PROFILE OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN STUDY REGION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER III PROFILE OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN STUDY REGION 3.1 INTRODUCTION India possesses 5 per cent of the World s total water resources. According to K. L.Rao; there are about rivers of at least 1.6 km length each with average annual flow of 1869 km 3. From the geographical perspective, only crore km 3 (32 %) surface water is used, due to uneven distribution and other hindrances (Gurjar, 2008). Availability of annual surface water in India is crore m 3. The water which is available in streams, rivers, dams, canals, lakes, ponds and wetland is known as surface water. In other words surface water is naturally occurred by various types of precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the seas and oceans, evaporation, evapo-transpiration and percolation etc., the total quantity of water in this system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. Such factors are like as storage capacity in artificial reservoirs, soils permeability, and runoff of water and duration of rainfall as well as rate of evaporation. Main sources of surface water in India are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks etc. Maharashtra has 400 rivers; the total length of these rivers is 20,000 km. The total geographical area of the state is divided into 5 river basins, namely Godavari, Tapi, Narmada, Krishna and West flowing rivers of the Konkan region. The estimated average annual availability of water resources consists of 164 km 3 of surface water and 20.5 km 3 of subsurface water. Water availability in Konkan region and Narmada basin are abundant and surplus, whereas Tapi basin shows water deficit, Godavari and Krishna basins are normal level. Various Interstate Water Tribunal awards / agreements, decisions on water sharing have reduced estimated available surface water resources in these river basins for the state of Maharashtra to about 125 km 3. Maharashtra has 1427 large dams and out of these 1813 irrigation projects were completed and 2817 irrigation projects are under construction (Ghate, 2010). 57

2 Maharashtra is one of the surface water rich states in India. The recent scenario of availability of surface water reflects from its geographical area ( km²) and from this area Maharashtra has capacity of 75 per cent dependable yield ( Mm 3 ). From that available water Maharashtra can use only Mm 3 water. On the basis of river basins Maharashtra state has divided into five main river basins and out of them Krishna basin is second largest basin in Maharashtra. Total Geographical area of Krishna basin (including Bhima) is km² and 75 per cent dependable water yield is Mm 3. The Krishna basin has permitted to use only Mm 3. The other basins of Maharashtra state are west flowing rivers in Konkan, Tapi, Narmada and Godavari. Considering these things the upper Krishna basin has taken to study of surface water resources. The surface water of upper Krishna basin is mostly found into two categories and they are flowing river and artificial reservoirs. 3.2 SURFACE WATER IN RIVER BASINS Krishna basin is divided into two major basins namely west upper Krishna basin and east upper Krishna. Total area of upper Krishna basin is km², out of it west upper Krishna covers km² and east upper Krishna s coverage is 5284 km². Further west upper Krishna basin divided into two sub-basins and these are north-west and south-west upper Krishna basin. The east upper Krishna basin categorized in Yerala and Agrani sub-basins. 58

3 Basin Segment Upper Krishna ( North-West) Upper Krishna (South-West) Upper Krishna Table 3.1: Geographical Area in Upper Krishna Basin. District Satara Sangli Kolhapur Kolhapur Satara Tahsils Satara, Mahabaleshwar, Wai, Javali, Koregaon, Karad, Patan Shirala, Walwa, Miraj, Tasgaon, Khanapur Shahuwadi, Panhala, Hatkanangale, Shirol, Karveer, Kagal, Radhanagri, Bavda, Bhudargad, Gadhinglaj, Ajara Chandgad, Gadhinglaj, Ajara Karad, Khatav (East) Yerala Sangli Khanapur, Tasgaon, Miraj Upper Krishna (East) Agrani Sangli Khanapur, Tasgaon, Miraj, Jat, Kavtemanhkal Geographical Location 16 2 to 18 2 N to E to N to E to N to E to N to E Source: Based on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, Area (km 2 ) According to Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, in Satara district two sub-basins are distributed namely upper Krishna West (56.91 %) and upper Krishna East (12.97 %). Sangli district is distributed into three sub-basins of upper Krishna namely upper Krishna west (19.24 %), upper Krishna East Yerala (30.54 %) and upper Krishna East Agrani (15.25 %). Kolhapur district is totally covered by upper Krishna basin and divided into sub-basins of upper Krishna West-North (74.93 %), upper Krishna West-South (22.71 %) and Tillari (2.36 %). River water is main source of surface water. Krishna basin has number of tributaries and these tributaries becomes the one sub-basin, namely Krishna, Koyana, Warana, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Vedganga and Ghatprabha on the right bank of Krishna. The left bank of Krishna is poor drainage pattern developed. Yerala and Agarani is the main tributary of Krishna river. Koyana, Warana and Bhogawati rivers have average length is more than 100 km. 59

4 Another some tributaries of Krishna namely Venna, Panchganga, Kasari, Kubhi, Bhogavati, Dudhganga, Vedganga, Ghatprabha, Hiryankeshi and Tamrparni rivers course length is more than 50 km. Surface water in western tributaries is rich in water resources in study region. But eastern sub-basin of Krishna river namely Yerala and Agrani are observed poor in the respect of availability of water resources. Average Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin (Mm 3 ) Varunji Karad Samdoli Arjunwad Kurundwad Terwad Vandur Bastwad Daddi Gotur Volume of Water (Mm 3 ) Hydrological Stations Fig. 3.1 Surface water availability depends on the average rainfall in the basin. According to Krishna Water Dispute, Maharashtra state can get 594 TMC water for utilization from Krishna basin. In Government of India declared that 1800 TMC water is available in whole Krishna river basin. But Government of Maharashtra is not agreed with this decision. Then Central Government appointed one commission under the Chairperson of N. D. Gulati to count discharge of Krishna basin. As per survey it was proved that Krishna basin has 2060 TMC water. According to Government of Maharashtra Irrigation Department and Central Water Commission the surface water availability in Krishna basin, near Kurundwad station is Mm 3 at Panchganga and Krishna confluence. Average water availability in the Dudhganga river is 1062 Mm³, Vedganga river and Hiryankeshi have 1267 Mm³ and 1230 Mm³ water availability respectively per year. Both Hiryankeshi and Ghatprabha rivers discharge

