Graphic Viewing on FR Technology

Transcription

1 Technical Document Graphic Viewing on FR Technology made by the data of IAEA FAST REACTOR DATABESE Update April, International Atomic Energy Agency FBR Senior Research Laboratory, Japan Representative Tadao TAKAHASHI The University of Tokyo, Japan Professor Naoto KASAHARA

2 Preface The graphs in this document are made by the data of IAEA FAST REACTOR DATABESE Update. From this reason, All the data from the IAEA data book are treated having same technical worth. Total number of plants adopted in the IAEA data book are not so many and also many data are lacked, because the development of FR is now in progress. But, thermal power are written for the data of all plants, so, many graphs are made using thermal power. These graphs show the effect of power size of plants, and also all data can be shown certainly. Some graphs are made using specifications calculated from application of some basic physical equations. The name of technical specifications written in this document are used those of IAEA FAST REACTOR DATABESE Update and no modification are made. Almost of graphs are made by using colored marks. In these graphs, circular blue symbols show the data of experimental reactors, cubic red symbols show demonstration or prototype reactors and triangle green symbols commercial sized reactors. Sizes of graphs, with combination of graph title, names of x-axis and y-axis, are decided under consideration of the case of referring the graphs as state as themselves. This Document was originally made for educational purpose on FR plant system design in the University of Tokyo, Japan.

3 Table of contents FR plant (adopted in this document). FR plants. Nominal full power of FR plants General information of FR plants 7. Classification of Plants 7. Kind of fuel and coolant 7. Kinds of reactor(primary circuit configuration). Development of plants 9. Development state in each nation or organization Formation of reactor. Fuel element. Fuel subassembly 7. Reactor 9 Formation of cooling system 7. Cooling system 7. Component of cooling system (. Circulation pump). Component of cooling system (.Intermediate heat exchanger). Component of cooling system (.steam generator). Steam turbine generator 7 Form of other system and equipment 9. Refueling system etc. 9. Secondary Containment. Coolant purification system Nuclear characteristics. Volume ratio in the core. Neutron flux. Linear power. Power density. Enrichment of Plutonium. Total breeding gain.7 Fuel burn up. Reactivity and Doppler coefficient Cooling characteristics in the core. Hydrodynamics of coolant in the core. Maximum coolant temperature 9. Maximum surface temperature of fuel cladding 9 7 Plant cooling characteristics 7. Temperature of cooling system 7. Temperature of intermediate heat exchanger 7. Temperature of steam generator 7. Plant thermal efficiency Structural integrity(including material properties) 7. Fuel cladding tube 7. Fuel element spacer, cladding of blanket, wrapper tube 9. Neutron absorber 9

4 . Reactor vessel. Primary piping. Primary main pump.7 Intermediate heat exchanger. Steam generator.9 Secondary containment building 9 Safety 9. Plant shutdown 9. Reactor scrum 7 9. Decay heat removal 9. Detection of fuel failure and location of failed fuel 7 9. Detection of coolant leakage 7 9. Water leakage in steam generator 7 Management of operation 7. Operation method 7. Mean length of reactor run(operation period) 7. Exchange of fuel and others 7. Preheating 7. Purity of coolant 77. In-service inspection 7 Literature Index

5 FR plant (adopted in this document). FR plant.. Classification of FR plants FR plants adopted in IAEA FAST REACTOR DATABESE Update are shown in the following table, and they are classified Experimental Reactors, Demonstration or Prototype Reactors, and Commercial sized Reactors as follows. Plant Rapsodie KNK-Ⅱ FBTR PEC JOYO DFR BOR- EBR-Ⅱ Fermi FFTF BR- CEFR Experimental Reactors Reactor Rapsodie Kompakte Natriumgekuhlte kernreaktoranlage Fast Breeder Test Reactor Prova Elementi di Combustibile JOYO Dournteay Fast Reactor Bystrij Opytnyj Reactor(Fast Experimental Reactor) Experimental Breeder Reactor Ⅱ Fermi Fast Flux Test Facility Bystrij Reactor(Fast Reactor) China Experimental Fast Reactor Demonstration or Prototype Fast Reactors Plant Reactor Phenix Phenix SNR- Schneller Natriumge kuhlte Reacor PBFR Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor MONJU MONJU PFR Prototype Fast Reactor CRBRP Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant BN- Bystrie Neytrony(Fast Reactor) BN- Bystrie Neytrony(Fast Reactor) ALMR(Prism) Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor KALIMER- Korean Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor SVBR-7/ Svinete-Vismus Bystrij Reactor(Lead-Bismuth Fast Reactor) BREST-OD- Bystrie Reactor Esteestvennoy Bezopasnosti (Fast Reactor Natural Safety) Commercial Size Reactors Plant Reactor SPX- Super PheniX- SPX- Super PheniX- SNR Schneller Natriumge kuhlte Reactor DFBR Demonstration Fast Breeder Reactor CDFR Commercial Demonstration Fast Reactor BN- Bystrie Neuyrony(Fast Reactor ) BN- Bystrie Neuyrony(Fast Reactor ) EFR Europian Fast Reactor ALMR Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor SVBR-7/ Svinetc-vismuth Bvstiri Reactor(Lead-Bismuth Fast Reactor) BN- Bystriij Neytrony(Fast Reactor ) Brest- Bystrii Reacto Estesvennoy Bezopasnosti (Fast Reactor Natural Safety) JSFR- JNC Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor

6 Electric Power MWe th. Nominal full power of FR plants.. Power size of plants Thermal power and electric power of each plant are shown in the following tables and graphs. Experimental FR Demonstration or Prototype FR Commercial Size FR Plant Country etc. Electric MWe Thermal MWt Plant Country etc. Electric MWe Thermal MWt Plant Country etc. Electric MWe Thermal MWt Rapsodie France Phenix France SPX- France 99 KNK-Ⅱ Germany SNR- Germany 7 7 SPX- France FBTR India PBFR India SNR Germany 97 PEC Italy MONJU Japan 7 DFBR Japan JOYO Japan PFR UK 7 CDFR UK DFR UK CRBRP USA 97 BN- USSR BOR- USSR BN- USSR 7 BN- USSR 7 EBR-Ⅱ USA. BN- USSR 7 EFR Euro Fermi USA ALMR(Prism) USA ALMR USA FFTF USA KALIMER- BR- USSR SVBR- 7/ CEFR China. BREST-OD- Korea 9 SVBR- Russia. 7/ Russia BN- Russia Russia 7 Brest- Russi JSFR- Japan.. Thermal power Graph.. Thermal Nominal Full Power.. Electric power Graph.. Electric Nominal Full Power

7 Plant Classification Plant Classification General information of FR plants. Classification of plants.. Size and classification of plants Plant size of each plant is shown by using the value of thermal power or electric power. In this document, value of thermal power or electric powers is used for indicating actual size of plant in case by case... Thermal power and plant classification Graph.. shows the relation between thermal power and plant classification. In the graph, number of plant classification indicates as follows. Commercial Sized FR Demonstration or Prototype FR Experimental FR The plant classifications (Experimental, Demonstration or Prototype, and Commercial sized FR) seem to depend on the value of thermal power in general. Graph.. Plant Classification for Electric Power This means the step of development are made consequently power upgrading of plants... Electric power and plant classification Graph.. shows the relation between electric power and plant classification. Number of plant classification used in graph is same as in the previous graph. This graph is similar to previous graph. In these graphs, target powers of commercialized plants are assumed to be ~MW electric, and power of demonstration or prototype and experimental plant were decided from these target power. This relation can be confirmed later from Electric Power MW graphs shown the development step by Graph.. Plant Classification for Thermal Power nations.. Kinds of fuel and coolant Kind of fuel and coolant of FR have been investigated for many candidate materials and decided respectively for each plant... Kinds of fuel Relation between starting time of plant construction and kind of fuels are shown in graph... Kinds of fuel for thermal power are shown in Graph... Numbers of kind of fuel are as follows. In some smaller plants earlier constructed, uranium is used naturally for fuel. But in the afterword stage, plutonium-uranium mixed oxide fuels are mainly adopted. In one plant, plutonium carbide fuel is used and this selection 7 PuC-UC U-Mo, UN, UO, U-Pu-Zr, PuN-UN PuO-UO

8 ry Coolant ry Coolant Kind of Fuel Kind of Fuel has been evaluated as an attractive trial Start of Construction CY Graph... Drive Fuel charge on Start of Construction Graph... Drive Fuel Charge.. Kinds of coolant The relation between starting times of plant construction and kinds of coolant in graph..., and relation between thermal power and kinds of primary coolant are sown in Start of Construction CY Graph... ry Coolant on Start of Construction Graph... ry Coolant graph... Kinds of coolant for primary and secondary are same in all reactors. Numbers of kind of coolant are as follows. Liquid metal sodium is used mainly as coolant of FR plant. Lead-Bismuth Sodium-Potassium Sodium Sodium has good properties from the view point of nuclear and heat transfer characteristics, but has inferior properties on strong chemical reaction against water, and so, preventing method for chemical accident has been progressing. Lead Bismuth alloy is one of back up candidate materials, but no plant has been constructed yet.. Kind of reactor (Primary circuit configurations).. Size and type of reactor Relations between type of reactor and thermal power are shown in graph..., electric power in graph... Numbers of type of reactor are as follows. As conclusions, reactor type of small reactors are loop type, but on the other hand, large reactors, except one reactor, are pool type because of expecting core compactness. Reactors type of plants having construction experience, are shown in graph... In early stage of development, many reactors were loop type, but after year pool type are mainly adopted.

9 Plant Classification ry Circuit Configuration ry Cirsuit Configuration ry Circuit Configuration This tendency may prove the development of FBR makes progress on possibility to design the compact plant. Graph... ry Circuit Configuration Electric Power MW Graph... ry Circuit Configuration Start of Construction CY Graph... ry Circuit Configuration. Development of plants.. Classification of plant and its development The relations between classification of plant and time of its first criticality are shown in graph... Classification of plant is shown as follows First Criticality CY Graph.. First Criticality depend on Plant Classification Commercial Sized FR Demonstration or Prototype FR Experimental FR At the end of 9 s experimental reactors reached their criticality, and at early 97 s demonstration or prototype reactors gained their criticality. And at the middle of 9 s a commercial sized reactors reached their criticality. Their intervals are about years and this shows favorable progress of development of FR plants. But from the middle of 99 s FR development was seemed to be standing. This tendency can be seen from other graphs... First criticality The relations between the time of first criticality and thermal power of plants are shown in graph... In this graph.., development of FR had been slowing down after 9, like as shown in graph... But after years, it seems to return to revival stage again. 9

10 Major Events Electric Power MW Electric Power MW First Criticality CY Graph.. First Criticality.. First electric power generation and first full power operation Relations between electric power and first electric power generation are shown in graph..., and first full power operation in graph First Electricity Generation CY Graph... First Electricity Genaration First Full Power Generation CY Graph... First Full Powe Generation As shown in graph..., the development had been made progress till 99 year, like shown in graph... But after that, progress of development has been slowed down and stayed. This phenomenon is clear especially for full power operation in graph... From these information there is no plant reached the state of full power operation except some experimental reactors after Time of major plant events (start of construction, first criticality, first electricity generation, first full power operation and final shutdown of plant) Time of major plant events are shown in graph... Number of major events is shown as follows. From middle of 9 s to 99 years, major plant events, namely construction, criticality, electric power generation and full power operation, had been made progress satisfactory. But after that, some plant had stopped their operation and abolished after short terms On the other hand, after year, some Dates of Major Events CY commercial sized reactors started their Graph.. Major Events operation, but start of real restoration has not been yet... Accumulated development terms of each plant Graph.. shows the operational history of each plant. Blue part marks operation term from first criticality to shut down or in operation in. So, the reactors shown

