RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DESALINATION AND ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

Transcription

1 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DESALINATION AND ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Water-Energy Nexus Operational Toolkit : Renewable Energy 11/07/2017 Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Prof. Hassan Arafat ESCWA Consultant

2 Outline Introduction Electricity production Desalination Key messages

3 Introduction

4 Power Heating Introduction Average annual global growth in RE capacity by sector Solar Heating Wind Power Average Annual Growth Rate End-2008 through 2013 Growth Rate in 2013 CSP Solar PV Hydropower Geothermal Power Page 4 Source: IRENA, 2015a Percentage (%)

5 Source: The World Bank, % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Introduction Share of fuel types in total electricity generation by world region (2013) Latin America & Caribbean Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia North America Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Pacific Page 5 Coal Natural gas Oil Renewables (excl. hydroelectric) Nuclear Hydroelectric

6 Percentage (%) Introduction Global power generation: 2013 vs RE 2013: 23,300 TWh/year REmap: 38,000 TWh/year Page 6 Natural gas Oil Coal Nuclear Hydropower Solid biofuel Biogas Solar PV Wind Geothermal Ocean CSP Source: IRENA, 2016a

7 Introduction RE Projects in the Arab Countries: Planned/Under Construction Source: IRENA, 2016b Page 7 Source: IRENA, 2016a

8 Introduction Annual contracted desalination capacity by region Note: *values through June 2016; Source: Virgili et al., Page 8

9 Introduction Cumulative contracted desalination capacity in 2015 by country Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Tunisia UAE Yemen Page 9 Source: Alvarado-Revilla, Cumulative capacity (million m³/d)

10 Introduction Global RE desalination by energy source in 2009 Photovoltaics 34% Others 15% Wind 12% Hybrid 3% Solar heat 36% Source: World Bank, Page 10

11 Introduction Future water supply for the MENA region under the Business as Usual (BaU) Scenario Source: World Bank, The CSP potential of the MENA region estimated to be 462,000 TWh annually; ~350 Page 11 times greater than the region s annual energy consumption (as of 2012).

12 Electricity Production

13 Key uses of water for energy and potential water quality impacts Uses Primary energy production Biofuels Irrigation for feedstock crop growth. Wet milling, washing and cooling in the fuel conversion process. Thermal (fossil fuel, nuclear and bioenergy) Electricity production Boiler feed, i.e. the water used to generate steam or hot water. Cooling for steam-condensing. Pollutant scrubbing using emissionscontrol equipment. Power generation Potential water quality impacts Contamination by runoff containing fertilisers, pesticides and sediments (surface and groundwater). Wastewater produced by refining. Thermal pollution by cooling water discharge. Impact on aquatic ecosystems. Air emissions that pollute water downwind. Discharge of boiler blowdown, i.e. boiler feed that contains suspended solids. CSP and geothermal System fluids or boiler feed, i.e. the water used to generate steam or hot water. Cooling for steam-condensing. Hydropower Electricity generation. Storage in a reservoir (for operating hydro-electric dams or energy storage). Thermal pollution by cooling water discharge. Impact on aquatic ecosystems. Alteration of water temperatures, flow volume/timing and aquatic ecosystems. Evaporative losses from the reservoir. Page 13 Source: International Energy Agency, 2012.

14 Electricity production Water use for primary energy production Page 14 Source: International Energy Agency, 2012.

15 Electricity production Water use for electricity generation by cooling technology Page 15 Source: International Energy Agency, 2012.

16 Electricity production Microhydropower systems Hydropower systems which generate up to 100 kw of electricity and a minimum head of 3 ft and water flow 20 gallons/minute is required. A portion of water is diverted from the water source and is directed into a structure such as a channel or a pressurized pipeline which delivers it to the (usually impulse) turbine or waterwheel. Can be off-grid or grid-connected and used in areas such as large homes, small businesses and can be integrated into water supply networks and wastewater infrastructure. Not intermittent unlike other RE sources and less costly than wind or solar energy, particularly in terms of capital costs. Page 16

17 Power to/ from grid Electricity production Configuration for the integration of wind and hydropower resources Balancing Area Trans. Sys. Operator Thermal Generation Loads Power to grid Power to load Hydropower Power to grid Transmission/Distribution Power to grid Wind Power Page 17 Transmission Interconnections Source: Acker, 2011.

