CLASS 8 (SCIENCE)-EM

Transcription

1 1 CLASS 8 (SCIENCE)-EM UNIT-1 CHAPTER: 1 - CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Agricultural Practices: Preparation of soil Agricultural Implements Sowing Adding manure and fertilisers Irrigation Protecting from seeds Harvesting Storage CHAPTER: 2 - MICROORGANISM: FRIEND AND FOE Microorganism: Bacteria Fungai Protozoa Algae Microbes: Viruses Antibiotics Antibodies Carrier Communicable diseases Fermentation Lactobacillus Nitrogen circle Nitrogen fixation Pasteurization Preservation

2 2 Rhizobium UNIT-2 CHAPTER: 3 - SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS Synthetic Fibre: Introduce Types of synthetic fibres Polymer Polyester Polythene Plastic: Thermoplastic Thermosetting plastic CHAPTER: 4 - METALS AND NON-METALS Physical properties of metal and non-metal Chemical properties of metal and non-metal Uses of metal and non-metal CHAPTER: 5 - COAL AND PETROLEUM Natural resources: Inexhaustible Exhaustible: Coal Coke Coal tar Coal gas Petroleum Natural Gases

3 3 CHAPTER: 6 - COMBUSTION AND FLAME Combustion Ignition temperature Inflammable substances Types of combustion Flame and it`s structure Fuel, types and Fuel efficiency Global warming Acid rain UNIT-3 CHAPTER: 7 - CONSERVATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS What is Deforestation and causes? Conservation of forest and wildlife Biosphere Reserve Flora and fauna Endemic Species Wildlife Sanctuary National park Red data book Migration Recycling of paper Reforestation UNIT-4 CHAPTER: 8 - CELL-STRUCTURE AND FUNTIONS Cell Shape of cell Cell structure Cell membrane

4 4 Cell wall Cytoplasm Nucleus- prokaryotic cell, prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells, eukaryotes Genes Plastid Chloroplast Chromosome Comparison between the plants and animals CHAPTER: 9 - REPRODUTION IN ANIMALS Modes of reproduction Sexual reproduction: Male reproductive organs Female reproductive organs Fertilization: Internal and external fertilization Development of embryo Viviparous and Oviparous Metamorphosis Asexual reproduction: Budding Binary fission Special: Dolly/clone CHAPTER: 10 - REACHING THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE Adolescence and Puberty Changes at puberty Secondary sexual characters Role of hormones Reproductive phase of life in humans How is sex of baby determined? Reproductive health Target site

5 5 UNIT-5 CHAPTER: 11 - FORCE AND PRESSURE Introduction Types of forces Exploring Contact Non-contact Friction Pressure Pressure exerted by liquid and gases Atmospheric pressure CHAPTER: 12 - FRICTION Forces of friction Factors affecting frictions Friction: A necessary evils Increasing and reducing friction Wheels reduce friction Fluid friction CHAPTER: 13 SOUND Vibration Voice box Loudness Eardrum Audible Shrillness Oscillation Time period Amplitude Pitch

6 6 Larynx Noise pollution UNIT-6 CHAPTER: 14 - CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Electrode Electroplating Good conductor Poor conductor Led UNIT-7 CHAPTER: 15 - SOME NATURAL PHENOMENA Lightnings Charging by rubbing Types of charge and their interaction Transfer of charges: electroscope Lightning safety Lightning conductor Earthquakes: Richter scale, Seismograph Special: Tsunami, Tremor, Thunder, Thunderstorm CHAPTER: 16 - LIGHT Introduction Laws of reflection Lateral inversion

7 7 Regular and diffused reflection Multiple images Dispersion Kaleidoscope Sunlight Human eye: blind spot, Braille CHAPTER: 17 - STARS AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM Celestial Objects The Moon Phases of The Moon The Moon s surface The stars Light Year Pole Stars Constellations The Solar System The Sun The Planets Orbit Mercury Venus The Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune Asteroids Comets Meteors Meteorites Artificial Satellite

8 8 UNIT-8 CHAPTER: 18 - POLLUTION OF AIR AND WATER Air pollution: How does air get polluted? Case study: The Taj Mahal Greenhouse effect Global warming Chemical contamination Water pollution: How does water get polluted? Potable water and how it is purified?