11 Plant years Term years by black bar are in operation in. Value of reactor-years is the product of number of plant multiplied by its operation years from first criticality. Value indicated by blue area shows total reactor years till whether in operation or not, so this value shows the actual operational result of each plant. But black bar shows that the plant is in operation in, and its value of reactor years will be increasing by its operation. Experimental reactors have suitable reactor years, but demonstration or prototype reactors have not enough reactor years. Commercial sized reactors have very small reactor years today. Graph.. Plant Operation Term.. Accumulated reactor years of FR Values of accumulated reactor years of FRs are shown in graph... X axis of graph is classified by plant operation history as follows. First Criticality~Final Shutdown In Operation First Criticality~ In Operation First Electricity Generation~Final Shutdown First Criticality ~Final Shutdown Start of Construction~Final Shutdown Value of reactor years is used for evaluating the development state or operation experience. By this definition FR has about reactor Clasification of Plant Operation Terms years. Graph.. Accumelated Reactor Years But this estimation of FR reactor years were calculated by using IAEA data till, and the calculated values are not accurate because IAEA data are shown only the unit of calendar year for all events.. Development state in each nation or organization Histories of FR Development are different for each nation or organization, because their state of technical ability, economical capability and political state are different. But in this document all data are treated without these considerations... Development in each nation Scales of plants, classified by nations or organization, are shown in graph... for thermal power, in graph... for electric power. Numbers of classification are shown as follows. But designs by France, Germany and England are succeeded by design by Euro.

12 Ratio of Power Electric Power MW Nation Nation 9 7 Graph... Plant by Nation 9 7 Electric Power MW Graph... Plant by Nation In general, each nation has its special development step from experimental reactors to demonstration or prototype reactors, and also commercial sized reactors. But some nations have several designs for commercial sized reactors under considerations of technical competition or process for commercialization. These graphs show 7Russian Federation, Euro and Japan as advanced nations for FR development... Development step in each nation Republic of Korea Euro 9 China USA 7 Russian Federation, Kazakhstan UK Japan India Italy Germany France Relations between plant scale and development step of each nation are shown in graph... for first criticality and in graph... for first power generation. France UK Germany Japan India Russia USA France UK Germany Japan India Russia USA First Criticality CY Graph... Step for Development of Plant Developments from first criticality to first power generation were in favorable progress until 9 s, but slowed down after that... Development step of each nation Ratios of demonstration or prototype reactor Demonstration or Prototype /Experimental Commercial Size/Demonstration or Prototype plant scale to experimental reactor, and that of commercial sized reactor to demonstration or prototype reactor plant scale are shown in graph... The ratios of demonstration or prototype reactor plant scale to experimental reactor are in the range of ~, and those of commercial France Germany Japan UK Russia USA sized reactor to demonstration or prototype Nation reactor plant scale are ~. Graph.. Ratio of Plant Development First Electlicity Generation CY Graph... Step for Development of Plant

13 For development of FR commercialization, scale up factor of plant power is about. This technical view for scale up factor is common in almost all nations.

14 Cladding Thickness mm Cladding Thickness mm Cladding Diameter mm Cladding Diameter mm Formation of reactor. Fuel element.. Foam of fuel pellet There is no description about foam of fuel pellet in IAEA data book, but the diameters of fuel cladding tubes are descripted for fuel specification, so foam of fuel can be supposed as round bar. But this specification is specified only for cladding tube not for fuel itself. Because the size of fuel pellet diameter or gap between pellets and claddings are changed depending on their temperature or state of fuel burning, the diameters of fuel pellets are not published. But using cladding diameter is convenience for predicting fuel geometry... Geometry of cladding tube Diameters of fuel cladding tubes are shown in graph... for thermal power and in graph... for electric power. Diameter of cladding seems to have a little relation to. Graph... Outer Diameter of Fuel Cladding Electric Power MW Graph... Outer Diameter of Fuel Cladding plant scale. Thicknesses of cladding tubes are shown in graph... for thermal power and in Graph... Thickness of Fuel Cladding Electric Power MW Graph... Thickness of Fuel Cladding graph... for electric power. Thickness of cladding seems to have a little relation to plant scale. The relation between diameter and thickness of cladding is shown in graph..., Moreover, ratios of thickness and diameter of cladding are shown in graph..., them the ratios are almost constant value. These relations are described in the chapter of structural integrity of fuel cladding.

15 Density of Fuel %TD Smeared Density of Fuel %TD Cladding Thickness mm Ratio of Thickness/Diameter Cladding Diameter mm Graph... Thickness of Fuel Cladding. 7 9 Cladding Diameter mm Graph... Ratio of Cladding Thickness/Diameter.. Density of fuel Intrinsic density of fuel pellets are shown in graph..., and smeared density in graph... The definition of smeared density is the density of fuel with fuel assumed Graph... Intrinsic Density of Pellet Graph... Smeared Density of Fuel to occupy whole space inside the cladding tube... Foam of fuel pellet It is well known that there are two types of foam of fuel, namely solid and hollowed, but no description in IAEA data book. Only some published documents describe classifications about these foams. For this reason, no classification is given whether solid or hollowed in this document. The smeared density is used for calculating of physical properties in reactor physics. But for calculating of heat generation and conductivity in fuel, using smeared density makes error and calculation heat conductivity from fuel to coolant is impossible. In this document, the smeared density is used for assuming diameter of pellet and for understanding on physical and thermal properties of fuel... Geometry of fuel pellet Calculated diameters of fuel pellet are shown in graph..., and the result diameters of pellet are about to mm. Ratios of diameter of pellet and inner diameter of cladding tubes are shown in graph... In this graph the ratio is higher value over., but data scatter in wide range. Values of difference between. and this ratio relate to gap geometries for solid fuel, and both gap and diameter of center hole for hollowed fuel, but it is impossible to distinguish the foam of fuel from the value of this difference.

