CHAPTER 1 WIND ENERGY SCENARIO

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1 CHAPTER 1 WIND ENERGY SCENARIO 1.1 Introduction Power extracted from wind power contributes a significant proportion of consumer s electrical power demands. The wind is the safest and most abundant renewable source of energy in nature. Now the wind energy is converted into electrical energy using several techniques. The conventional sources like thermal power plants are facing acute shortage of fuel whereas the nuclear power stations are threatened by natural hazards globally. The international agency identifies renewable resources like wind energy. The key element for reducing fossils fuels dependency and helpful tool for combat global warming Sing Madhu and Singh Payal (2014). Under these circumstances, the WECS can be the main source of power not only to a country like India but also worldwide. 1.2 Wind Energy Scenario in Global The average increase of installed capacity is almost 30 percentages in the year 2016.Worldwide investment for a new installation is more than $67 billion in Total electricity generation from wind power is projected to reach 4.5% across worldwide in the year Electrical power from wind energy is projected soon to become important source after hydro and biomass. Globally measured data of wind power can be able to supply to the whole world to met electrical demand. Table 1.1 shows the total global installed capacity. In India during by the end of the 6th five-yearly plans, the wind energy program was started, and the requirement has increased considerably in the last few years. The main purpose of the program was making a profit of wind energy production, support research activities and development to provide assistance for wind projects to make people realizing its importance. 1

2 Table 1.1 Total Global Installed Capacity S.No Country Installed capacity (MW) 1. China USA Germany Spain India UK Italy France Canada Australia Japan Denmark Portugal Sweden Brazil 8715 Rest of the World Total In this program, Ministry of Non-Renewable Energy (MNRE) has done various modification regarding incentives, schemes, and policies for wind energy. India is relatively new to the wind energy sector as compared to Denmark or USA. However, Indian policy support for wind energy has led India, and it ranked fifth with largest installed wind power capacity on June 30, 2013, total installed power capacity was 19, 565 MW and now in India, we were just behind USA, China, Spain, and Germany. Global installed wind power capacity shows India s better performance on wind energy sector as given in Table 1.1. The top five countries generating wind power are 2

3 China, USA, Germany, Spain, and India, and they altogether represent a total share of 73 percent of the global wind capacity. 1.3 Wind Energy Scenario in India At present, India has given much priority to renewable energy sources for generation of electrical power. Renewable energy by India s would make sure in sustainable development, and the energy security has begun in early 70 s of the last century. Therefore, utilization of energy and various renewable energy resources are two drive areas of the sustainable development. Wind energy is one of the most environment-friendly, secure, and clean resources. The ten machines near Okha in the state of Gujarat is one among the first wind turbines installed in India. Across the world, India ranks fifth largest wind power installed capacity of MW. In India, the estimated potential of wind energy is about MW. The rated power of modern utility- scale wind turbines uses airflows to run wind turbines range from 600 kw to 5 MW. The most commercial turbine has a rated output of 1.5 to 3 MW; the available wind power is a cubic function of the wind speed, as wind speed volume increases, power output increases up to the peak output for the selected turbine. Sites, such as offshore and high altitude are preferred where winds are stronger and more constant. In favorable sites, the capacity factor is 20% to 40 % with values at the upper end of the range. Worldwide, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is assumed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times present electricity demand, believing all practical barriers needed were overcome. The wind turbines to be installed over large areas, mainly in the areas of higher wind resources, such as offshore. As offshore wind speeds, average ~90% is greater than the land so that offshore resources contribute substantially more energy than land stationed turbines. Table 1.2 shows the installed capacity of all the states in India. 3

