Wastewater Process Ephemeralization -

Transcription

1 Wastewater Process Ephemeralization - Global Challenges & Innovative Solutions for the 21st Century How to do more with less at Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plants Presented by: Beverley Stinson, Ph.D Global Wastewater Practice & Market Sector Leader, AECOM November, 13 th 2017

2 Ephemeralization A term coined by R. Buckminster Fuller, is the ability of technological advancement to do "more and more with less and less until eventually you can do everything with nothing," that is, an accelerating increase in the efficiency of achieving the same or more output (products, services, information, etc.) while requiring less input (effort, time, resources, etc.). [1] Fuller's vision was that ephemeralization will result in ever-increasing standards of living for an ever-growing population despite finite resources.

3 Overview 1. Global Trends Drivers 2. Technology Trends 3. Case Studies

4 Population Growth Driving the Water-Energy-Food Nexus 10 Source: US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2006 UN Global Forecast, Billion Population in Billions Global Population 70% Urban Urban Population 50% increase in population by Billion Water demand growing at twice the rate of population growth Year

5 URBANIZATION & INTENSIFICATION Supporting Mega City growth

6 WATER QUALITY PROTECTION NUTRIENT REMOVAL & RECOVERY Cleaner rivers, lakes, waterfronts and oceans

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8 Climate Change Rainfall patterns changing More variable & intense precipitation Reduced basin storage & river flow Warmer Temperatures Climate Change Impacts on Global Agriculture, Kiel Institute for World Economy, Calzadilla,A., et. al.

9 Summarize the number of extreme weather events we have observed this year

10 WATER REUSE, ADDRESSING WATER SCARCITY

11 Population Growth Driving the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Population in Billions Source: US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2006 UN Global Forecast, 2004 Global Population 9.45 Billion 70% Urban Urban Population > One Billion people lack access to clean drinking water, sufficient food and electricity By 2030, the 8 billion people living on earth will need 30% more water 40% more energy % more food Year

12 INTENSIFICATION RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE (Energy, Water, Nutrient, Metals, Bio-Plastics)

13 Intensification in Hong Kong Sha Tin Cavern Relocation Recover prime water front property for commercial use

14 Treatment Intensification in Hong Kong State of the art compact technologies Compatible with saline water Water Reuse

15 Singapore New Tuas DTSS 2 Stage 1 Feasibility Study

16 Intensification in Singapore Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Treatment NeWater Production Industrial Reuse Water Energy recovery from; Advanced digestion, Co-digestion Municipal Sludge Incineration Solid Waste Incineration

17 Lions Gate, Vancouver

18 Lions Gate, Vancouver

19 Compact, Efficient, State-of-the-Art Resource Recovery Facilities Washington DC $4B San Francisco SSIP $6.9B

20 Driving Next Generation Treatment Technologies

21 Nereda Technology RoyalHaskoningD HV, 21 all rights reserved

22 Suspended or Granular The Difference Activated sludge biomass Aerobic granular biomass Picture courtesy Delft University of Technology

23 Benefits of Aerobic Granular Sludge 75% less Space 40% less Energy

24 EPE STP - Netherlands

25 Garmerwolde, NL WWTP Nereda Footprint Advantage 75% Footprint Reduction

26 Garmerwolde, NL WWTP Nereda Energy Advantage 50% Energy Reduction

27 Gamerwolde STP expansion 50% reduction in energy & elimination of chemicals

28 > 30 Full Scale Nereda Facilities Worldwide Ringsend, Dublin Ireland, Expansion and Upgrade Average Flow (MGD) Flows Peak Flow (MGD) Retrofit SBR in stages High salinity TN reduction < 10 mg/l TP reduction No increase in tankage Increased MLSS to 8 g/l

29 Kunming WWTP, Soyen, Germany - BioCOS indense

30 BIOCOS indense indense retention of good settling sludge with dense BIO-P-biomass Activated Sludge Cyclone Underflow Cyclone Overflow

31 Settling Velocity Test 0 Min. 1 Min. 2 Min. 3 Min. 5 Min. 10 Min. 20 Min. 25 Min. 30 Min.

32 BIOCOS indense indense improved settling performance since cyclone start-up ISV MLSS 1. Jan. 5. Feb.11. Mrz.15. Apr.20. Mai.24. Jun. 29. Jul. 2. Sep. 7. Okt

33 The Road to Sustainable and Efficient Wastewater Management 1. A-Stage Maximize carbon capture 2. Biosolids Maximize energy recovery 3. B-Stage Minimize carbon & energy demand for N & P removal / recovery