5 Mm 3 water per year. Per capita water availability from Krishna basin is 899 m 3 and per hectare water availability is 2600 Mm 3 (Jugale, 2000). Table 3.2: Average Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin Hydrological Water Availability Station (Mm 3 ) Varunji 2734 Karad 4368 Samdoli 3224 Arjunwad 7559 Kurundwad Terwad 4105 Vandur 1062 Bastwad 1267 Daddi 1873 Gotur 1230 Source: Based on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, Table 3.3: Annual Water Availability in West & East Upper Krishna Basin. Annual Water Availability Year Total Upper Krishna Upper Krishna (Mm³) (West) (East) Mm 3 % Mm 3 % Average Source: Based on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report,

6 The table 3.3 shows spatio-temporal variation in surface water availability in upper Krishna basin. In western part of the study region, water availability is more than 99 per cent in Krishna NW and Krishna SW sub-basin. In eastern part of study region, Yerala and Agarani sub-basins are highly water deficit basins and the surface water availability is 01 per cent. From 1979 to 1994 surface water availability is varying from year to year. In , Mm 3 surface water was available in upper Krishna basin which is highest recorded in study region and Mm 3 lowest water availability was recorded in in study region. From 1979 to 1994, in this period annual average water availability was Mm 3 (fig. 3.2). Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin (Mm 3 ) Upper Krishna (West) Upper Krishna (East) Water Availability (Mm 3 ) Year Fig WATER AVAILABILITY IN PROJECTS Indian agriculture is gamble of monsoon. From ancient period, a water supply scheme has been constructed to overcome this problem, in India. In Tapi basin Savalda, Prakashe and Bhima basin Enamgaon projects are form Sindhu culture (Water Irrigation Commission Report, 1999). Ancient references are found in Yejurved and Smruti literature about lakes, canals and tanks. Koutilya says that agriculture develops not only through rainfall but also with the help of irrigation. In Maharashtra on each fort surface water was 62

7 collected and stored very skillfully in rainy season and it was utilized in dry period. Ahamadnagar Nijam s last Prime Minister Malikambar constructed tank near Devgiri fort to collect rain water for further utilization. So, there is need to store water in rainy season. From the prehistoric period dams were constructed to store water for further utilization. Bhandara district is known as tank district in Maharashtra. In 20 th century LokRaja Ch.Sahu Maharaj constructed Radhanagari (Laxmi) dam on Bhogavati river for irrigation and electricity generation. In 1883, in Satara district Mayani dam was constructed to overcome local shortage of water. In 1868, Kodashi weir was constructed on Krishna river near Karad in British rule. Besides Satara district has another lake named Kas, its stored water is supplied for drinking purpose to Satara city from British Empire. Islampur lake was constructed ( ) near Islampur town for supply of drinking water. In 1881, there were 112 ponds available for water storage in Kolhapur and Sangli districts and out of them three ponds namely Rankala, Atigre and Padmale have area more than twenty five acres. Type of Project Minor Irrigation Projects (Local Sector) Minor Irrigation Projects (State Sector) Large Minor Irrigation Projects (State Sector) Medium Irrigation Projects (State Sector) Major Irrigation Projects (State Sector) Table 3.4: Project Classification in Maharashtra Command Storage Authority Area (ha) (Mm 3 ) District Council (ZP) < Rural Development & to 250 Water Conservation Department. 1 Irrigation Department 251 to 600 Irrigation Department. 601 to 2000 Irrigation Department to Irrigation Department. > Above 100 Source: Based on After independence, government of Maharashtra established Irrigation Department for constructions of new dams for water storage and water distribution for irrigation purpose. According to Government of Maharashtra, the dams are classified as large dams and small dams depending on the height 63

8 of the dam. Those dams more than 15 m in height are classified as large dams and less than 10 m in heights as small dams. According to authority and command area, Government of Maharashtra further classified projects into six categories. Construction and implementation of water projects are regularized by various Government departments. The objectives of various dam projects are different in Maharashtra state. More than 251 ha irrigation capacity projects are being developed by Government s irrigation department and these projects are hierarchically named as minor, medium and major. Another Zilla Parishad, Governments Rural Development and Water Conservation department constructed small projects having capacity of irrigation is less than 250 ha Major Water Reservoirs in Upper Krishna Basin Surface water is the cheapest water source for utilization for all purpose. But surface water is not available throughout year naturally. In rainy season, availability of surface water is maximum and the same region faces water problem in summer season. The present scenario of water is observed in the western region of Krishna basin where the live water flowage is about 198 days whereas, in the zone of eastern region only 43 days of flow. So there is need to store the flowing water in rainy season in study region. In upper Krishna basin, dams were constructed to store water for further purpose, from historical period. Table 3.5: Storage of Major Water Projects (Mm 3 ) Name Total Utilizable Storage Storage Koyana Dhom & Kanher Warana Radhanagri Tulshi Dudhganga Total Source: Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur Districts,