4 Table 1.2 Installed Capacity per state (MW) State March March March March March March , , Karnataka , , Maharashtra , , Rajasthan , , Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Kerala Gujarat Telangana Others Total , , , Wind and Solar Power Smoothing Smoothing the output from variable wind and solar plants energy storage approach is obtained. Stabilization and buffering capacity diminishing the variation of renewable generation and the operational challenges ma y cause. Some studies have reported about the evaluating the integration levels of the wind and solar power is more than the excess of 30% annual energy penetration. These studies have fulfilled that the problems connected with the variability and uncertainty of wind energy are tackled through conventional approaches and that energy storage is not essential to achieve high levels of the wind and solar power penetration. In general, large interconnected systems are planned to handle load variability and can handle the additional variability (usually measured in seconds) commenced by the levels of the wind and solar power are expected to be brought online in the United States under existing Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) scenarios. 4

5 The rise in electric energy costs is connected with fossil and nuclear fuels, and to improve public awareness of potential environmental effects of conventional energy systems has developed an increased interest in the development and consumption of alternate sources. The consumption of the wind and solar energy sources are progressively promoted by governmental policies to provide financial support in different ways, and exhibiting fine for emitting greenhouse gasses from conventional energy source generation. It is significant to assess the actual settlement of utilizing Photovoltaic (PV), and wind power is the key variables affects the economics. A realistic costing of the monetary settlement connected with these energy sources also requires an evaluation of the level of system reliabilitythat can be obtained when using PV and wind power sources. It is relatively obvious that limitations in the energy obtainable from renewable energy sources and their irregular behavior corrupt the system reliability. Cost analysis connected of the of PV and wind power is incomplete without a corresponding reliability assessment. The reliability feature of utilizing renewable energy sources have ignored largely in the past years due to the comparatively insignificant contribution of these sources in major power systems, and consequently due to the lack of proper methods. A relatively elevated penetration of these energy sources in Small Isolated Power Systems (SIPS) can create considerable effects on cost and reliability. Recently, the change of the distributed energy sources like wind power, fuel cell, and PV s into the valuable energy such as AC or DC power supply increasing day by day to meet out the global energy requirement Rajes.K, and Roy.B, (2001). In a power system having high renewable power access, uncertain and irregular type of renewable energy resources makes major concerns of system planning and operation. In such a contro l system, common thermal or hydro units have to be dispatched, shut down or started up more often to incorporate load, renewable resource variation and system failures. Slow rise or fall of common units may cause energy shortage (or surplus) in power systems having high wind power penetration or remote microgrids having partial dispatch capacity. Calculate operational reliability and energy utilization efficiency of power systems having high wind power 5

6 penetration Peng wang (2012). The effect of slow rise or fall of wind speed on system reliability is measured by the expected energy which cannot supply. The new index selected as the predictable energy not used as proposed and formulated to address energy access due to fastraise of wind speed and slow fall of conventional units. These techniques are used to evaluate the reliability of operation and efficiency of energy utilization of power systems with high wind power penetration. The Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) address the system reliability. The Expected Energy Not Utilized (EENU) is used to represent system energy surplus and utilization efficiency. The EENS and EENU having ramp rates of the collective generations under different resources, load conditions and contingencies are formulated. The factors which affect EENS and EENU are explored using the proposed technique Miteshkumar.P (2012). Offshore wind farms with cascaded PWM Current Source Converters (CSCs) at both and grid-side can eliminate the need for bulky central offshore converter proposed, which is usually used in a Voltage-Source Converter (VSC) based counterpart. This new system structure can make simpler the system pattern and operation. However, the wind speed variation at each turbine causes different DC-link current requirements for each CSC causes a considerable challenge for a system in which each CSC shares equal DC link current. To defeat the problem, a coordinated control scheme for the DC link regulation, which reflects on wind speed variations of each turbine, is proposed. This control scheme enables the system to operate at minimum DC link current, contributing to minimum operation losses. Also, the independent controlling capability of each generator is guaranteed Roberto Cárdenas (2013). Vienna rectifier as a generator-side converter of WECS using A PMSG has several rewards compared to conventional back-to-back inverter improves total harmonic distortion and efficiency. Also, hand, Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the generator in WECS is of interest, particularly for low-power applications due to numerous advantages, including the fast torque response, insensitivity to PMSG model and connected parameters, removal of rotor position sensor, and reduced computations. 6

