Question 1 How is energy from the sun passed on to living things?

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1 Cncept 2 Fd Chains, Fd Webs and Mathematical Analysis f Energy Transfer Curriculum Cnnectin 20 A1.3k explain the structure f ecsystem trphic levels, using mdels such as fd chains and fd webs 20 A1.4k explain, quantitatively, the flw f energy and the exchange f matter in aquatic and terrestrial ecsystems, using mdels such as pyramids f numbers, bimass and energy. Cncept 2: Main Questins 1. Hw is energy frm the sun passed n t living things? (fd chains, fd webs, trphic levels) 2. Hw d we analyze and mdel the amunt f energy mving thrugh the bisphere? Questin 1 Hw is energy frm the sun passed n t living things? Remember that pht/chemsynthesis are what captures energy and makes it available fr living rganisms in the bisphere Energy is then passed n when ne rganism eats anther Laws f Thermdynamics First Law f Thermdynamics energy cannt be created r destryed, nly transferred frm ne frm t anther ex. phtsynthesis transfrms slar energy int the chemical energy stred in glucse Secnd Law f Thermdynamics during any energy transfrmatin, sme f the energy is cnverted t an unusable frm, usually thermal energy (heat) There is nly a finite amunt energy available t the bisphere, and every time that energy is transferred frm ne rganism t the next, energy is lst frm the bisphere as heat 1

2 Fd Chains simplistic way f shwing the transfer f energy frm prducers t cnsumers Fd Webs a mre detailed way f shwing energy transfer frm a multiple prducers t multiple cnsumers Trphic Levels categry that defines an rganism by hw it gains its energy the 1 st trphic level is made up f rganisms that can make their wn fd (prducers) these rganisms are called auttrphs they use basic nutrients and sunlight (r anther nn living energy surce) the 2 nd trphic level is made up f rganisms that feed n auttrphs rganisms in the 2 nd trphic level are called primary cnsumers the 3 rd trphic level is made up f rganisms that feed n the primary cnsumers these rganisms are called secndary cnsumers all cnsumers are als knwn as hetertrphs Can there be mre than 3 trphic levels? 2

3 Biaccumulatin (Bimagnificatin) when a txin increases in cncentratin as yu mve up a fd chain energy decreases as yu mve up a fd chain, but txins accumulate as yu mve up a fd chain 3

4 Limits n Energy Transfer in an Ecsystem Prducers Phtsynthetic rganisms use sme f the glucse they make as energy t carry ut their life prcesses (cellular respiratin) Prducers (n average) capture 1% f the energy available frm the sun Therefre, nt all the energy the plant trapped is available t the primary cnsumer Primary Cnsumers they dn't digest all f what they eat, sme is lst in feces mst f the energy that they digest is used t keep them alive (cellular respiratin) the heat prduced by cellular respiratin is lst t the surrundings apprx. 10% f the prducers energy is used by the primary cnsumer Secndary/Tertiary/Quaternary Cnsumers they dn't digest all f what they eat, sme is lst in feces mst f the energy that they digest is used t keep them alive (cellular respiratin) the heat prduced by cellular respiratin is lst t the surrundings apprx. 10% f the primary cnsumers energy is used by the secndary cnsumer Decmpsers (Detritivres) the feces and dead remains f all animals and plants are used as energy by decmpsers decmpsers cnvert the remaining matter int heat and the raw material plants need t grw 1% and 10% Rules 4

5 Outcme 1 Cncept 2 Questin 1 Review Questins Read pages In yur wn wrds, explain what is meant by the term trphic level. 2. What type f fd wuld be cnsumed by a secndary cnsumer? Explain yur answer. 3. Distinguish between a fd chain and a fd web. Give examples f each. 4. In yur wn wrds, explain the first and secnd laws f thermdynamics. 5. Explain why nly abut 10 % f the energy available in a plant is transferred t the primary cnsumer. 6. What trpic level are yu in? D yu fit nly in ne trpic level? Explain 7. One slutin t feeding a rapidly grwing wrld ppulatin is t switch t a mre plant based diet. Using yur knwledge f trpic levels, the laws f thermdynamics and the 10% rule, explain why this slutin may help. 5