9 The physiography as well as geological structure of western upper Krishna basin is suitable for construction of projects to store and distribute water. From historical period to present, seven major projects are constructed on different tributaries of Krishna river. These all projects are situated in western Sahyadri hill ranges , 4% Total Storage of Major Projects in Upper Krishna Basin (Mm3) 96.28, 2% , 18% , 13% , 12% , 51% Koyana Dhom & Kanher Warana Radhanagri Tulshi Dudhganga Utilizable Storage of Major Projects in 91.92, 2% , 4% , 16% Upper Krishna Basin (Mm 3 ) , 14% , 12% , 52% Koyana Dhom & Kanher Warana Radhanagri Tulshi Dudhganga Fig. 3.3 The table 3.5 and fig. 3.3 reveals that the higher storage capacity is recorded in Koyana project which is Mm 3 followed that by Warana ( Mm 3 ), Dudhganga ( Mm 3 ), Dhom ( Mm 3 ), Kanher ( Mm 3 ), Radhanagari ( Mm 3 ) and lowest observed from Tulshi (96.28 Mm 3 ). Out of this storage utilizable water from Koyana reservoir is Mm 3. The Warana dam has a capacity of utilizable storage is Mm 3 and from Tulshi dam only Mm 3 is utilizable which is lowest in study region. The other projects have utilizable storage, Dudhganga ( Mm 3 ), Mm 3 from Dhom and Kanher, and Radhanagari ( Mm 3 ). The storage and utilizable capacity of these reservoirs are varying from one another due to the geographical condition as well as the height and length of construction and upstream watershed area. Besides that siltation of sediments also affects on the storage capacity. 1) Koyana Hydro Electric Project Right in short period after independence Koyana major project work was started near Deshmukhwadi ( ) in Patan tahsil on Koyana river. 65

10 The Dam is m high above the deepest foundation and its total length is m. There are 53 monoliths of which 06 end monoliths are constructed in masonry and the rest in rubble concrete. The spillway is centrally located and extends from monolith No. 18 to 24 over a length of m (Koyana Dam Salient Features, 2011). The main aim of dam construction is to generate 1960 MW hydroelectricity in different four stages. The water from Koyana dam should be utilized nearly Mm 3 for to generate hydroelectricity. After independence of India states Bombay- Poona industrial zone was facing shortage of power in Maharashtra. That time TATA hydro system produced and supply power to this industrial belt as well as in urban zone of such region. The shortage of power supply creates many problems and adverse effects on industrial production and new industrialization. To overcome these problems, Government of Maharashtra had decided to construct Koyana project and minimize the problems. The dam is situated near the Guhagar Bijapur state highway where Koyana river takes a sudden turn to eastward, the side close to village Deshmukhwadi and 5 km north of Helwak. Koyana project catchment area is covered nearly km². Dam site is laying in the heavy rainfall zone (more than 600 cm yearly). The water storage height is above m from western slope of Sahyadri which is beneficial for generating hydro electricity. In December, 1962 s a project report was sanctioned by Government of Bombay for costing Rs crore for first stage of project. On the basis of this report, Government accorded a revised administrative approval to the stage I of project for Rs crore in January, Length of dam at top is m and bottom level is m and that time dam store capacity was TMC at beginning. In 2002, 1.5 m flaps have been joined to top of the spillway gate. Present water storage capacity of Koyana dam is TMC. Service gates are provided centrally to let down irrigation discharge. 40 MW capacity power house is located at the foot of the Koyana dam. Koyana dam project site topography is favorable for hydro electric project. Vertical drop of project is m at Pophali 56 km from the Arabian 66

11 Sea between the 579 m high bed of a Koyana on the eastern side of western ghat. Due to high altitude of topography high head is available for hydro electric generation. Economic cost is low because of favorable site. The Koyana hydro electric project has four stages. First and second constructed at Pophali, generates 560 MW electricity. Third stage generates 320 MW electricity and the used water goes to Arabian Sea. Water releases for irrigation in to river utilize height for generate power at foot power house and generate 40 MW electricity. Table 3.6: Salient Features of Koyana Project Name of the Project Koyna Hydro Electric Project, Stage I & II Name of the Dam Koyna Dam - Shivsagar Year of Completion 1967 Purpose Hydro Electric Project partly for Irrigation Location Deshmukhwadi, Tahsil Patan, Dist. Satara Name of River Koyna Catchment area km² Average annual 5000 mm rainfall (near dam site) Gross Capacity Mm³ Height 103 m Length m Source: Based on Koyana Dam Silent Features, ) Krishna Project In 1967, Krishna project was planned for Dhom, Kanher and Borkhal dams laying ha area under irrigation. As per decisions of KWDT (Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal), TMC water can be used through Krishna project. So, Government of Maharashtra canceled Bhorkhal dam due to water budget. Presently Krishna project included Dhom and Kanher projects. Dhom dam is constructed on Krishna river and the work of this dam was started in 1970 and completed in Dhom dam s utilizable water storage is 67