34 Primary Filtration Definition Cloth Media Filter

35 CMF - Primary Filtration Elevated Tank Height Scum Baffle Added Influent Baffle Relocated Redesigned Solids Collection Manifold Redesigned Hopper Bottom Raised Centertube Pile Fibers Support Backing

36 Pilot Testing Rock River Water Reclamation District

37 Cloth Media Primary Filtration Oak Hill Results Total Suspended Solids, (mg/l) Total Suspended Solids Influent Effluent avg Effluent avg Influent 178 mg/l Influent TSS 32 mg/l Effluent TSS 81% removal Nov 4-Nov 2-Nov 30-Oct 28-Oct 25-Oct 23-Oct 20-Oct 18-Oct 15-Oct 13-Oct 10-Oct 8-Oct 5-Oct 3-Oct 30-Sep 28-Sep 25-Sep 23-Sep 20-Sep 18-Sep 15-Sep 13-Sep 10-Sep 8-Sep 5-Sep 3-Sep 31-Aug 29-Aug 26-Aug

38 Cloth Media Primary Filtration Oak Hill Results BOD Influent INF COD INF Avg BOD Effluent EFF COD EFF Avg BOD 246 mg/l Influent BOD mg/l Effluent BOD BOD (mg/l) % removal Aug 29-Aug 31-Aug 3-Sep 5-Sep 8-Sep 10-Sep 13-Sep 15-Sep 18-Sep 20-Sep 23-Sep 25-Sep 28-Sep 30-Sep Date 3-Oct 5-Oct 8-Oct 10-Oct 13-Oct 15-Oct 18-Oct 20-Oct 23-Oct 25-Oct 28-Oct 30-Oct 2-Nov 4-Nov 7-Nov

39 Captivator: Evoqua Carbon Diversion MORE Organics to Digestion and LESS to Aerobic Oxidation Influent Captivator Controls Activated Sludge Carbon Diversion BOD Harvester BOD Interceptor Final Clarifier Effluent Anaerobic Digester Biogas Biosolids Proven Technologies Innovative Configuration

40 Honouliuli WWTP 0.3MGD Demonstration Contact Tank Folded Flow DAF Captivator Controls

41 Honouliuli WWTP, Hawaii Demonstration - Preliminary Results Completed baseline test. WAS is blend of TF and Solids Contact Sludge TSS removal = 60-65% TCOD removal = 50-55% SCOD removal = 25-30% Floated solids chemicals = 4% w/o More tests with different HRT, SOR, WAS ratios, etc. Next Phase II. Develop A-stage with internal floated sludge recycle. Generate short SRT in Captivator.

42 AGUA NUEVA WRF (PIMA COUNTY, AZ) 32 MGD Award winning DBO commissioned in December Captivator System Evoqua integrated Captivator, clarifiers and disc filters. Captivator selected because of the benefits of reducing aeration volume (concrete). Disinfection Clarifiers Disc Filters Activated Sludge

43 Tunnel Dewatering Pump Station & High Rate Ballasted Flocculation Facility Filtrate Deammonifiction Facilities Headworks, Grit, Screenings & Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) Secondary High Rate Activated Sludge Enhanced Nutrient Removal Facilities Biosolids Management Tertiary Filtration & Disinfection

44 Blue Plains Thermal Hydrolysis - Cambi Courtesy DC Water

45 Blue Plains Thermal Hydrolysis - Cambi

46 Anaerobic Digesters Courtesy DC Water

47 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Turbine Building Blower Building Gas Conditioning Building Combined Heat and Power Facilities

48 Benefits of Advanced Biosolids Program > 50 percent reduction in product volume/trucking 13 MW renewable energy production from CHP Class A product with improved characteristics for maximum beneficial use Save > $20 million/year in O&M costs after new system is on-line. ~40 percent reduction in GHG emissions from Blue Plains AWTP

49 Co-Digestion Possible Next Step for Blue Plains Beware the type of waste stream Carbon Rich, Low Inert preferred Food wastes high in Inert material can become expensive, dewatering and ultimate disposal

50 Source Separated Organics (SSO) Increasing Pressure to eliminate food waste to landfills Massachusetts California Toronto Promoting Co-digestion at WWTPs with excess digester capacity while generating Tipping Fees & Green Energy Promoting Source Separated Organics receiving & management digestion facilities with CHP Toronto Disco Road SSO Facility

51 The Road to Sustainable and Efficient Wastewater Management 1. A-Stage Maximize carbon capture 2. Biosolids Maximize energy recovery 3. B-Stage Minimize carbon & energy demand for N & P removal / recovery