7 Voltage vectors of Vienna rectifiers on instantaneous PMSG torque and stator flux are derived to obtain effects and proposed DTC based PMSG using Vienna rectifier, considering the constraints imposed by the Vienna rectifier. Amirhossein Rajaei (2013). Wind energy is becoming more significant sustainable resource due to exhaust of carbon dioxide emission. For the above reasons, many countries have set goals to include a significant share of the wind and solar power into their energy scenario. However, wind power is not stable because of its irregular and fluctuating characteristics Hagkwen Kim, (2013). So a detailed analysis of reliability and estimation of wind power impact in the system is critical for increasing penetration of such resources. Because of energy conservation principle, energy from the wind speed entering a turbine is higher than that leaving it, since turbines generate electricity from the entering wind. Henry Louie, (2012). A dynamic modeling and operation strategy of a wind/solar hybrid power system with a DC-DC converter in which changes in wind energy, AC wind generator, and a difference dispatch power to the distribution grid and the local AC load power are considered. Direct-driven PMSG has drawn attention for the residential-scale power level due to PMSG gearless system. In addition to the wind energy variations, and rapid changing of solar irradiance happen during the day and influences generated power from PV modules in the power system proposed. Moreover, proposed microgrid does not entail any fuel for the local sources because it is equipped with inherently self -sustainable energy sources. The local energy storage does not rely on lifelines roads or pipes for fuel or natural gas for operation, which makes it a truly self- sustainable power system perfect to provide power not only in regular conditions but also during extreme occurrence when lifeline operation is poor or unexpected. Furthermore, the proposed power system not only produce electricity from the renewable energy sources but also introduce surplus power to the utility grid in normal operation Sungwoo.B, (2012). 7

8 The alternative to spilling the wind to supply frequency response capability: using wind farm level energy storage. The vanadium redox flow battery is able for providing this and other benefits to the wind farm. The work further reveals that flow batteries could often be included with reactive power compensation devices of wind farm level IGBT SVC. The Vanadium redox flow battery to improve power and energy applications is discovered by considering coupled control of wind farm to energy time shift and provides frequency response. A new controller is introduced, which handles the state of charge of the flow battery in provides some output smoothing to the wind farm and a change in the level of reserve for the power system. The simulations of this controller also describe the energy store to time-shift of selected wind farm's energy to times of higher prices Banham-Hall.D.D (2012). For average and low-power wind power sites a parametric optimization of a flux-switching electrical machine modified for an application with a typical operating range of wind turbine. Statistics of wind resources obtained for consideration of machine design for the definition of the turbine power envelope. Both copper and iron losses for three various machine designs are examined. The main consideration obtained in this design is the removal of gearbox requirements for coupling to the turbine. Though the developed approach makes the machine somewhat voluminous, the overall performance is extremely improved because a direct-drive flux-switching electrical generator becomes very competitive for small-scale wind turbines Javier.O, (2012). Today the world depends on fossil fuels to meet energy demands. However, much expectation of the technical community, the world s fossil fuel stock is almost getting depleted due to over usage Singh.B and Kasal.G.K, (2008). Moreover, the fossil fuels also direct the environmental degradation leading to climate changes and thus affecting ecological balance. The nuclear disasters in Japan and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico have made the world look for alternate sources of energy especially the wind power, on the other hand, is an abundant source of energy which is available free and environmentally friendly. 8