12 11.70 TMC. Dhom project have two branches of canal one is 59 km right bank canal and another is 113 km left bank canal. Kanher dam is constructed near Kanher village on Venna river in Satara district. The work of Kanher dam was started in 1976 and completed in Length of dam is 1955 m and height is m. The catchment area up to dam site is km² submergence area is ha. Live storage of dam is 9.59 TMC and command area of Kanher project is ha in ICA and from Arphal project. The Kanher-Arphal canal has two branches namely right bank (58 km) and left bank (21 km). After crossing 21 km distance left bank canal is known as Arphal canal and it runs up to 191 km. Out of Arphal canal 1 to 85 km command area is in Satara district and 86 to 191 km command area in Sangli district. Table 3.7: Krishna Project Silent Features Location of Project Location Kanher Dhom Taluka Satara Wai District Satara Satara Name of River Venna Krishna Location- Latitude N N Longitude E E Length of Dam 1955 m 2478 m Height of Dam m 50 m Catchment area km² km² Designed storage Mm³ Mm³ Power generation 4 M.W. 2M.W. Command Area ha. (I.C.A.) Arphal (I.C.A.) ha Source: Based on Dhom and Kanher Dam Salient Features, Catchment area of Kanher dam up to dam site is km² and km² of Dhom dam. According to salient features 75 per cent water availability is Mm³ (Dhom) and Mm³ (Kanher). Dam height of Dhom is 50.34m and Kanher has 50 m. Total water storage of Kanher dam is 286 Mm³ and Dhom dam is Mm³. After dam construction submergence area of 68

13 Dhom dam is 2497 ha and for Kanher dam 1997 ha. Dhom project affects fully 13 villages and partly 19 villages population is Kanher project affects 1900 families, 7080 population from fully submerged 11 and partly 19 villages. For canal construction 2230 ha land is acquired. 3) Warana Project In Sangli district, Warana dam on Warana river at Chandoli village was constructed. In 1976, the first revised administrative approval was sanctioned at Rs crore and after 10 years (1986) second revised proposal sanctioned at Rs crore for dam site. Third revised proposal submitted to MKVDC for Rs crore in Total catchment area of dam site is 301 km² and annual average rainfall is 4500 mm. Warana catchment area yields nearly 1500 Mm³. Warana dam is earthen and length of dam is 1560 m. Top width is 12 m and maximum height is 77 m. Maximum water level of Warana reservoir is m from MSL and gross storage capacity is Mm³. Live storage is Mm³ and dead storage is Mm³. Annual water utilization for various purposes is Mm³. For discharge 4 Nos. 12 m x 8 m size gates are available of ogee RCC spillway. Warana dam constructed for irrigation purpose. Gross command area by natural flow is ha and by lift irrigation is ha in Sangli and Satara district. Water is stored fully from 2002 up to Mm³. Left flank masonry dam accommodates irrigation and power outlets where as right flank masonry dam is for spillway with four radial gates. Main Warana project is proposed at Khujgaon in Shirala tahsil and total water storage capacity is Mm³ and utilization capacity is Mm³. After construction of dam with the help of 147 km left bank canal and 195 km right bank canal irrigated ha cropped area. For the proposed project submerged land was 8870 ha, 20 villages from Sangli district and 17 villages from Kolhapur district. There was the need of rehabilitations of populations so the people opposed to present site of project. Then Government of Maharashtra changed the dam site to reduce submergence of natural and manmade resources. 69

14 Warana dam has two canals, one is 70 km left bank canal. The Left bank canal bifurcates in 27 km with the Warana conduit on Warana river. The length of right bank canal is 117 km which starts from right side of Warana dam. After completion of project, it will provide water for irrigation to Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur district, including Wakurde lift irrigation scheme through which ha agricultural area comes under irrigation. Table 3.8: Silent Features of Warana Dam LOCATION Warana Dam Village and Tahsil Chandoli, Tal. Shirala. District Sangli HYDROLOGY Total catchment area up to dam site km² Average monsoon rainfall 4500 mm RESERVOIR Gross Storage Mm³ Length 1560 m Top Width 12 m Maximum height of Dam 77 m Gross Command area By Flow By Lift Total Culturable Command area Annual Irrigation Intensity of Irrigation per cent Source: Based on 4) Dudhganga Project Dudhganga irrigation project is multistate between Maharashtra and Karnataka, constructed in 1999 at Asangaon on Dudhganga river. Total catchment area of Dudhganga project up to dam site is 196 km². Annual average rainfall is 5075 mm and yearly yield of water is Mm³. Top of bund level is m and water level is m. Gross water storage capacity of present project is Mm³ and live storage is Mm³. 70

15 Dead storage of Dudhganga project is Mm³ and annual water utilization is Mm³. According to interstate proposal, out of total projected volume of water Mm³ comes from part of Maharashtra but Maharashtra have been utilized only Mm³ and Karnataka state utilizes Mm³ water per annum. Upto March 2012 government spent Rs crore on Dudhganga project. According to interstate agreement Maharashtra Government and Karnataka state spent 85 per cent and 15 per cent expenditure respectively. Water of Panchganga basin of Dudhganga project diverts 12 km by canal and Dudhganga- Bhogavati 550 m tunnel (Gaibi Tunnel) connects Dudhganga and Panchganga basins. Table 3.9: Silent Feature of Dudhganga Project LOCATION Nalla / river Dudhganga river in Krishna basin Village and Tahsil Asangaon, Tal. Radhanagari District Kolhapur HYDROLOGY Total catchment area up to dam site km² Average monsoon rainfall 5075 mm Gross storage Mm³ Length 1280 m Maximum height if dam m Source: Based on Dudhganga project work was completed in 1999 and the availability of water storage is Mm³. After establishment of MKVDC left bank canal 1 to 31 km, 32 to 76 km and Kurundwad 1 to 26 km canal work was completed. Right bank canal (1 to 24 km), Bidri branch (1 to 44 km) and Nidhori branch canal (1 to 25 km) work was completed. Another canal work is in progress stage. 5) Tulasi Project Tulshi irrigation project is constructed on Tulshi river tributary of Panchganga river near Burumbali in Radhanagari tahsil in Kolhapur district. 71