52 The Road to Sustainable and Efficient Wastewater Management 1. A-Stage Maximize carbon capture 2. Biosolids Maximize energy recovery 3. B-Stage Minimize carbon & energy demand for N & P removal & recovery

53 Breakdown of Electricity Consumption at Blue Plains 25 MW Energy demand in 2009 Secondary process 21% BNR process 27% Lime stabilization / Solids handling 14% Adding more Nitrification (TN<3, TP<0.1) Adding CAMBI MAD Digestion Adding filtrate recycle TN load Chlorination <1% Solids Handling 14% Misc 10% COF & CMF 5% Filtration 10% Filter Pumping 5% Nitrification Sedimentation + RAS 7% Pumping & Preliminary Treatment 4% Primary Treatment 4% Secondary Aeration 14% Secondary Sedimentation & RAS 7% Nitrification Aeration 20%

54 MABR Energy Efficient Aeration Technology Simple - membranes are installed directly into existing bioreactor tanks, minimizing the impact on plant hydraulics and operations Low Energy 4X more efficient than fine bubble aeration - significant energy savings Nutrient Removal Increasing biomass inventory with attached growth Small Footprint Nutrient removal and capacity expansion in existing bioreactor volumes, avoiding the need to construct new bioreactor tanks

55 Fundamentals of Nitrification - Denitrification Autotrophic Nitrification Aerobic Environment 1 mol Nitrate (NO 3- ) Heterotrophic Denitrification Anoxic Environment 40% Carbon 25% O 2 1 mol Nitrite (NO 2- ) 1 mol Nitrite (NO 2- ) 60% Carbon 75% O 2 100% Alkalinity 1 mol Ammonia ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (NH 3 / NH + 4 ) Oxygen demand 4.57 g / g NH + 4-N oxidized Carbon demand 4.77 g COD / g NO - 3-N reduced (N 2 )

56 Fundamentals of Nitritation - Denitritation Autotrophic Nitritation Aerobic Environment 25% O 2 1 mol Nitrate (NO 3- ) 25% reduction in Oxygen 40 % reduction in Carbon demand 40% reduction in Biomass production Heterotrophic Denitrification 40% Carbon Anoxic Environment 1 mol Nitrite (NO 2- ) 1 mol Nitrite (NO 2- ) 60% Carbon 75% O 2 100% Alkalinity 1 mol Ammonia ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (NH 3 / NH + 4 ) Oxygen demand 3.42 g / g NH + 4-N oxidized (N 2 ) Carbon demand 2.86 g COD / g NO - 3-N reduced

57 Fundamentals of Deammonification Partial Nitritation Aerobic Environment 1 mol Nitrate (NO 3- ) ANAMMOX Deammonification Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Autotrophic Nitrite Reduction (New Planctomycete, 40% Carbon Strous et. al. 1999) > 60% reduction in Oxygen NH NO HCO H + Eliminate demand for supplemental carbon 25% O NO N CH 2 O 0.5 N H 2 O 50% of the alkalinity demand 0.57 mol NO 2 - Partial Nitritation 40% O 2 50% Alkalinity 1 mol Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4 + ) 0.44 mol N NO 3 - Oxygen demand 1.9 g / g NH + 4-N oxidized

58 Operational Experience DEMON Suspended Growth SBR 15 Operational /11 in Construction York River, VA, Alexandria, VA, Blue Plains, DC Cleargreen Suspended Growth SBR 3 Pilots / 3 WWTPs in Design Terra-N Hybrid Suspended and Attached 4 Operational Facilities (Germany) Anita MOXAttached Growth MBBR 4 Operational / 2 Start-up James River, VA & South Durham, NC DEMON, Cleargreen, Terra-N ANAMMOX Upflow Granular 11 Operational facilities (4 WWTPs / 7 industrial) 9 in Design / Construction (2 WWTPs / 7 Industrial) ANITA TM MOx MBBR ANAMMOX Upflow Granular Process

59 Overall Benefit of Deammonification Processes Eliminates need for carbon - Available for energy recovery Significant reduction in energy demand possible Reduction in alkalinity demand 7 Typical Energy Demand Ranges 6 kw-hr / kg N removed Nitrification / Denitrification Nitritation / Denitritation Deammonification (a.k.a. ANAMMOX)

