APES Semester 1 Review

Transcription

1 APES Semester 1 Review

2 Positive and Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Often a BAD thing Something causes the mechanism to accelerate in one direction Ex: Climate Change; Childbirth Negative Feedback Often a GOOD thing Something causes the mechanism to slow down and return to original condition (keeps it at equilibrium) Ex: Body temperature regulation; Predator/Prey relationships 2

3 Chemistry Basics Atoms basic units of matter Atoms can gain and lose electrons (-) ions Gains electons negative ion Loses electrons positive ion Atoms can gain and lose neutrons isotopes Changes overall mass of atom 3

4 Water Chemistry Water is unique among most chemicals Covalent molecule (shared electrons) with one Oxygen and two hydrogens Water molecules can bond to OTHER water molecules via Hydrogen bonds Oxygen is more electronegative so electrons trend to Oxygen and away from Hydrogens Creates positive (H) and negative (O) ends of molecule These charges can create bonds (Hydrogen Bonds) These attractive forces between water molecules leads to its properties (surface tension, cohesion, adhesion, etc.) 4

5 Primary vs. Secondary Succession During succession organisms modify their surroundings which in turn creates suitable conditions for succeeding organisms

6 Primary vs. Secondary Succession (cont.) Secondary succession begins on the soil where there was living organisms previously, but have vanished due to natural or anthropogenic causes

7 Soil Horizons O Horizon = Partly decayed organic material A Horizon = Mineral matter with some humus E Horizon = Zone of leaching B Horizon = Zone of accumulation (Nutrient/H 2 O) C Horizon = Partially altered parent material

8 Productivity in Ecosystems Plants obtain sunlight and convert it into usable, chemical energy This is Primary Production Gross Primary Production is ALL the chemical energy produced Net Primary Production is the energy NOT used by the plant after it uses what it needs for basic processes (growth, reproduction, etc.) To determine the difference, take GPP and subtract Energy Used by Plants to see how much energy is theoretically available to any consumer (the NPP) Animals and other organisms can CONSUME plants, taking in that usable chemical energy They then use these nutrients to grow, reproduce, and create new biomass This is known as Secondary Production

9 Ecological Niche An organism s role in their environment and the resources they exploit Fundamental Niche overall niche an organism can live in Realized Niche the actual part of the niche an organism occupies due to competition

10 Competition Intra-specific competition is competition between members of the same species for resources. Inter-specific competition is when two different species compete for the same resources. Competitive exclusion principle states that the niches of organisms can only overlap for a very brief time.

11 Phase Shift Change in dominant species in an ecosystem Common example: Coral vs Algae (such as in Kaneohe Bay) Nutrients go up and make the ecosystem more suitable for algae They bloom and cover the coral As either nutrient content or light availability go down, algae die off and substrate is available again for coral recruitment; the coral animal flourishes

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16 Thermal Stratification of Lakes 1. Epilimnion 2. Thermocline 3. Hypolimnion

17 Biomes Both abiotic and biotic factors characterize large terrestrial regions of the biosphere. These are classified as biomes. Each one is characterized by distinct climate and specific lifeforms. climate long term patterns of weather

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19 Edge Effect or Ecotone Land zone Transition zone Aquatic zone Number of species Species in land zone Species in aquatic zone Species in transition zone only

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27 Hunter-gatherers survived collecting wild plants and hunting native animals. Generally nomadic. High infant mortality rate short life span (30-40 years). Advanced groups used more advanced tools, converted forests to grasslands, and contributed to the extinction of some large animals. Migration Limited technology Small population Small ecological footprint

28 Agricultural Revolution Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to a settled community. Farmers provided more food than needed by their own family Towns and villages formed (Urbanization) Increased life span Habitat destruction/sla sh-and-burn Soil erosion and overgrazing Pollution

29 Centralized factories to massproduce goods Improved agricultural technology led to increase in urban population Industrial Revolution Began in England and spread to the United States in the early 1800 s. Shift from renewable resources such as wood and water to nonrenewable fossil fuels. Air pollution Dangerous work conditions

30 Green Revolution ( ) Increased yields per unit of area of cropland Involved three steps: developing and planting monocultures of key crops lavishing fertilizer, pesticides and water on crops to produce high yields increasing the intensity and frequency of cropping