16 The lower reach of Tulshi river is suitable for water storage. The river has no perennial flow and it is problematic to farmers to grow sugarcane cultivation during summer season. In 1953 it was seen that existing irrigation facilities are inadequate and only small area with private lift was irrigated. Firstly community development authority was willing to grant for KT weirs but it had limited scope. Govt. of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs lakhs in 1967 for dam and 9 KT weirs. The project consists of 1512 m long earthen dam including 198 m masonry spillway across river Tulashi near village Burumbal, 35 km away from Kolhapur city. Gross storage capacity of dam is Mm³ and live storage capacity is Mm³. The dam included masonry spillway of 190 m long with radial gates of 12 X 5 m size. The construction of dam was started in 1965 and completed in Table 3.10: Silent Feature of Tulshi Project Location State Maharashtra Region Western Maharashtra District Kolhapur Tahsil Radhanagari Scope of the project A lift irrigation project with storage on Tulshi river near Burumbali. Irrigating land in Tulshi valley only. Source Tulshi river a tributary of Panchganga in Krishna basin. Catchment area above dam km² Gross capacity of reservoir Mm³ Maximum height of Dam m Length of dam 1512 m Gross Command Area 4920 ha Irrigable area 4720 ha Source: Based on 6) Radhanagari Project Radhanagari project is constructed for irrigation as well as drinking and generation of hydro electric power. Present project work is started in 1908 during the empire of His Highness Shrimant Chatrapati Sahu Maharaj and completed in To construct this project actual expenditure is Rs. 246 lakhs. 72

17 Table 3.11: Silent Feature of Radhanagari Project Location Name of Project Radhanagari Hydro Electric Project Scope Irrigation and power generation Source River Bhogawati tributary of Panchganga in Krishna basin Location Fejiwade, Tal. Radhanagari Dist. Kolhapur Catchment area km² Average rainfall 2900 mm Gross capacity of Mm³ reservoir F.S.L. Length of dam 1143 m Maximum height of dam m Gross Command ha Culturable command ha Irrigable command ha Crop Pattern Kharif Nil Rabbi % Bi seasonal Nil Perennial % Source: Based on Total length of dam is 1143 m including 795 m long masonry. The dam is near village Fejiwade on river Bhogawati, tributary of Panchganga in Krishna basin. The gross storage capacity of the Radhanagari is Mm³ and live storage capacity is Mm³ with Mm³ annual water utilization with KT weirs storages under this project. Downstream of the Bhogavati and Panchganga river 13 KT weirs were constructed. Total irrigation command area is ha. To generate electric power at dam foot 4 units of 1.2 MW each (4.8 MW) are constructed. With the five gates cusecs discharge can be released. Besides this seven automatic gates are provided as waste weir and discharge capacity is cusecs. His Highness Shri. Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur constructed dam to give water for irrigation by canal. But after investigation it was found 73

18 that canal system is very costly. Then idea came to generate hydro electricity, irrigation and drinking water supply to Kolhapur city. 7) Urmodi Project The river Urmodi is tributary of Krishna rises in Western Ghats in Satara tahsil. Urmodi irrigation project is constructed to provide water to Khatav and Man drought prone tahsils by lift system. The project work was started in the year Firstly government sanctioned medium project of crore in The local peoples were opposed to this project, there after Government cancelled present proposal. Then in 1993, Govt. of Maharashtra sanctioned another proposal of side construction of Mm³ storage capacity on Urmodi river near Parali village in Satara tahsil. Government of Maharashtra approved firstly in 1993 to Rs crore, then first improved budget sanctioned in 2002 for Rs crore. Again in 2010 second modified budget of Rs crore. Apart from this project Government proposed to construct another dam having water storage capacity of 8.51 Mm³. Table 3.12: Silent Feature of Urmodi Project Location Village Parali Tahsil Satara District Satara Name of River Urmodi (Tributary of Krishna) Reservoir Length of Dam 1860 m Height of Dam m Catchment area km² Gross Storage Live Storage Mm³ Mm³ Power generation 1 3 MW Command Area Gross command area GCA ha CCA ha ICA ha Source: Based on Silent Feature of Urmodi Project,

19 Total length of dam is 1803 m and height of dam is m with storage capacity is Mm³. Total proposed irrigable land under this project is ha. Project consists of a foot power house having one unit of 3 MW capacities. The discharge of water from 4 radial gates of size 12m 8m constructed. Catchment area up to dam site is km² and submerge land is ha. Construction of Urmodi dam adversely affected 14 villages which are fully submerged and 9 villages are partly submerged. 8) Tarali Project Tarali project is constructed on Tarali river near Dangistewadi, in Patan tahsil of Satara district. Through lift system it provides water for irrigation for an area of ha in Patan, Karad, Khatav & Man tahsils of Satara district. Government of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs crore in 1996 for construction of dam. It has capacity to store Mm³ water and it included 7 KT weirs in Tarali basin. Catchment area of Tarali dam is sq km. Yield of 50 per cent dependable is Mm³ and 75 per cent dependable yield is Mm³. Due to this dam 667 ha land is submerged in which seven fully and four partly villages are affected. Location State Region District Tahsil River Maximum height of dam Scope of the Scheme Catchment area Table 3.13: Silent Features of Tarali Project Location Near Dangistewadi Maharashtra Western Maharashtra Satara Patan Tarali river, a right bank tributary of river Krishna, in Krishna basin. Scope of the Scheme 1096 m An irrigation project on Tarali river near Dangistewadi Tahsil Patan Dist. Satara with lift for irrigating an area of ha in Patan, Karad, Khatav & Man Tahsils of Satara district km² Source: Based on Silent Features of Tarli Project,

