therefore, the cost is based off of the large equipment in the building. The total cost of the estimated mechanical first cost is $1,096, The cost of the mechanical equipment on a cost per square foot base is $6.85. The percent of the total cost is 4.69%. This number seems low but it does not factor in all the mechanical equipment. Yearly Energy Utilization Data The building is not yet built so there is no actual energy data that can be obtained. Therefore, the energy utilization data is found using the Carriers Hourly Analysis Program (HAP). The MAC building uses two sources of energy, electric and natural gas, to maintain the building. The natural gas is only used in the boilers, while the electric serves the remaining loads. To calculate the energy loads there were some assumption built into the spaces. It was assumed that the spaces within the building would operate within one of the two schedules, the first schedule is designed to be on from 6 in the morning to 8 at night and the second schedule is designed to be on a full 24 hours. The energy loads of the building are given in the following chart. Fuel Total Used Electric (kwh) 4,670,462 Natural Gas (ft^3) 8,156,471 By using these fuel sources, the emissions of the building can be calculated from the generation information from the electric company and the boiler emissions cut sheets, both are attached in Appendix G. The total emissions can be calculated from the known quantities of the fuel input. The energy sources used to create the electric power from the 8

10 power plants provides the details needed to calculate the emissions on an lbm/kwh basis. This data and the results can be found in Appendix H. Therefore, since the emissions information in a known quantity the total emissions from the building can be determined. The table below gives the total emissions of the MAC building and compares it to the 1995 data for a typical building. The results show that the MAC building produces on average more emission on a square foot per year basis than other building of the same type and area. The building emissions were calculated using two different methods. The first method was given within the HAP load calculation, and the second method that was used takes the energy consumed and calculates the emissions. A summary and comparison of the emissions that were calculated are found in Appendix I. The results of the emissions clearly shows that the building produces less emissions on a per kwh basis but since the building is so energy intensive the total emissions is higher. Comparison of MAC to other Public Assembly building and All other building Thousand BTU/sq.ft.-yr. lbm Pollutant/ft. 2 -yr 1995 Database Total NOx SOx Particulates CO2 All Buildings E E E Floorspace (sq. ft) 100,001 to 200, E E E E+01 Principal Activity Public Assembly E E E Multipurpose Athletic Center E E E

11 HAP Energy Analysis HAP was used to generate the ventilation load and the cooling load. These loads are then compared to the design document loads to observe how they compare. A generated table of comparing the HAP calculation to that of the design documents is provided below for both ventilation and cooling coil load. The ventilation loads in the computerized generated results were typically lower than the designed loads. The computerized loads were based on a minimum sum of ventilation per person, while the designed ventilation loads could have taken a different approach. The results of the cooling coil loads are very similar. Typically the designed cooling coil loads were higher than the computer generated results. Ventilation Comparison, cfm Design Simulation AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU Designed Cooling Coil Load Design Simulation AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU A breakdown of the different components of a HVAC system show that the greatest energy cost per year is the cost of the fans. This is most likely the case because there are a few constant volume air handling units. Furthermore, two of the constant volume air handling units are serving the gymnasium and are providing cfm each. The HAP analysis determined that the HVAC equipment consumes percent of the energy consumption per year. This number seems high but it is including the air system fans, cooling, heating, pumps, and cooling tower fans. The remaining load of the building is consumed in the form of lights and other electrical equipment. The table below offers a summary of the annual cost as a total, percent, and per square foot. The cost of electricity 10