16 Lengtu mm Element Length/Core Height Length of Fuel Element mm Fuel Element Length mm Diameter of Pellet mm Pellet/Cladding Inner Diameter Graph... Diameter of Pellet (calculated using smeared density). Graph... Ratio of Pellet/Cladding Inner Diameter.. Length of fuel element Lengths of fuel element are shown in graph... For large scale plant the lengths are about. to. m. Graph... Length of Fuel Element Core Height mm Graph... Core Height--Fuel Element Length The relation between height of fuel element and these of core are shown in graph..., and the ratios of them in graph... Lengths of fuel element reach about to times of height of core. Graph... Ratio of Fuel Element Length/Core Height..7 Fuel and blanket in fuel element Lengths of fuel, upper and lower blanket in fuel element are shown in graph..7. The Upper Blanket Length Core Length Lower Blanket Height Graph..7 Fuel/Blanket Length in Element data without blanket length in the graph means no prediction for blanket in IAEA data

17 Ratio of Length FP Gas Volume cm Gas Plenum Length mm book or having no blanket... Gas plenum Relations between maximum fuel burn up and volume of gas plenum in fuel element are shown in graph..., and the relations between calculated length of gas plenum,,,,,,,, Maximum Fuel Buenup MWd/t Graph... Fission Product Gas Volume per Pin,,,,,,, Fuel Element Length mm Graph... Length of FP Gas Plenum and length of fuel element in graph... Gas plenum occupies enough long length in fuel element, and their ratios attain about /...9 Length of fuel, blanket and gas plenum in fuel element Average Fuel Burnup MWd/t Graph..9 fuel /Blanket /Gas Plenum Ratios of length of fuel, blanket and gas plenum in fuel elements are shown in graph..9. But no blanket and/or gas plenum in the graph means no prediction in IAEA data book or no blanket and/or gas plenum.. Fuel subassembly.. Structure of fuel subassembly Fuel subassembly is foamed by hexagonal tube called wrapper tube, and contain bundled fuel elements in it. Fuel elements are arranged in the foam of triangle structure for high heat generation, so, the fuel subassembly is composed in the foam of hexagonal shape. This hexagonal shape is profitable for arrangements in the core and insert/pullout of fuel subassemblies in/from the core... Type of spacer among fuel elements For preventing direct contact among heated fuel elements, wire wrapped spacer method or grid plate method is used. The former is effective for coolant flow dynamics and the later for fabrication, assembling of fuel elements bundle. Types of spacer used in plants are shown in graph... Classifications of type of spacer are shown as follows. Grid spacers are used in small reactors or a parts of large plants, but wire wrapped spacers are used in many plants as typical spacer type for FR. 7 Gas Plenum Blanket Fuel

18 Ratio of Lengh or Height Length of Subassembly mm Subassembly/Fuel Element Length Type of Pin Separation Graph.. Type of Mechanical Separation of Pins.. Length of fuel subassembly and fuel element, height of core Lengths of fuel subassembly are shown in graph... It shows the length of fuel Graph... Length of Subassembly Height of Core mm graph... Ratio of Length, Height Fuel Element/ Core Subassembly/ Core subassembly are almost ~ m. So, the ratios between length of fuel subassembly and fuel element are shown in graph... The ratio is.~. times. This is because the fuel subassembly has coolant entrance nozzle on down part and handling head on upper part. The ratios between the length of fuel subassembly, fuel element and height of the core are shown in graph... Lengths of fuel element are ~ times longer than height of core, and lengths of subassembly more than times. These ratios make affects for heightening coolant level in the core and longing height of reactor vessel... Number of fuel elements per subassembly Number of fuel elements in a subassembly is decided by heat generation adapting plant scale. Numbers of fuel elements are shown in graph... Their number increases for scaling up of plant power, this means size of subassembly increases according to plant power. Because of triangle arrangement of fuel elements in hexagonal wrapper tube, number of fuel element in subassembly are selected one of number series, 7, 9, 7,, 9, 7, 9, 7, 7,, 97, 9, 7,, 7, 7, 99, 7,.. Graph... Ratio of Length Subassembly/Fuel Element

19 Width across Flat mm Width across Flat mm Number of Fuel Element.. Wrapper tube of fuel subassembly Relations between thermal power and width across flat of subassembly are shown in graph..., and widths across subassembly are mostly smaller than mm. Graph.. Number of Fuel Element per Subassembly Graph... Width across Subassembly Flat This may be considered that width of subassembly is equal or smaller than neutron mean free path. The relations between number of fuel elements and width across subassembly are shown in graph... This shows width across subassembly is proportional to number of fuel elements in a subassembly and its diameter.. Reactor Number of Fuel Elements Graph... Width across Subassembly Flat In IAEA data book, the area containing only fuel subassemblies is called core. On the other hand, the definition of reactor seems to be plant itself or plant name, but it is not so clear. In this document, the definition of reactor is the area including fuel, control and blanket subassemblies, and moreover reflector etc.... Composition of reactor Following the definition described above, reactor contains fuel, control, blanket and reflector subassemblies, and also coolant and cover gas. Reactor vessel is the structure mainly containing reactor... Clearance between subassemblies The relations between clearance and width across subassembly are shown in graph..., and the ratios of them in graph... The value of the ratio are around., so, the clearance is about mm for width across subassembly mm, about mm for mm. 9