20 9) Dhom-Balkawadi Project For Dhom Balkavadi tunnel project on Krishna river having Mm³ water storage capacity dam was constructed near Balkavadi village. Utilizable water storage is Mm³. From this project water is transfered to Nira basin to irrigate about 1460 ha land in Bhor tahsil of Pune district. Phaltan (17980 ha), Khandal (6060 ha) tahsils area is under command of this project in Satara district. This project has km left bank canal and 147 km right bank canal. Govt. of Maharashtra had sanctioned Rs crore in 1996 for this project. Later, Krishna Khore Corporation sanctioned in 2002, first revised proposal of Rs crore was sanctioned. Then second revised proposal for Rs crore in 2009 and fourth improved proposal of Rs crore is sanctioned by Government of Maharashtra Medium Water Reservoirs in Upper Krishna Basin The medium projects are categorized on the basis, those dams have been catchment area in between 2001 to ha and water storage capacity is 10 to 100 Mm 3 with height between 15 to 30 m. The physiography of the study region is more suitable for medium water reservoirs because of the ground height. But along with small sized catchment area is the major obstacle in the construction of major projects as well as capital investment, submerging area and environmental issues are the barriers which delimit the constructions of such projects. The above factors control the development and distribution of major projects in the study region but scanty rainfall and daily need of water for different purposes requires permanent source of water particularly in the eastern part of upper Krishna basin. To overcome this condition medium projects are best solution due to its cost benefit ratio is always high besides that it is more ideal in small water catchment area. 76

21 1) Yeralwadi Medium Project Yeralwadi medium project constructed on Yerala river tributary of left bank of Krishna river at Yeralwadi village at N latitude and E longitude. Administrative sanction for 2.62 crore in 1972 and in 1996 improved approval is sanctioned of lakhs. Catchment area of dam is 766 km² with average annual rainfall is 600 mm. The dam storage capacity is Mm 3 and dead storage capacity is Mm 3. Utilizable water storage is Mm 3 and water reserved for drinking purpose is 3.97 Mm 3. Yeralwadi medium project is earthen dam and length is 1825 m and maximum height is m. Land under submergence is 729 ha. Command area of Yeralwadi dam under 31 km right bank canal is 2460 ha and with 18 km left bank canal is 1577 ha. Table 3.14: Silent Feature of Yeralwadi Project LOCATION Nalla / River Yerala river tributory of Krishna Village and Tahsil Village Yeralwadi Tal. Khatav District Satara HYDROLOGY Total catchment area up to dam site 766 km² Average monsoon rain fall 600 mm RESERVOIR Gross storage Mm³ Dead storage Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ DAM Length 1825 m Top width 6.50 m Maximum height of dam m Irrigable command area 4037 ha Source: Silent Features of Yeralwadi Project, ) Ner Medium Project Ner medium project is constructed on Yerala river in Khatav tahsil at N latitude and E longitude. Total catchment area up to dam site is km² and land under submergence is 3.25 km². Dam construction was 77

22 started in 1826 and completed in Gross storage of dam is TMC and irrigable area is 4324 ha. Dam length is m and height is m. Project cropping pattern is 2 per cent kharif and 98 per cent rabbi crops. Table 3.15: Silent Features of Ner Project LOCATION Nalla / River Yerala river tributary of Krishna Village and Tahsil Ner Tal. Khatav District Satara HYDROLOGY Total catchment area up to dam site km² Average monsoon rain fall 500 mm RESERVOIR Gross storage Mm³ Live Storage Mm³ Designed Storage Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ DAM Length m Maximum height of dam m Irrigable command area 4324 ha Source: Based on Silent Features of Ner Project, ) Kasari Medium Project Kasari medium project is constructed on Kasari river, tributary of Panchganga in Krishna basin in Shahuwadi tahsil for irrigating 9458 ICA. This project admistratively approved as medium project for Rs crore in The revised administrative approval is as a medium project for Rs crore by MKVDC Pune vides resolution No. MKVDC/MP-4/3220 dtd. 6/04/

23 Table 3.16: Silent Features of Kasari Medium Project Location Nalla / River Kasari river tributory of Panchaganga river in Krishna basin Village and Tahsil Village Gelewade Tal. Shahuwadi District Kolhapur Hydrology Total catchment area up to dam km² site Maximum monsoon rainfall 6985 mm Minimum monsoon rain fall 5715 mm Average monsoon rain fall 6300 mm 75 % dependable annual yield Mm³ Reservoir Gross storage Mm³ Live storage Mm³ Dead storage 0.60 Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ Dam Length 297 m Top width 6.50 m Maximum height of dam m Command Area Gross command area ha Culturable command area 9995 ha Irrigable command area 9458 ha Source: Based on Silent Features of Kasari Medium Project, The Kasari dam is 297 m of earthen dam with m height and storage capacity of dam is Mm³ and live storage capacity is Mm³. Annual irrigation is 9458 ha and intensity of irrigation is per cent. For the irrigation purposes, 14 KT weirs are constructed on Kasari river. Total catchment area of Kasari dam is km² up to dam site. Average annual rainfall in catchment area of dam is 6300 mm. Annual yield as per 75 per cent 79