12 is found to be $0.073/kWh and for Natural Gas it is $11.03/ft 3. Further HAP generated tables are included in Appendix J. Annual Cost Percent Component Cost Component Cost Component Cost Air System Fans $121, Air System Fans 25.10% Cooling $59, Cooling 12.30% Heating $95, Heating 19.80% Pumps $2, Pumps 0.60% Cooling Tower Fans $29, Cooling Tower Fans 6.10% Total HVAC Cost $307, Total HVAC Cost 63.90% Lights $159, Lights 33.20% Electrical Equipment $14, Electrical Equipment 2.90% Non-HVAC Cost $173, Non-HVAC Cost 36.10% Total Annual Cost $481, Total Annual Cost % Annual Cost per Unit Floor Area Component Cost/ft^2 Air System Fans $1.033 Cooling $0.505 Heating $0.814 Pumps $0.023 Cooling Tower Fans $0.253 Total HVAC Cost $2.628 Lights $1.363 Electrical Equipment $0.120 Non-HVAC Cost $1.483 Total Annual Cost $

13 Appendix A LEED point review Multipurpose Athletic Center Y N M Sustainable Sites 14 Points 1 Prereq 1 Erosion & Sedimentation Control Required 1 Credit 1 Site Selection 1 1 Credit 2 Development Density 1 1 Credit 3 Brownfield Redevelopment 1 1 Credit 4.1 Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access 1 1 Credit 4.2 Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms 1 1 Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fuel Vehicles 1 1 Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity and Carpooling 1 1 Credit 5.1 Reduced Site Disturbance, Protect or Restore Open Space 1 1 Credit 5.2 Reduced Site Disturbance, Development Footprint 1 1 Credit 6.1 Stormwater Management, Rate and Quantity 1 1 Credit 6.2 Stormwater Management, Treatment 1 1 Credit 7.1 Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Non-Roof 1 1 Credit 7.2 Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Roof 1 1 Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1 Y N M Water Efficiency 5 Points 1 Credit 1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by 50% 1 1 Credit 1.2 Water Efficient Landscaping, No Potable Use or No Irrigation 1 1 Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies 1 1 Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction, 20% Reduction 1 1 Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction 1 Y N M Energy & Atmosphere 17 Points 1 Prereq 1 Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning Required 1 Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance Required 1 Prereq 3 CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment Required 1 Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 1 to 10 1 Credit 2.1 Renewable Energy, 5% 1 1 Credit 2.2 Renewable Energy, 10% 1 1 Credit 2.3 Renewable Energy, 20% 1 1 Credit 3 Additional Commissioning 1 12

14 1 Credit 4 Ozone Depletion 1 1 Credit 5 Measurement & Verification 1 1 Credit 6 Green Power 1 Y N M Materials & Resources 13 Points 1 Prereq 1 Storage & Collection of Recyclables Required 1 Credit 1.1 Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Shell 1 1 Credit 1.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% of Shell 1 1 Credit 1.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% Shell & 50% Non-Shell 1 1 Credit 2.1 Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% 1 1 Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% 1 1 Credit 3.1 Resource Reuse, Specify 5% 1 1 Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify 10% 1 1 Credit 4.1 Recycled Content, Specify 5% (post-consumer + ½ post-industrial) 1 1 Credit 4.2 Recycled Content, Specify 10% (post-consumer + ½ postindustrial) 1 1 Credit 5.1 Local/Regional Materials, 20% Manufactured Locally 1 1 Credit 5.2 Local/Regional Materials, of 20% Above, 50% Harvested Locally 1 1 Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials 1 1 Credit 7 Certified Wood 1 Y N M Indoor Environmental Quality 15 Points 1 Prereq 1 Minimum IAQ Performance Required 1 Prereq 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Required 1 Credit 1 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Monitoring 1 1 Credit 2 Ventilation Effectiveness 1 1 Credit 3.1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1 1 Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy 1 1 Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants 1 1 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints 1 1 Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet 1 1 Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood & Agrifiber 1 1 Credit 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 1 1 Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems, Perimeter 1 1 Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems, Non-Perimeter 1 1 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort, Comply with ASHRAE Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort, Permanent Monitoring System 1 1 Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces 1 1 Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views, Views for 90% of Spaces 1 13

15 Y N M Innovation & Design Process 5 Points 1 Credit 1.1 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1 1 Credit 1.2 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1 1 Credit 1.3 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1 1 Credit 1.4 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1 1 Credit 2 LEED Accredited Professional 1 Y N M Project Totals (pre-certification estimates) Certified points Silver points Gold points Platinum Points 14