20 Height/Diameter Core Volume m Diameter of Core mm Height of Core mm Number of Zones Clearance between Subassemblies mm Clearance/Width Width across Subassembly mm Graph... Clearance between Subassemblies.. Number of core zone For flatting neutron flux distribution, core is divided a few zone containing fuels of different Plutonium enrichments. Numbers of core zone are shown in graph.., and these numbers are, or in general. For large power plant, core is divided mainly in two zones.. Width across Subassembly mm Graph... Clearance/Width across Subassembly Graph.. Number of Fuel Enrichment Zones.. Size of core Graph... Equivalent Diameter of Core Graph... Height of Core Graph... Height/Diameter of Core Graph... Volume of Core

21 Number of Subassembies Ratio Inner/Outer Diameter of Inner Core mm Inner/Outer Core Diameter Size of core, for example, the diameters of the core are shown in graph..., the heights of fissile zone in graph..., the ratios of them in graph..., and the volumes in graph... The diameters are proportional to the plant power, but the heights reach the limit. m. For large power plants, the ratios of height and diameter reach about., this shows shape of core are flat circular cylindrical. From this reason the values of volume show scattered values of diameter... Region of inner and outer core zone Many plants have the core of zones, so, following investigations are focused in inner and outer core region. The diameters of inner core zone are shown in graph..., and they show the inner Graph... Diameter of Inner Core diameters are proportional to the power, like outer diameters shown in graph... The ratio of inner and outer diameter are shown in graph... These ratios are the value of around.7~. for large reactors, and so, cross sectional area of inner and outer core zones are almost equal... Number of fuel subassemblies The numbers of fuel subassemblies in each zone are shown in graph... 7 Inner Outer Garph... Number of Subassemblies For easy understanding, the ratios of them are shown in graph... Except special plants, the numbers of fuel subassemblies in both zones are almost equal. But for large plants, the ratios are larger than., this means that the numbers of inner zone, having lower plutonium enrichment, are larger than those of outer zone...7 Geometry of blanket The outer diameters of blanket pins are shown in graph..7. Except special case, the outer diameters of blanket pins seem to have a little correlation with plant power like the diameter of fuel cladding tube Graph... Ratio of Inner/Outer Core Diameter Graph... Ratio of Number of Subassemblies Inner/Outer

22 Blanket Pins Number Ratio ofuel/blanket Number Diameter of Blanket mm Blanket/Fuel Diameter Blanket Diameter mm Graph..7 Outer Diameter of Blanket Pin.. Fuel and blanket The relations between diameter of fuel and blanket are shown in graph..., and the Diameter of Fuel mm Graph... Diameter of Fuel and Blanket Graph... Ratio of Blanket/Fuel Diameter ratios of them in graph... The ratios seems to be around.. Relations between number of fuel and blanket in graph... Both has mutual.9 Fuel Pins Number Graph... Number of Pins of Fuel and Blanket Graph... Ratio of Fuel/Blanket Pins Number proportional correlation, so the ratios of them are shown in graph... and they are about.~....9 Subassemblies in core Number of fuel, blanket and reflector subassemblies are shown in graph..9.. This graph is complex, so the vertical axis is enlarged in graph..9.. It seems that order of values of number are as follows, reflector>fuel>blanket. If numbers of subassemblies are expressed by the numbers of layer, these relation seems to be easy to understand.

23 Diameter of Coarse Rods mm Diameter of Fine Rods mm Total Pu Weight kg U Weight kg Number of subassemblies Number of Subassemblies 7 Fuel Blanket Reflector Fuel Blanket Reflector Graph..9. Number of Fuel Blanket Reflector Graph..9. a part of Graph Weight of plutonium and uranium in the core Total weights of plutonium in the core are shown in graph... Their weights are,,,,,,, Graph... Total Pu Weight in Reactor 7 Pu9 Weight kg Grap... Weight of Pu9-U in Reactor very large for large plants. Weights of plutonium-9 and uranium- are shown in graph... As the result, the ratios of their weights are nearly equal to the ratios of their enrichment, namely./.=/7... The ratio of number of absorber element and diameter of element in control rod subassembly. Control rod subassemblies are divided in three types, coarse rod regulates rough reactivity caused by fuel burn up, fine rod controls detailed reactor power level, and safety rod actives rapid insertion in an emergency. Each reactor has various compositions of them. Diameter and numbers of elements in coarse, fine and safety rod subassembly are shown in graph...,... and... respectively. 7 9 Number of Coarse Rods Elements Graph... Number of Coarse Rods Elements/Diameter 7 Number of Fine Rods Elements Graph... Number of Fine Rods Elements-Diameter

24 Number of Rods Fuel/Control Number Number of Control rods Diameter of Safety Rods mm In general, rod elements of coarse and fine are used same size but safety has much fatter elements. Number of Safety Rods Elements Graph... Number of Safety Rods Element- Diameter.. Number of control rod assemblies From the view point of its effectiveness for neutron absorption, control rod assemblies are located in the area of inner or inner/outer zone of the core. But there are no data for their location, so total numbers of them are shown in graph... 7 Graph... Number of Control Rods Subassemblies Numbers of coarse, fine and safety rod subassemblies are shown in graph... respectively. Their total numbers increase according to the thermal power, but scatter in wide range. And the ratios of number of fuel and control rod subassemblies are shown in graph... This graph shows one control rod subassembly seems to shear control ability of about ten fuel subassemblies. These 7 Safety Rods Fine Rods Coarse Rods Graph... Number of Control Rods Grsph... Ratio of Fuel/Control Subassembies phenomena are enough supposed from the geometry and arrangement of fuel subassemblies and length of mean neutron free path... Composition of control rod subassemblies Kinds and numbers of control rod subassemblies in each plant are shown on graph... It seems that some large plants have only safety control rod subassemblies, but no more detail data is predicted in the IAEA data book.