24 dependable is Mm³. Yearly utilization of water is Mm³. Land under submergence is 542 ha. 4) Kadavi Medium Project Kadavi medium irrigation project situated on Potfugi river, tributary of Warana in Shahuwadi tahsil. Government approved for Rs 3.59 crore in 1977 and revised in 2000 for Rs crore. The dam storage capacity is Mm³ and live storage capacity is Mm³ to irrigate 9219 ha land of Shahuwadi tahsil. Irrigation intensity is per cent with the help of nine KT weirs on Potfugi and Kadavi river. Table 3.17: Silent Features of Kadavi Medium Project LOCATION Nalla / River Potfugi river tributory of Warana river in Krishna basin Village and Tahsil Parale Ninai Tal. Shahuwadi District Kolhapur HYDROLOGY Total catchment area up to dam site km² Maximum monsoon rainfall 6359 mm Minimum monsoon rain fall 4445 mm Average monsoon rain fall 5400 mm 75 % dependable annual yield Mm³ RESERVOIR Gross storage Mm³ Live storage Mm³ Dead storage Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ DAM Length 1499 m Top width 6.50 m Maximum height of dam m COMMAND AREA Gross command area ha Cultivable command area 9908 ha Irrigable command area 9219 ha Source: Based Silent Features of Kadavi Medium Project,

25 Kadavi dam project is earthen dam, 1499 m long and maximum height is m above foundation level. Average annual rainfall is 5400 mm in catchment area as well as catchment area recorded km² and land under submergence (473 ha), gross command (12232 ha) and culturable command area is 9908 ha observed in relation with Kadavi project. 5) Kumbhi Medium Project Kumbhi medium irrigation project is constructed in Bavda tahsil on Kumbhi river, tributary of Panchganga in Krishna basin. Present project proposal is sanctioned in 1980 for Rs 4.60 crore revised in 1996 for crore. This project is approved in 1981 by CWC. The catchment area of dam up to dam site is km² land under submergence is ha. Maximum rainfall in catchment area is recorded 7620 mm and average 7200 mm minimum rainfall. Average annual rainfall in dam catchment area is 7366 mm. Annual yield in dam area as per 75 per cent dependable is Mm³. The project is 887 m earthen dam with m height. Storage capacity of dam is Mm³ and live storage capacity is Mm³. Annual availability of irrigation water for 8711 ha through lift irrigation on ten KT weirs in Kumbhi river. 81

26 Table 3.18: Silent Features of Kumbhi Medium Project Location Nalla / River Kumbhi river 82ributary of Panchanganga river in Krishna basin Village and Tahsil Village Lakhamapur, Tal. Bawada. District Kolhapur Hydrology Total catchment area up to dam km² site Maximum monsoon rainfall 7620 mm Minimum monsoon rain fall 7200 mm Average monsoon rain fall 7366 mm 75 % dependable annual yield Mm³ Reservoir Gross storage Mm³ Live storage Mm³ Dead storage Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ Dam Length 887 m Top width 6.50 m Maximum height of dam m Command Area Gross command area ha Culturable command area 9170 ha Irrigable command area 8711 ha Source: Based on Silent Features of Kumbhi Medium Project, ) Chitri Medium Project In Ajara tahsil near Rajvada village on Chitri river, Chitri medium irrigation project was constructed for irrigating 5850 ha area of Ajra tahsil. Administratively it was approved as a medium project of Rs Crore in MKVDC, Pune gave revised approval in 2000 for Rs Crore. 82

27 Table 3.19 Salient Feature of Chitri Medium Project Location Chitri river tributory of Hyrtanyakeshi River river in Krishna basin Village and Tahsil Village Raiwada, Tal.Ajara, Kolhapur Hydrology Total catchment area up to dam site km² Average monsoon rain fall 4760 mm Reservoir Gross storage Mm³ Live storage Mm³ Dead storage Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ Dam Length 1569 m Top width 6.50 m Maximum height of dam m Command Area Gross command area ha Culturable command area 9160 ha Irrigable command area 5850 ha Source: Based Silent Features of Chitri Medium Project, The project was 1569 m earthen dam with m maximum height. Design water storage capacity is Mm³ and live storage of Chitri dam is Mm³. Total catchment area of Chitri dam is km² and submergence area is about 301 ha. The water shed area of Chitri project receives average monsoon rainfall about 4760 mm and annual yield capacity of this dam is nearly Mm³. 7) Chikotra Medium Irrigation Project Chikotra medium irrigation project is constructed to irrigate 5630 ha land of Ajara tahsil on Chikotra river tributary of Vedganga river in Krishna basin. Catchment area up to dam site is km² with 297 km² submergence area. 83

28 Annual average rainfall in catchment area of dam is 2500 mm and 75 per cent dependable yield is Mm³ yearly. Table 3.20: Salient Features of Chikotra Medium Project Location River Chikotra river tributary of Vedganga river in Krishna basin Village and Tahsil Zulpewadi,Tal.Ajara, Kolhapur Hydrology Total catchment area up to dam site km² Average monsoon rain fall 2500 mm Reservoir Gross storage Mm³ Live storage Mm³ Dead storage Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ Dam Length 983 m Top width 6.50 m Maximum height of dam m Command Area Gross command area 7888 ha Culturable command area 6863 ha Irrigable command area 5630 ha Source: Based on Silent Features of Chikotra Medium Project, Chikotra dam is earthen dam with gated spillway 983 m length and maximum height of dam is m. Reservoir gross storage capacity is Mm³ and live storage capacity is Mm³ and with Mm³ dead storage capacity. Annual utilization of water is Mm³ for 5630 ha land. Irrigation intensity of present project is 100 per cent. Irrigation is available through lift irrigation from eight KT weirs and 18 pickup weir constructed in Chikotra river. Chikotra medium irrigation project administratively approved as medium project in 1997 for Rs 4.28 crore. The revised approval was sanctioned by government in 2001 of Rs crore. 84