16 Appendix B Composition of walls and roof Thickness (in.) Brick Wall Assembly Density (lb/ft^3) Specific Heat (BTU/lb/F) R-Value (hrft^2-f/btu) Type Inside Surface Resistance Gypsum Board Air Space " CMU Rigid Insulation Air Space 0.91 Face Brick Aoutside Surface Resistance Total R= U-value= Thickness (in.) Metal Panel Wall Assembly Density (lb/ft^3) Specific Heat (BTU/lb/F) R-Value (hrft^2-f/btu) Type Inside Surface Resistance Gypsum Board Batt Insulation Air Space " CMU Face Brick Aoutside Surface Resistance Total R= U-value= Thickness (in.) Roof Assembly Density (lb/ft^3) Specific Heat (BTU/lb/F) R-Value (hrft^2-f/btu) Type Inside Surface Resistance Steel Deck R- 30 Batt Insulation Asphalt Roll Aoutside Surface Resistance Total R= U-value=

17 Appendix C Standard 90 Lighting Power Density Lighting Power Density Using the Space by Space Method Athletic Facility Building Density, Space Type W/ft^2 Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 Inactive Storage 0.3 Active Storage 1.1 Stairs - Active 0.9 Corridor/Transition 0.7 Restrooms 1 Food Preparation 2.2 Dining Area 1.4 Lounge/Recreation 1.4 Atrium - each additional floor 0.2 Atrium - first three floors 1.3 Lobby 1.8 Audience/Seating Area 0.5 Classroom/Lecture/Training NA Conference Meeting/ Multipurpose 1.5 Office - Open Plan 1.3 Office - Enclosed 1.5 Playing Area 1.9 Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 Exercise Area

18 Appendix D MAC building analyzed using space by space method Actual Space by Space Lighting Power Densities Ashrae Standard 90 Room # Name Total Watts Area, ft^2 Density, W/ft^2 Space Type Density, W/ft^2 Comply? M157 Fitness Center Exercise Area 1.1 YES M159/160 Lobby/Control Lobby 1.8 YES M162 Vestibule Corridor/Transition 0.7 YES M161 Fitness Office Office - Enclosed 1.5 YES S-2 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M168A/B/C Shower/Toilets/ Football Lockers Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES M164/A/B Womens BB Meeting Conference Meeting/ Multipurpose 1.5 YES M165/A Equip/Laundry Active Storage 1.1 YES M166 Corridor Corridor/Transition 0.7 YES M152 Mechanical Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES S100 Shell Space Active Storage 1.1 YES M196 Janitor Active Storage 1.1 YES M194 Mens Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES M195 Womens Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES M193 Vestibule Corridor/Transition 0.7 YES M199 Ticketing Office - Enclosed 1.5 YES M199A Ticketing Office Office - Enclosed 1.5 YES M199B Telecommunication Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M198 Security Audio Active Storage 1.1 YES M197A Vestibule Corridor/Transition 0.7 YES M197A Vestibule Corridor/Transition 0.7 YES S101 Shell Space Active Storage 1.1 YES M167 Corridor Corridor/Transition 0.7 YES M174 Corridor Corridor/Transition 0.7 YES Men s Track Dressing/Locker/Fitting M170 M171 Lockers Women s Track Lockers M172B Lockers Room 0.8 YES Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES Conference Meeting/ Multipurpose 1.5 YES M173 Commissary M176 Storage Active Storage 1.1 YES S-3 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M177 Mechanical Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M178A Mechanical Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES S-8 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M178B Mechanical Chiller Room Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES Mechanical Boiler Room Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M178C M179 Office Office - Enclosed 1.5 YES M180 Training Room Active Storage 1.1 YES 17