25 ry Cover Gas ry Cover Gas Thickness of Reactor Vessel mm Inner Diameter of Reactor Vessel mm Height of Reactor Vessel mm 7, ,7 9 7,99,,,,,,,,,, Number Control Rods 7 Coarse Rods Fine Rods Safety Rods.. Reactor vessel (Primary vessel) Size of reactor vessel, especially its diameter, is depends on the type of reactor. Inner diameters of reactor vessel are shown in graph... with the type of reactor.,,,,,,, 7,,,, Inner Diameter (Loop) Inner Diameter (Pool) Graph... Inner Diameter of Reactor Vessel Thickness(Loop) Thickness(Pool),,,,,,,,,,, Inner Diameter of Reactor Vessel mm Graph... Thickness of Reactor Vessel Graph.. Kind and Number of Control Rods Naturally diameters of reactor vessel of pool type are considerably larger than those of loop type. The relations between diameter and height of reactor vessel are shown in graph... The heights are expected to be nearly constant for large reactor vessel, so shapes of reactor vessel of loop type are extremely flat. Thicknesses of reactor vessels are shown in graph... Thicknesses of reactor vessels increase with increasing the diameter for loop type, but thicknesses are nearly constant for pool type... Kind of cover gas Kinds of cover gas of primary cooling system are shown in graph..., and,,,,,,,,,,, Diameter=Height Height (Loop) Height (Pool),,,,,,,,,,, Inner Diameter Of Reactor Vessel mm Graph... Diameter and Height of Reactor Vessel Graph... ry Cover Gas Graph... ry Cover Gas

26 ry Cover Gas Pressure MPa ry Cover Gas Pressure MPa secondary in graph... Kinds of cover gas are helium argon. For primary, some plant use hellium, but all of others use argon gas. Argon gases are used for secondary in all plants... Pressure of cover gas Pressures of cover gas in reactor vessel are shown in graph... The pressures spread from slightly above atoms (shown pressure= in graph) to. MPa. And pressures of primary and secondary cover gas are shown in graph... Naturally gas pressures of secondary are about. times higher than these of primary Graph... ry Cover Gas Pressure slightly above atoms= ry-=. ry ry=ry ry Cover Gas Pressure MPa Graph... ry-ry Cover Gas Pressure

27 Flow Rate of ry Coolant kg/s Flow Rate of ry Coolant kg/s ry Coolant Loops Number ry Coolant Loops Number ry Coolant Loops Number Formation of cooling system. Cooling system.. Number of cooling system Numbers of primary cooling system are shown in graph..., and secondary in 7 7 Graph... Number of ry Coolant Loops ry=ry Graph... Number of ry Coolant Loops graph... The relations of number of primary and secondary cooling system are shown in graph... Many plants have same number of both cooling system. 7.. Flow rate of coolant Flow rates of primary coolant are shown in graph..., secondary in graph... The ratios of them are shown in graph... The ratios are about.~., this indicates the flow rates of secondary are smaller than these of primary. These relations are introduced from the ratios of primary and secondary hot/cold leg temperature differences.,, ry Coolant Loops Number Graph... Ratio of ry/ry Coolant Loops Number, 7,,,,,,,,,,, Graph... Flow Rate of ry Cooloant Graph... Flow Rate of ry Coolant 7

28 rd Piping Diameter mm Diameter of Piping mm ry Piping Diameter mm ry Piping Diameter mm ry/ry Coolant Flow Rate Graph... Ratio of ry/ry Coolant Flow Rate.. Diameter of coolant piping Diameters of piping of primary cooling system are shown in graph..., secondary in 9 7 Graph... ry Hot Leg Coolant Piping Diameter Graph... ry Hot Leg Coolant Piping Diameter ry Hot Leg Cookant Piping Diameter ry Hot Leg Cookant Piping Diameter rd Hot Leg Cookant Piping Diameter mm Graph... rd Hot Leg Coolant Piping Diameter Graph... Diameter of Coolant Piping graph... and third (steam/water system) in graph... And all of these data are shown together in graph... In general, diameters of primary piping are larger than these of secondary piping, and secondary are larger than those of third cooling system. The diameters of primary piping are about mm, secondary about mm and third about mm. These diameter sizes are related to each flow rate respectively... Thickness of cooling piping The diameter and thickness of primary hot leg cooling piping are shown in graph..., secondary in graph... and third in graph... Then, the ratios of thickness and diameter of hot leg cooling piping are shown in graph... for primary, graph... for secondary and graph... for third cooling system. For primary and secondary, the ratios are approaching to a constant value for large plants, but for third, these ratios are scattered in wide range.

29 ry Piping Structure Thickness/Diameter Thickness/Diameter Thickneaa mm Thickness/Diameter Thickness mm Thickness mm ry Piping Diameter mm Graph... ry Hot Leg Piping Thickness- Diameter ry Piping Diameter mm. Graph... ry Hot Leg Piping Thickness- Diameter rd Piping Diameter mm Graph... rd Hot Leg Piping Thickness- Diameter. Graph... ry Piping Thickness/Diameter Graph... ry Piping Thickness/Diameter. Graph... rd Piping Thickness/Diameter.. Structure of piping For structure of primary piping, double wall tube or single wall tube accompanied with guard vessel are adopted. The former is effective for receiving leaked coolant, the latter is effective for keeping coolant level in the case of coolant leakage accident. The piping structures related to its piping diameter are shown in graph... Single wall tubes are used for large tube diameter. 7 9 ry Piping Diameter mm Single Double Graph... ry Piping Structure 9