29 8) Jangamhatti Medium Irrigation Project In Chandgad tahsil near village Jangamhatti, the present project is constructed on Tamrparni river. The project was administratively approved for Rs crore in In 1996 revised proposal sanction for Rs crore. Table 3.21: Jangamhatti Medium Irrigation Project Salient Features Location River Tamraparni river tributory of Ghataprabha river in Krishna basin Village and Tahsil Jangamhatti, Tal. Chandgad, Kolhapur Hydrology Total catchment area up to dam site km² Average monsoon rain fall 2364 mm Reservoir Gross storage Mm³ Live storage Mm³ Dead storage Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ Dam Length 960 m Top width 6.50 m Maximum height of dam m Command Area Gross command area 4952 ha Culturable command area 4457 ha Irrigable command area 3700 ha Source: Based on Silent Features of Jangamhatti Medium Project, 2010 The catchment area of dam is km² and submergence land is ha. An Earthen dam with ungated spillway 960 m length with maximum heights. Average annual rainfall in catchment area is 2364 mm and 75 per cent dependable annual yield is shown nearly Mm³. Gross storage capacity of dam is Mm³ and live storage capacity is Mm³. Dead water storage is about 1.00 Mm³ and annual utilization of water is Mm³. For irrigation purpose project has lift irrigation on 5 KT weirs which are constructed on Tamraparni river. Gross command area is 85

30 nearly 4952 ha and culturable command area is about 4457 ha and irrigable command area occupied nearly 3700 ha. 9) Patgaon Medium Irrigation Project: Patgaon medium irrigation project is constructed in Bhudargad tahsil for irrigating land nearly 8100 ICA on river Vedganga. Project was approved as a medium project in 1977 of Rs 5.40 crore and revised administrative approved by MKVDC in 2000 of Rs 82 crore. Catchment area up to dam site is km² and annual rainfall within dam zone is 5600 mm. Annual 75 per cent dependable yield is Mm³. Land under submergence is ha. Patgaon dam is earthen dam with ungated spillway 1105 m length and height of dam is m. Dam storage capacity is Mm³ and live storage capacity is Mm³. Irrigation intensity is 74 per cent and gross command area is ha with lift irrigation through 17 KT weirs constructed on Vedganga river. Table 3.22: Patgaon Medium Irrigation Project Salient Feature Location Nalla / River Vedganga tributary of Dudhganga in Krishna basin Village and Tahsil Village Patgaon Tal. Bhudargad Hydrology Total catchment area up to dam site km² Reservoir Gross storage Mm³ Live storage Mm³ Dead storage 0.47 Mm³ Annual utilization Mm³ DAM Length 1107 m Top width 6.50 m Maximum height of dam m Command Area Gross command area ha Cultivable command area 9998 ha Irrigable command area 8100 ha Source: Based on Silent Features of Patgaon Medium Project,

31 10) Other Medium Projects Basspawadi medium irrigation project is constructed in drought prone Jath tahsil. Present cost of Bassapawadi project is Rs 2.59 crores. Total storage capacity of dam is 7.77 Mm³ and utilizable water storage capacity is 6.26, which is utilized for irrigation purpose. Yeoti Mhasoli medium project is constructed on Yeoti nalla (stream) tributary of Mand river near Yeoti village in Karad tahsil for irrigation purpose. Upstream catchment area of reservoir is km² and mean annual runoff is Mm³. Average annual rainfall in catchment area is 1455 mm. Yeoti Mhasoli reservoir is earthen type with maximum height is above lowest point of foundation is 26 m. Length of dam is 170 m and maximum discharge is M³/Sec. Gross storage capacity of reservoir is 7.30 Mm³ and utilizable storage is 7.05 Mm³. Submergence area of reservoir is 105 ha. Morna medium project constructed on Morna tributary of Warana at Upavale village in Shirala tahsil. Catchment area of Morana project is km²; average annual rainfall 1028 mm collects Mm³ surface water annually. Morna project is earthen with m height above lowest point of foundation. Length of project is 100 m. and gross storage capacity of project is Mm³ with Mm³ utilizable storage. Area under submergence is 264 ha supplied water for 2307 ha gross command area. Sidhewadi medium project is constructed in Tasgaon tahsil. Government of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs 3.18 crore for dam and canal construction. Total storage of Sidhewadi dam is 8.49 Mm³ and utilizable storage is 6.10 Mm³. Water utilization of dam is 2.75 Mm³ for irrigation purpose and 3.35 Mm³ water is reserved for domestic utilization. 87

32 Water Storage in Medium Projects (Mm 3 ) Yeralwadi Ner Kasari Kadavi Kumbhi Chitri Chikotra Jangamhatti Patgaon Storage (Mm 3 ) Medium Projects Fig Minor Projects in Upper Krishna Basin Minor irrigation projects are constructed and authorized by irrigation department and Zilla Parishad. Command area of minor irrigation project is less than 1000 ha. According to command area minor irrigation projects are classified into four categories on the basis of irrigated command area. i) More than 250 ha ii) Less than 250 ha iii)101 to 250 ha iv) 0 to 100 ha Minor irrigation projects are beneficial in various ways like capital investment, increases the ground water level, maintain ecosystem of the area and provides jobs for working population at the time of serve droughts. But in upper Krishna basin distribution of minor irrigation projects is not even according to water storage capacity and its numbers. The minor dams are more confined in eastern upper Krishna basin as compared to western part of study region due to frequently drought condition. i) More than 250 ha The minor irrigation projects which occupied more than 250 ha command area and these projects are constructed by the irrigation department of state Govt., the available water is utilized for agriculture and domestic purpose. 88