19 M183 Visitors Lockers Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES M184 Visitors Lockers Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES M181 Men s Office/Lockers Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES M182 Women s Office/Lockers Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES M185 Visitor Lockers Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES M186 Visitor Lockers Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.8 YES M175 Corridor Corridor/Transition 0.7 YES M187 Electrical Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES S-4 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M188 Athletic Storage Active Storage 1.1 YES M189 Bookstore Storage Active Storage 1.1 YES M190 Mechanical Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M191 Green Room Conference Meeting/ Multipurpose 1.5 YES S2 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M200 Hall of Fame Lobby 1.8 YES S10 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M100 Lobby Lobby 1.8 YES M202 Concession Food Preparation 2.2 YES M227 Janitor Active Storage 1.1 NO M228 Electrical Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M204 Men s Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES M205 Women s Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES M203 Concession Storage Active Storage 1.1 YES M201 Gym/Track/Stands Playing Area 1.9 YES M221 Storage Active Storage 1.1 YES M220 Electrical Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M218 Women s Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES M217 Men s Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES M216 Concession Storage Active Storage 1.1 YES M215 Concession CCTR Food Preparation 2.2 YES S-3 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M210 Fire Pump Room Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M211 Electrical Room Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M209 Mech Room Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES S-9 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M206 Novelty Active Storage 1.1 YES M03 Lighting Control 64 Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M01 Mechanical Room 160 Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M02 Mechanical Room 160 Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M317 Shell Space Active Storage 1.1 YES M302 Shell Space Active Storage 1.1 YES 18

20 M303 Telecommunication Room Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M304 Electrical Room Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M305 Catering Food Preparation 2.2 YES M307 Women s Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES M315 Men s Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES S-11 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES S-2 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES S-9 Stair Stairs - Active 0.9 YES M Active Storage 1.1 YES M341 Shell Space Active Storage 1.1 YES M350 Camera Equipment Active Storage 1.1 YES M340 Shell Space Active Storage 1.1 YES M327 Women s Toilet Restrooms 1.0 YES M322 Shell Space Active Storage 1.1 NO M320 Storage Active Storage 1.1 YES M321 Telecommunication Room Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M323 Electrical Electrical/Mechanical 1.3 YES M324 Janitor Active Storage 1.1 NO 19

21 Appendix E Lost Rentable Space Mechanical Lost Rentable Space Breakdown Type Room Name Room Number Square Foot Room Mechanical M178A 660 Room Mech - Chiller Rm M178B 1025 Room Mech - Boiler Rm M178C 890 Room Mechanical M Room AHU-2 M Room AHU-4 M Shaft 40 Shaft 11 Room Mech Rm - AHU-5 M Shaft 15 Room Mech Rm Mezz Level AHU - 7, Room Mech Rm Mezz Level Pumps 1250 Room Mech Below Suites Level 875 Outside Mech Outside Cooling Tower 2750 Results Total Lost Rentable Space within Building 8521 Percent of Lost Rentable Space within Building 5.33% Total Lost Rentable Space including Cooling Towers Percent of Lost Rentable Space including Cooling Towers 7.04% 20

22 Appendix F Mechanical Equipment Cost Mechanical Equipment First Cost Air Handling Units Boilers Number Type Total CFM Cost Number Type HP Cost 1 CV Hot Water VAV Hot Water VAV Hot Water CV CV Pumps 6 CV Number Type GPM Cost 7 CV Base Mounted VAV Base Mounted VAV Base Mounted VAV Base Mounted CV Base Mounted Base Mounted Water Chillers 7 Base Mounted Number Type Tons Cost 8 Base Mounted Centrifugal Base Mounted Centrifugal Base Mounted Base Mounted Cooling Towers 12 Base Mounted Number Type Tons Cost 13 Base Mounted Induced Draft Base Mounted Induced Draft Base Mounted Inline Inline Total Cost = $996, Location Factor = 1.10 Total Cost including Location Factor = $1,096, Cost per square foot = $6.85 Percent Cost = 4.69% 21

23 Appendix G Electric and Boiler Emissions 22

24 Appendix H Electric Power Generation Emissions for U.S. vs MAC building power source Fuel lbm Pollutant j /kwh U.S. % Mix U.S. Particulates SO 2 /kwh NO x /kwh CO 2 /kwh Coal E E E E+00 Oil E E E E-02 Nat. Gas E E E E-01 Nuclear E E E E+00 Hydro/Wind E E E E+00 Totals E E E E+00 lbm Pollutant j /kwh Jersey Central Power and Light (JCP&L) Fuel % Energy Mix Particulates SO 2 /kwh NO x /kwh CO 2 /kwh Coal E E E E-01 Oil E E E E-02 Nat. Gas E E E E-01 Nuclear E E E E+00 Hydro/Wind E E E E+00 Totals E E E E-01 23

25 Appendix I Summary and comparison of emissions Electrical Emissions Electric Used Particulates SO2/kWh NOx/kWh CO2/kWh kwh lbm lbm lbm lbm 4,670, Natural Gas Emissions Fuel Used NO x SO x CO 2 Hydrocarbons ft^3 lbm lbm lbm lbm 8,156, NA Total Emissions Calculated from Electricity and Natural Gas Used Total Particulates SO2/kWh NOx/kWh CO2/kWh Thousand Btu lbm lbm lbm lbm 24,092, , , , ,632, Total Emissions Calculated from HAP Analysis SO2/kWh NOx/kWh CO2/kWh lbm lbm lbm 21,210 14,054 4,623,808 Comparison of HAP to Electrical and Natural Gas SO2/kWh NOx/kWh CO2/kWh Type of analysis lbm lbm lbm HAP emissions report 21,210 14,054 4,623,808 Electrical and Natural Gas emissions 21,202 14,083 4,632,138 24

26 Appendix J HAP analysis calculations Annual Component Costs 2.9% Electric Equipment Air System Fans 25.1% 33.2% Lights Cooling 12.3% Heating 19.8% 6.1% Cooling Tower Fans 0.6% Pumps Component 1. Annual Costs Annual Cost ($/ft²) Percent of Total (%) Air System Fans 121, Cooling 59, Heating 95, Pumps 2, Cooling Tower Fans 29, HVAC Sub-Total 307, Lights 159, Electric Equipment 14, Misc. Electric Misc. Fuel Use Non-HVAC Sub-Total 173, Grand Total 481, Note: Cost per unit floor area is based on the gross building floor area. Gross Floor Area ft² Conditioned Floor Area ft² 25

27 Annual Energy Costs 36.1% Non-HVAC Electric HVAC Electric 44.1% 19.8% HVAC Natural Gas 1. Annual Costs Component HVAC Components Annual Cost ($/yr) ($/ft²) Percent of Total (%) Electric 212, Natural Gas 95, Fuel Oil Propane Remote Hot Water Remote Steam Remote Chilled Water HVAC Sub-Total 307, Non-HVAC Components Electric 173, Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Remote Hot Water Remote Steam Non-HVAC Sub-Total 173, Grand Total 481, Note: Cost per unit floor area is based on the gross building floor area. Gross Floor Area ft² Conditioned Floor Area ft² 26

28 1. Annual Coil Loads Component Energy Budget by System Component Load (kbtu) (kbtu/ft²) Cooling Coil Loads 15,356, Heating Coil Loads 6,525, Grand Total 21,881, Energy Consumption by System Component Site Energy Component (kbtu) Site Energy (kbtu/ft²) Source Energy (kbtu) Source Energy (kbtu/ft²) Air System Fans 4,995, ,840, Cooling 2,440, ,715, Heating 8,156, ,156, Pumps 110, , Cooling Towers 1,221, ,362, HVAC Sub-Total 16,924, ,470, Lights 6,589, ,535, Electric Equipment 577, ,063, Misc. Electric Misc. Fuel Use Non-HVAC Sub-Total 7,167, ,599, Grand Total 24,092, ,069, Notes: 1. 'Cooling Coil Loads' is the sum of all air system cooling coil loads. 2. 'Heating Coil Loads' is the sum of all air system heating coil loads. 3. Site Energy is the actual energy consumed. 4. Source Energy is the site energy divided by the electric generating efficiency (28.0%). 5. Source Energy for fuels equals the site energy value. 6. Energy per unit floor area is based on the gross building floor area. Gross Floor Area ft² Conditioned Floor Area ft² 27