9 Table 1.3 India's largest wind power production facilities Power Plant Producer Total Capacity (MW) Location State Tuppadahalli Energy India Private Limited Aban Loyd Chiles Cape Comorin Offshore Ltd. Mohan Breweries & Chennai Mohan Distilleries Ltd. Dangiri Wind Farm Oil India Ltd. Gudimangalam Wind Gudimangalam Farm Andhra Pradesh State Hyderabad Road Transport APSRTC Corporation. Chitradurga District Karnataka Kanyakumari 33 Chennai 15 Jaisalmer Rajasthan 54 Gudimangalam 21 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 10 Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas Madhya Pradesh 14 Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd. Karnataka 14 Kayathar Subhash Kethanur Wind Farm Lamda Danida Muppandal Madras Muppandal Wind Subhash Ltd. Chitradurga District Kayathar 30 Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur 11 Lamba Muppandal Muppandal Gujarat Perungudi 12 Poolavadi Chettinad Danida India Ltd. Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Wind Farm Newam Power Company Ltd. Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Poolavadi 10 Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur Ramakkalmedu Shah Gajendragarh Shah Gajendragarh Subhash Ltd. MMTCL Sanjay D. Ghodawat Shalivahana Green Tirupur Energy. Ltd. Acciona Tuppadahalli Perungudi Newam Shalivahana Wind Vankusawade Wind Park Suzlon Energy Ltd. Andhra Pradesh Ramakkalmedu Kerala Gadag Karnataka Gadag Karnataka Satara District Maharashtra 259 Once the wind turbine generator is installed, the running cost comes down and hence it has drawn more attention worldwide. Table 1.3 shows that India's largest 9

10 wind power production facilities, in which Vankusawade Wind Park gives maximum power production from Maharashtra state. 1.4 Problem Description 1. Improper control techniques of thyristors cause voltage fluctuation and frequency mismatch on the load side, Selection of appropriate thyristor for inverter operation. 2. Charging and discharging current through DC link cause variation of current flow to the inverter. The absence of filter causes ripple content which produces harmonic in the inverter output. 3. The operation of rectifier provides impedance matching, due to the source impedance, the average output voltage may decrease, the Improper firing of devices results increase in ripple content. 1.5 Motivation Matrix Converter (MC) are used in many forms of power systems such as Wind generators, flywheel energy storage, micro turbines, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and static compensators because of its high efficiency and constant output power. The USMC is designed to make compact power circuit with variable amplitude and frequency control, operating at unity power factor to achieve bidirectional power flow. 1.6 Methodology The wind turbines with PMSG along with rectifier deals with the reduction of harmonics on the source side and reduce switching losses. In the thesis, the closed loop PWM technique along with SPWM and SVPWM is used, and hence the DC output voltage of rectifier and AC output voltage of the inverter stabilizes faster. When the number of pulses is more, the harmonics present in the input and the total harmonic distortion are reduced. The wind turbine output varies of according to the wind, but while connecting to the load, we have to maintain constant voltage so to step up and step down the 10

11 voltages in rectifier section a three switch rectifier and inverter section a nine switch USMC is implemented. The wind turbine converts the kinetic energy present in the wind into mechanical energy. The wind turbine out put is connected to PMSG. The PMSG converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output of the PMSG is connected to rectifier; it converts the unstable AC voltage into stable DC voltage. The rectifier is used to make power factor correction and only three IGBT switches are used so switching loss is reduced. The rectifier output is given to USMC converts the DC voltage into AC voltage, and it minimizes the circulating current and finally the output of the USMC is given to the load Sheela Arokia Mary.J and Sivasakthi.S (2013). 1.7 Organization of the Thesis This thesis is organized into six chapters which covered by the introduction to WECS, literature survey, modulation techniques, USMC for WECS, conclusion and results. Chapter 1: describes the presentation to wind energy to determine about wind power scenario of both global and India, then utilization of solar and power smoothing is given, and control technique DC link variation and impedance matching are considered in the problem description. The compactness of USMC is motivated us to implement in WECS. PMSG based USMC is implemented using SPWM and SVPWM have been considered in the methodology. Chapter 2: is discussed the literature survey of the research work which described in three different sections by WECS, Matrix Converter, and USMC. Chapter 3: is illustrated by various MC and modulation techniques like PWM, SVPWM and SVM techniques. Chapter 4 is described the introduction of IMC, then simulation study of USMC using SVPWM and SPWM technique for both open loops and closed loop configuration. The results are compared to both open and closed loop configuration. 11

12 Chapter 5 discussed the prototype hardware model for WECS, which includes driver board, PIC controller, diode and gate driver circuit. Chapter 6 is described significant conclusion and the future work of the USMC based WECS. 12