30 Coolant Inventry ton ry Coolant Inventry ton Valves ry Piping Sodium Leak Protection ry Piping Sodium Leak Protection ry Piping Diameter mm ry Piping Diameter mm Graph... ry Piping Sodium Leak Protection Graph... ry Piping Sodium Leak Protection The structures against coolant leakage for primary cooling system are shown graph... and for secondary in graph... Leak jacket structures are used for primary of many plants but none for secondary of a lot of plants... Valves in the cooling system Some kinds of valves are installed in cooling system for corresponding to their effect for coolant flow characteristics. Kinds of valves are shown in graph.., but hollow type maker shows no valve for them. For large plant, stop valves are hardly installed in cold leg but installed in hot leg of some plants. Check valves are little installed for large plants. Steam generator isolation Graph.. Valving valves are installed in almost all plants. These decisions for installing valve are selected from the view point of reactor type and safety...7 Inventory of coolant Coolant inventories contained in primary and secondary cooling system are shown in graph..7., and the relation between primary and secondary in graph..7.. For large plant, coolant inventories reach amount of several thousand tons. Inventories of primary system are larger than those of secondary in general., ry Cold Leg Stop Valve ry Hot Leg Stop Valve!ry Check Valve SG Isolation Guard Vessel Leak Jacket none,, ry Inventry ry Inventry ry=ry, ry= ry Graph..7. Coolant Inventry ry Coolant Inventry ton Graph..7. ry-ry Coolant Inventry

31 Pump Maximum Speed rev/min Principle of Speed Control Type of Pump Pump Head MPa Location of Pump. Component of cooling system (. Circulation pump).. Installed location of primary coolant circulation pump Installed locations of primary coolant circulation pumps are shown in graph... Hot leg Cold leg Graph.. Location of ry Pump (blue Loop, red Pool) Merit and demerit of installed location of pumps are considered especially for each plant, but many plants have so-called cold leg pump... Characteristics of primary circulation pump Enforced power types of primary circulation pumps are shown in graph..., and symbols of type are as follows. Mchanical pumps are mainly used ry Pump Capacity m/min Graph... Type of ry Pump ry Pump Capacity m/min Graph... ry Pump Maximum Speed Electrical Mechanical 9 7. ry Pump Capacity m/min Graph... ry Pump Head ry Pump Capacity m/min Graph... Principle of ry Pump Speed Control two fixed speed constant speed variable speed alternator 9 fluid coupling fluid MG coupling 7 revolution regulator variable speed alternator variable frequency Variable voltage voltage control static scherbius ward leonard

32 ry Pump Head MPa Electric Power Input kw Ratio of Pump Electric Power Input The relations of the flow rate and pump head are shown in graph... Maximum rotating speeds of pumps are shown in graph..., and methods of pump speed control are shown in graph... Many kind of methods are considered but the variable frequency methods are used in many pumps... Electrical driving power of primary circulation pump Powers of primary circulation pump are shown in graph... The powers are naturally proportional to flow rates. Ratios of power for decay heat removal and for full power operation are shown in graph... This graph shows the necessary power ratio for decay heat removal is about % of that for full power operation. 7.. Secondary circulation pump Pump heads of secondary circulation pumps are shown in graph.... For large coolant flow rate plants, pressures of primary coolant at pump outlet are about. MPa but secondary a little bit smaller.. MPa.. ry Pump Capacity m/min Graph... ry Pump Electrical Power Input Graph... ry Ratio of Decay Heat/Nominal Pump Electric Power Input.. ry Pump Capacity m/min Graph.. ry Pump Head. Component of cooling system (. Intermediate Heat Exchanger).. Structure and number of intermediate heat exchanger There are two ways for radioactive primary coolant flowing on the shell side or in the heat transfer tubes of intermediate heat exchanger. The kinds of these ways are shown in graph... As the result, the ways of flowing on the shell side are adopted in almost all plants. The reason why these ways are adopted depend mainly on the possibility of perfect drain of radioactive primary coolant. Numbers of intermediate heat exchangers per each cooling loop are shown in graph... For small power plant, one intermediate heat exchanger is installed, but many large plants have two intermediate heat exchangers.

33 Diameter mm Thickness mm Thickness/Diameter IHX Heat Transfer Capacity/unit MW IHX Heat Transfer Area m IHX ry Flowing Side Number of IHX Graph... ry Coolant Flowing Side of Intermediate Heat Exchanger In Tubes on Shell side Graph... Number of IHX Units per Loop.. Heat transfer capacity of intermediate heat exchanger Heat transfer capacities of one intermediate heat exchanger are shown in graph... and heat transfer area in graph... The capacity reaches the ceiling level Rgaph... Heat Transfer Capacity of IHX per Unit IHX Heat Transfer Capacity MW Graph... Heat Transfer Area of IHX per Unit about MW except one plant, this means the intention of preventing scale up of capacity of component... Heat transfer tube of intermediate heat exchanger Diameter and thickness of heat transfer tubes are shown in graph... The ratios of thickness and diameter are shown in graph..., then the ratios are in the range of about. ~.. Tube Diameter mm Tube Thickness mm Graph... IHX Heat Transfer Tube Diameter, Thickness. IHX Heat Transfer Capacity per Unit MW IGraph... HX Heat Tube Thickness/Diameter

34 Configuration of SG IHX Shell Diameter mm IHX Shell Thickness mm IHX Shell Thickness mm IHX Tube Length mm IHX Heat Transfer Tube per Unit,, Moreover the lengths of heat transfer tubes are shown in graph..., the lengths are ~ m.,,,, IHX Heat Transfer Capacity per Unit MW IGraph... Length of HX Heat Transfer Tube And numbers of heat transfer tubes are shown in graph..., the maximum number is about except one special case... Shell of intermediate heat exchanger Diameter and thickness of shell are shown in graph... Then the relations of them are shown in graph... The ratios are about / except large plants. IHX Shell Diameter mm IHX Shell Thickness mm IHX Heat Transfer Capacity per Unit MW Graph... IHX Shell Diameter-Thickness, 9,, 7,,,,,,, IHX Heat Transfer Area per Unit MW Graph... Number of Heat Transfer Tubes f IHX IHX Shell Diameter mm Graph... IHX Shell Diameter-Thickness. Component of cooling system (. Steam Generator).. Configuration of steam generator system Configurations of steam generator systems are shown in graph... For some small plants their system include re-heater, but for large plants their system are composed by evaporator + super-heater, or steam generator, that is one shell with evaporator and super heater. SG EV+SH EV+SH+RH Graph.. Configuration of SG System