29 1. Annual Coil Loads Component Energy Budget by Energy Source Load (kbtu) (kbtu/ft²) Cooling Coil Loads 15,356, Heating Coil Loads 6,525, Grand Total 21,881, Energy Consumption by Energy Source Site Energy Component (kbtu) HVAC Components Site Energy (kbtu/ft²) Source Energy (kbtu) Source Energy (kbtu/ft²) Electric 8,767, ,314, Natural Gas 8,156, ,156, Fuel Oil Propane Remote Hot Water Remote Steam Remote Chilled Water HVAC Sub-Total 16,924, ,470, Non-HVAC Components Electric 7,167, ,598, Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Remote Hot Water Remote Steam Non-HVAC Sub-Total 7,167, ,598, Grand Total 24,092, ,069, Notes: 1. 'Cooling Coil Loads' is the sum of all air system cooling coil loads. 2. 'Heating Coil Loads' is the sum of all air system heating coil loads. 3. Site Energy is the actual energy consumed. 4. Source Energy is the site energy divided by the electric generating efficiency (28.0%). 5. Source Energy for fuels equals the site energy value. 6. Energy per unit floor area is based on the gross building floor area. Gross Floor Area ft² Conditioned Floor Area ft² 28

30 Monthly Component Cost Air System Fans Cooling Heating Pumps Cooling Tower Fans Lights Electric Equipment Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 1. HVAC Component Costs Month Air System Fans Cooling Heating Pumps Cooling Towers HVAC Total January 10, , ,669 February 9, , ,842 March 10, , ,648 April 9,940 2,470 4, ,036 17,620 May 10,407 5,512 1, ,945 20,288 June 10,170 10, ,416 26,498 July 10,558 12, ,330 29,806 August 10,508 11, ,115 29,452 September 10,068 8, ,637 23,895 October 10,260 3,943 1, ,204 18,621 November 9,787 1,618 8, ,833 December 10, , ,653 Total 121,051 59,136 95,364 2,677 29, , Non-HVAC Component Costs Month Lights Electric Equipment Misc. Electric Misc. Fuel Use Non-HVAC Total Grand Total January 13,562 1, ,752 50,421 February 12,250 1, ,324 43,166 March 13,562 1, ,752 39,400 April 13,125 1, ,276 31,896 May 13,562 1, ,752 35,040 June 13,125 1, ,276 40,774 July 13,562 1, ,752 44,558 August 13,562 1, ,752 44,204 September 13,125 1, ,276 38,171 October 13,562 1, ,752 33,373 November 13,125 1, ,276 35,109 December 13,562 1, ,752 45,405 Total 159,686 14, , ,517 29

31 Monthly Energy Cost HVAC Electric HVAC Natural Gas Non-HVAC Electric Cost HVAC Costs Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Electric Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Remote Hot Water Remote Steam Remote Chilled Water January 10,913 24, February 9,817 20, March 11,149 13, April 13,594 4, May 19,147 1, June 26, July 29, August 29, September 23, October 16,635 1, November 12,118 8, December 11,042 19, Total 212,466 95, Non-HVAC Costs Month Electric Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Remote Hot Water Remote Steam January 14, February 13, March 14, April 14, May 14, June 14, July 14, August 14, September 14, October 14, November 14, December 14, Total 173,

32 Bibliography ASHRAE/IESNA Standard ASHRAE Incorporated, Atlanta, GA ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Bryan Boilers. Carrier. Hourly Analysis Program, v.4.20a LEED Rating System: version 2.1, U.S. Green Building Council, 2002 RS Means, Mechanical Cost Data. Version