60 Mainstream Deammonification Carbon Redirection & Energy Neutrality Small Flocculant &Suspended Growth Anammox Granules e.g. Activated Sludge Systems Hybrid Suspended & Attached Growth e.g. IFAS Attached Growth Biofilm e.g. RBC, MBBR, Biofilter Increasing diffusivity or mass transfer resistance Large Anammox Granules e.g. granular sludge systems DC Water, USA Veolia Water, France HRSD, USA AIZ Strass/ARA Consult, Austria Glarnarland/Cyklar-Stulz, Austria Changi WRP, Singapore PUB Bejing Technical University, China Beijing Drainage Group, China Harbin IT, China Ghent University RBC Veolia Water, France Delft Technical University / Paques / WSHD Dokhaven, Netherlands

61 Recipe for Mainstream Deammonification 1. AOB & Anammox Bioaugmentation from sidestream 2. Anammox Retention in Mainstream 3. Intermittent high DO transient anoxia 4. Maintain residual ammonia > 2 mg/l 5. Rapid transition to anoxia 6. Aggressive SRT Control

62 Changi Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) Warm Climate Full Scale Mainstream Deammonification Demonstration Full scale demonstration was based upon successful strategies proven at pilot scale Changi - largest WRP in Singapore: m 3 /day. Tropical climate: sewage temperature between C Five basins with cyclical anoxic/ aerobic zones. Feeding: 20% of primary effluent to each anoxic zone Total SRT: 5 days with 2.5 day SRT for aerobic and anoxic HRT: 5.7 hours

63 Changi s Positive Performance Provided Proof of Concept 144 m Basin 6 (Off line) Basin 1 Basin 2 Basin 3 Basin 4 Basin 5 Observe significant portion of the ammonia converted to nitrite as opposed to nitrate indicating robust NOB suppression 50 m Zone 4 Anoxic Zone 3 Anoxic Zone 2 Anoxic Zone 1 Anoxic Aerobic Zone Zone 4 Anoxic Zone 3 Anoxic Zone 2 Anoxic Zone 1 Anoxic Aerobic Zone Zone 4 Anoxic Zone 3 Anoxic Zone 2 Anoxic Zone 1 Anoxic Aerobic Zone Zone 4 Anoxic Zone 3 Anoxic Zone 2 Anoxic Zone 1 Anoxic Aerobic Zone Zone 4 Anoxic Zone 3 Anoxic Zone 2 Anoxic Zone 1 Anoxic Aerobic Zone Zone 4 Anoxic Zone 3 Anoxic Zone 2 Anoxic Zone 1 Anoxic Aerobic Zone Observe concomitant reduction in ammonia & nitrite in anoxic zones indicating reliable anammox activity RAS PE Basin 6 under maintenance Inlet of anoxic zone Sampling Point Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate To SST Full scale demonstration of mainstream deammonification

64 Strass WWTP, Austria- Cold Climate Full Scale Mainstream Deammonification Demonstration First Cold climate Demonstration A-B type plant Temp C range A-Stage - ½ day SRT High Rate Activated Sludge with 65% carbon capture for energy recovery B-Stage - Carousel type aeration tank providing high DO transient anoxia (DO mg/l). Sidestream DEMON for AOB & Anammox Bio-Augmentation Cyclones for mainstream anammox retention

65 Full Scale Cold Climate Success - Strass WWTP, Austria - Deammonificationperformance was better & more reliable than the conventional BNR process resulting in less nitrogen to the river nitrogen concentration (mg N/L) /2011 NO3-N NO3-N effluent 2010/2011 NO2-N effluent 2011/2012 NO3-N effluent 2011/2012 NO2-N effluent Conventional BNR Effluent Nitrogen 2010 Mainstream Deammonification Effluent Nitrogen Dec 11-Dec 31-Dec 21-Dec 30-Jan 31-Dec 29-Feb 10-Jan 30-Mar 20-Jan 29-Apr 30-Jan 29-May

66 Energy Positive Plants feasible with a combination of Sidestream and Mainstream Deammonification Coupled with Efficient Carbon Capture & Energy Recovery 129% energy positive Courtesy WERF / B&V / AECOM Roadmaps to Energy Neutrality

67 Ostara & AirPrex Controlled Struvite Precipitation Recovers P & N Mg 2+ + NH PO 3-4 MgNH 4 PO 4.6H 2 O slow release fertilizer Typical performance; 90% P recovery & 20% N recovery Reduced VFA demand in Bio-P plants Reduced aeration & alkalinity for NH 4 -N removal Improves Sludge dewaterability Page

68 Final Thoughts Global Resource Challenges are only just beginning Smarter Wastewater Management & Resource Recovery has a huge role to play in a sustainable and stable future in the Water-Energy- Food Nexus Already experiencing the need for Intensification in Wastewater Treatment do more with less Driving Innovation- Technology and Business Models New Paradigm Emerging need to embrace this opportunity for a better future

69 Bev Stinson