35 EV Tube Diameter mm EV Tube Thickness mm SH Tube Diameter mm SH Tube Thicknes mm Type of SG Tubes Number per Loop Number per Loop.. Number of steam generator system per cooling loop Numbers of steam generator system are shown in graph... for only steam Graph... Number of SG per loop(sg) generator system, graph... for evaporator + super-heater system. Number of steam generator system has only one for steam generator, and one or two for evaporator + super-heater in many plants... Type of heat transfer tubes Types of heat transfer tubes are shown in graph... Helical coiled or straight tube is adopted in many plants. 9 7 Graph... Number of EV per Loop(EV+SH) Helical Coiled Straight Tubes J U or S Shaped Tubes Graph.. Type of SG Tubes.. Geometrical size of heat transfer tube Diameters and thickness of heat transfer tubes of evaporator are shown in graph..., super-heater in graph... and re-heater in graph... Diameters of heat transfer tubes are ~ mm but scattered in wide range. The ratio of thickness and diameter of evaporator is shown in graph..., super-heater in graph... and re-heater in graph... EV Tube Diameter mm EV Tube Thickness mm Graph... Diameter and Thickness of EV Heat Transfer tube 7 SH Tube Diameter mm SH Tube Thickness mm Graph... Diameter and Thickness of SH Heat Transfer Tube 7 These ratio spread over the range of.~. for evaporator and super-heater, but the ratio of re-heater is small according to lower pressure in tube.

36 SH/EV Tube Diameter RH/EV Tube Diameter SH Tube Thickness/Diameter RH Tube Thickness/Diameter RH Tube Diameter mm RH Tubre Diameter mm EV Tube Thickness/Diameter. RH Tube Diameter mm RH Tube Thickness mm. Graph... Diameter and Thickness of RH Heat Transfer Tube EV Tube Diameter mm Graph... EV Tube Thickness /Diameter SH Tube Diameter mm Graph... SH Tube Thickness/Diameter. RH Tube Diameter mm Graph... RH Tube Thickness/Diameter Ratios of diameter of heat transfer tubes between mutual components are as follows. For diameter, the ratio of super-heater and evaporator is shown in graph...7 and re-heater and evaporator in... Diameter and thickness of evaporator and super-heater are almost equal, but diametr of re-heater ia a little larger and thiskness is a little thinner than evaporator EV Tube Diameter mm Grsph...7 SH/EV Tube Diameter. EV Tube Diameter mm Graph... RH/EV Tube Diameter.. Number of heat transfer tubes and heat transfer areas Number of heat transfer tubes are shown in graph.., but their maximum numbers are about tubes except one special case.

37 Number of Turbine SH RH Heat Capacity MW/Unit EV Heat Capacity MW/Unit Number of Tubes 7.. Heat transfer capacity of steam generator Heat transfer capacity is shown in graph... For large plant, heat transfer area can be assumed from the data of number of loops, configuration of system and number of units. SG Heat Capacity MW Graph.. SG Heat Capacity-Number of EV Tubes SH Heat Capacity RH Heat Capacity EV Heat Capacity SG Heat Capacity /Loop MW Graph.. SG Heat Capacity. Steam turbine generator.. Number of steam turbine generator Number of steam turbine generators are shown in graph... Usually number of steam turbine generator is one, but for large plant it seems two steam turbine generators are installed. Electric Power MW Graph.. Number of Turbine Generator.. Speed of steam turbine generator Rotating speed of turbine generator is shown in graph... For relating to commercialized electric cycle in each nation, speed of generator is - or - r.p.m., but many has r.p.m., cycles per second is overwhelmingly used. 7

38 Minimum Pressure MPa Steam Pressure MPa Speed of Turbine rev/min Electric Power MW Grsph.. Speed of Turbine Generator.. Steam condition at turbine inlet Steam condition at the inlet of steam turbine are shown in graph... The conditions approach for pressure up to MPa and for temperature up to. For reference, critical state of water is pressure.mpa and temperature 7.. Steam Temperature Graph.. Steam Condition at Turbine Inlet under Full Power.. Minimum pressure in steam condenser Minimum pressure in condenser are shown in graph Electric Power MW Graph.. Minimum Condenser Pressure

39 Fuel Transfer Method Spent Fuel Storing Methods Methods Formation of other systems and components. Refueling system etc... Method of refueling Many kinds of in-core refueling system are examined, so these method are shown in graph... Triple rotating plugs + Vertical mechanism and double rotating plugs + Vertical mechanism are adopted in many plants. 9 7 Electric Power MW Graph.. Refueling Methods.. Method for storing and cooling of spent fuel Storage places for spent fuel are shown in graph... RP PM VM FM 9 7 RP PM VM FM rotating plug pantograph mechanism vertical mechanism fixed-arm mechanism RP+PM 9 RP+VM RP+VM 7 RP+PM RP+FM RP+VM RP+VM RP+PM RP+FM OSC storage outside secondary containment OPV storage outside primary vessel but inside secondary containment ORB storage in diagrid positions outside radial blanket Graph.. Methods used to store Spent Fuel For large plant, method of storage outside primary vessel but inside secondary containment or method of storage outside secondary containment seems to be adopted... Path for transport of fuel Method for transport of spent fuel are shown in graph... CC cask car TA transfer within an A-frame MF mobile transfer flask TM transfer mechanism MC mobile cask plants. Graph.. Method used to handle Fuel outside Primary Vessel So called transfer mechanism are used in many plants, also A-flame system in some 9