18 Desalination

19 Desalination RE desalination in the Arab countries Status quo Existing renewable desalination systems have small capacities (up to 100 m3/d). Only a small number of medium-sized installations are in use. Mainly pilot size plants operational in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and the UAE. Page 19 Largest PV desalination plant in Khafji, Saudi Arabia with capacity of 60,000 m3/d and using nanomembranes to be commissioned in Copyright 2014 ESCWA. All rights reserved. No part of this presentation in all its property may be used or reproduced in any form without a written permission

20 Source: Gude et al., Desalination Characteristics of different desalination processes Characteristic Process nature Type of process Phase change Non-phase change Hybrid Pressure/concentration gradient driven: RO (membrane separation), ED (electrochemical separation) Thermally-driven process: MED, MSF, MVC, TVC (evaporation and condensation) Membrane pore size nm µm Feed temperature o C <45 o C o C Cold water stream May be required o C Driving force for separation Temperature and concentration gradient Concentration and pressure gradient Energy Thermal and mechanical Mechanical and/or electrical Form of energy Steam, low-grade heat or waste heat and some mechanical energy for pumping derived from fossil fuels or renewable sources renewable sources Requires prime quality mechanical/ electrical energy derived from fossil fuels or Product Page quality 20 Copyright 2014 High ESCWA. quality All rights reserved. distillate No part of this with presentation in all its Potable property may be water used or reproduced quality in any form TDS without a written permission TDS <20ppm <500ppm Thermal + membrane: membrane distillation, MSF/RO, MED/RO Temperature and concentration gradient Thermal and mechanical Low-grade heat sources or RE sources High quality distillate with TDS ppm

21 Desalination Seawater characteristics variation in the Arab region Water source Salinity (mg/l) Temperature ( C) Mediterranean and Atlantic 38,000 41, Red Sea and Indian Ocean 41,000 43, Gulf water 45,000 47, Source: World Bank, Page 21

22 Desalination Pathways for RE integration with desalination technologies Renewable energy resources Geothermal Solar Wind Electricity Heat PV Solar Thermal Shaft Electricity RO TVC Electricity Heat Shaft Electricity RO RO MVC MED RO TVC RO RO MVC MVC ED MSF MVC MED MVC MVC ED ED MSF ED Source: Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2011; IRENA, 2015a. Page 22

23 Page 23 Desalination Pathways for RE integration with desalination technologies Technical Capacity (m 3 /d) Energy Demand (kwh/m 3 ) Development Stage Solar stills < 0.1 Solar passive Application Solar-Multiple Effect Humidification thermal: 100 electrical: 1.5 R&D; Application Solar- MD thermal: R&D Solar/CSP-MED > 5,000 PV-RO < 100 PV - Electrodialysis Reversed < 100 Wind- RO 50-2,000 Wind- MVC < 100 thermal: electrical: electrical: BW: ; SW: 4-5 electrical: only BW:3 4 electrical: BW: ; SW: 4 5 electrical: only SW:11 14 R&D R&D; Application R&D R&D; Application Source: Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2011; IRENA, 2015a. Basic Research

24 Desalination Solar desalination systems Classified as solar thermal or PV systems. Can be direct or indirect collection systems. PV systems can be either flat-plate systems or concentrating systems. Page 24 Small-scale PV desalination systems being used worldwide, particularly in remote areas and on islands.

25 Desalination PV RO system PV Panels Voltage Regulator & Power Dispatch Battery Alternator Fresh Water Motor RO Rack Pumping Station Pressurized Brine Salt Water Intake Pressure Exchanger Brine Page 25 Source: Kim et al., 2013.

26 Desalination CSP desalination systems CSP/MED system Linear Fresnel system Parabolic trough system CSP systems Solar power tower Parabolic dish systems Page 26 Source: Bechtel Power Corp. et al., 2010.

27 Desalination Wind powered desalination More suitable for powering small-medium scale desalination operations (e.g., wind-ro combinations can produce 50 2,000 m3/day). Also suitable for coastal areas. Wind energy usually associated with the powering of the RO, ED, or MVC desalination processes. Page 27 In MVC, the wind turbine s mechanical energy is directly used for vapor compression without requiring a further conversion into electricity, increasing process efficiency.

28 Key messages Share of RE in the electricity generation sector increasing worldwide. o This is also true for the Arab countries. RE technologies consume less water than conventional sources when being used to produce electricity. o Water withdrawal similar in value to water consumed for RE technologies. Solar energy is the most popular type of RE for powering desalination. There are many potential RE-desalination combinations but only a select few are viable. o Solar stills, solar-multiple effect humidification, PV- RO, wind-ro, and CSP/MED are the combinations which are currently being applied as RE Page 28 powered Copyright 2014 desalination ESCWA. All rights reserved. No part or of this have presentation more in all its property potential may be used or reproduced to in any be form applied. without a written permission

29 THANK YOU Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia