RIVERBED EXTRACTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF TINAU RIVER, NEPAL.

Transcription

1 RIVERBED EXTRACTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF TINAU RIVER, NEPAL. KHET RAJ DAHAL 1*, SUBODH SHARMA 2, ROSHAN MAN BAJRACHARYA 3 1*. Ph. D. Scholar, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal. 2. Professor, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal. 3. Professor, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal. Author of Correspondance: Khet Raj Dahal. of Corresponding Author: dahal.khetraj@gmail.com

2 OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS CONCLUSIONS

3 INTRODUCTION River is the mirror of society. Many ancient civilizations were flourished on the bank of River. Butwal is considered as a historical city because it is situated on the bank of Tinau River and the jaw of Ramapithecus was found here. Rivers maintain ecological balance if they are treated in a proper manner. Rivers are also the source of income. Fishes and riverbed materials (sand, cobble, pebble, boulders, etc) are the sources of income from natural rivers.

4 INTRODUCTION.. Bio-diversity of the aquatic environment and the physico-chemical parameters are inter-related. In an aquatic ecosystem, zoo-planktons play an important role. Fishes eat zooplanktons as their favorite food. These are the environmental sensitive and show the changes if there is any disturbances in their habitat. For example, if there is any disturbance in their habitat, zoo-planktons change their species and number. Thus the change in abundance, species and communities is an indication of aquatic habitat disturbance (Sharma et al., 1999). Similarly these ecosystems can be adversely impacted by other factors too. If there is any health stressor in the aquatic environment, it can deteriorate the bio-diversity of the environment (O.K. Adeyemo et al., 2008).

5 INTRODUCTION.. Riverbed extraction can destroy the vegetative cover of the banks. The vegetative cover provides the shelter for many aquatic lives. It also protects the river banks and pollution directly entering into the river. The extraction of riverbed materials can change the river morphology in the long run (htpp://

6 MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection of the reach of the River Selection of sampling stations Selection of seasons: June, September, December and March Selection of the parameter : EC, Pb, Fe, NH4, P, NO3, As, and TDS Used SPSS 15 for analysis collected data from concerned agency for income generation from the RBMs (i.e. DDC, VDCs, Municipalities, Crusher Associations)

7 STUDY AREA The study was carried out in the Tinau River, Rupandehi District, Western Development Region of Nepal. The stations were marked with red enamel paint From S 1 -KU to S 5 - KU.

8 STUDY AREA..

9 STUDY AREA..

10 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS

11 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS..

12 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS.

13 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS

14 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS.

15 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS.

16 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS.

17 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS.

18 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS.

19 SOME PHOTOGRAPHS.

20 μ S/cm RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station June September December March Season

21 EC The result shows that the values of EC are greater in station 5 in all seasons. And it has also showed that the values of EC are in similar increasing order from station 1 to station 5 in all seasons.

22 EC.. EC ranges 88 μ S/cm to 98 μ S/cm with an overall mean of 94 μ S/cm. Statistical calculation has showed that the seasonal variance of the value is 0.798, which is statistically not significant. The EC has a negative correlation with P, As and positive correlation with Pb, ph, Fe, NH4, NO3 and TDS. But the degree of correlation is very poor and statistically these are not -significant. Generally the EC of river water increases if there is high concentration of salt solution. Poor irrigation management industrial effluent discharges and runoff can be the major sources of EC in natural streams or rivers Tinau is located at the side of Butwal city and the municipal sewerage system joins to the River without any treatment. Thus there is a great possibility of dissolved salts coming from the different sources into the river system. Jha (2006) measured the EC 72.3 μ S/cm. But the measurement of EC was done in this study and found 94 μ S/cm. The permissible limit of EC in natural water as recommended by Stevens Water Monitoring Systems is between to 0.1 S/m. There may be various causes of increment of EC. But one of the major causes is regarded as massive riverbed extraction.

23 mg/l Pb LEAD Station Station 2 Station Station 4 Station June September December March Season

24 Pb. The value of Lead is maximum in season 3 (December) of station 5. The minimum value is in station -1 of season- 4 (March). Statistical calculation has shown that the value of Pb ranges from to mg/l with a minimum value of mg/l. Pb negatively correlates with P, ph, Fe, As, and positively correlates with EC, NH4, NO3, and TDS. It has strong negative correlation with P. The seasonal variance of Pb is 0.01, which is significant. Similarly the site specific variance of Pb is 0.413, which is not significant. Pb is poisonous. The source of Pb is pesticides, petrol and other insecticides. There are various causes of increase of Pb in the Tinau River, but one of the causes is considered as the increase in riverbed extraction. WHO's standard has prescribed the permissible limit of Pb in drinking water is 0.01 mg/l. But it has not still recommended the permissible value of Pb in fresh water bodies (WHO, 1993).

25 Number ph ph Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station June September December March Season

26 ph. The ph of the sample differs from station to station. But the highest value is in the month of March. Statistical calculation has shown that the ph ranges from 7.5 to 9 with an overall mean of The seasonal test of variance is 0.01, which is statistically significant. ph positively correlates with EC, Fe, NH4, P, NO3, As and negatively correlates with Pb and TDS. The site specific variance of Ph is calculated as 0.413, which is statistically not significant. ph affects organisms of river water(wang et al., 2002). ph value between is recommended for sustainable life of river organisms (Murdoch et al., 2001).

27 ph. Jha (2006) measured the ph value 8.5 in the same station of the Tinau River. Now the average value is The substrate was massively extracted during the study period of Jha ( ). Sharma (1996) measured the average ph 8.29 at the same station of the Tinau River.

28 mg/l Fe IRON Station 1 Station Station 3 Station 4 Station June September December March Season

29 Fe. The value of Fe ranges from 0.01 to 0.6 mg/l with an overall mean of the samples is The seasonal variance of Fe (i.e. seasonal P value) is 0.027, which is statistically significant. The site specific variance of Fe is calculated as 0.852, which is statistically not significant. Fe positively correlates with EC, ph, NH4, NO3, As, TDS and negatively correlates with Pb and P. But it has strong positive correlation with NH4. The source of Iron (Fe) is iron pipe from acid rain, electric board, etc. If the riverbed materials are extracted, the quantity of Fe will be increased if it presents in mineral form of the river water. The permissible value of Fe in fresh water bodies is mg/l. Thus this value does not exceed the permissible value of WHO (WHO, 1993).

30 mg/l PHOSPHOROUS (P) PHOSPHOROUS Station 1 Station Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 0 June September December March Season

31 P.. P strongly varies in September, Statistical calculation (SPSS 15) has showed that P ranges from 0.50 to 2.20 mg/l with an overall mean of 1.69,mg/l. The seasonal variance of P is 0.023, which is statistically significant. The site specific variance is 0.276, which is statistically not significant. P positively correlates with ph and As and negatively correlates with EC, Pb, Fe, NH4, NO3, and TDS. The maximum value of phosphorous is an indication of pollution and it can be the causes of Eutrophication.

32 mg/l AMMONIA (NH4) AMMONIA Station 1 Station Station 3 Station 4 Station June September December March Season

33 NH4.. The statistical calculation in SPSS 15 has shown that the value of NH4 ranges from 0.50 to 3mg/l with an overall mean of 1.57 mg/l. Seasonal variance is which is statistically significant. The site specific variance is 0.934, which is not significant. NH4 positively correlates with EC, Pb, ph, Fe, NO3, As and TDS. And negatively correlates with P. But it has strong positive correlation with Fe and TDS. The maximum permissible limit of NH4 is mg/l for natural fresh water (WHO, 1993). The average mean of the study area (1.57mg/l) exceeds the permissible value of WHO ( mg/l). Riverbed extraction can be the cause of increment of NH4 in the study area.

34 mg/l NITRATE (NO3) Nitrate Station 1 30 Station 2 Station 3 20 Station 4 Station June September December March Season

35 NO3. Statistical calculation (SPSS 15) has shown that the value of NO3 ranges from 20 to 49 mg/l with an overall mean of mg/l. Seasonal variance of NO3 is 0.096, which is not significant. Similarly the site specific variance of NO3 is 0.41, which is also not significant. NO3 positively correlates with EC, Pb, ph, Fe, NH4, As and TDS but negatively correlates with P. The sources of nitrate (NO3) are : human waste, animal waste, plant decay, fertilizer plant, livestocks, runoff, septic tanks, sewage discharges, and so on. The river water containing5mg/l indicates that the pollution is man- made ( WHO has not prepared the guidelines for NO3 for fresh water streams/rivers. But the permissible limit of NO3 is 50 mg/l for drinking water ( High level of nitrate is toxic. The effects of high-level nitrate consumption are the cause of Methemoglobinemia. The effects of nitrate are more harmful to infants.

36 mg/l ARSENIC (As) 0.12 ARSENIC Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station June September December March

37 As. It seasonally varies but the greatest value has achieved in September. The value of As ranges from 0 to 0.1 mg/l with an overall mean of The value of seasonal variance is 0.071, which is statistically not significant. Similarly the site specific variance of As is 0.936, which is also not significant. It positively correlates with ph, Fe, P, NH4 NO3, and negatively correlates with EC, Pb, and TDS. As is poisonous. The source of Arsenic (As) is mountains/rocks. In Nepal, Siwalik hill is the source of As. The permissible limit of As is 0.01 for drinking water (WHO, 993). The maximum use of As can cause skin cancer. As is in deposit form and when riverbed is extracted it appears in the surface water. Thus As appeared in the natural water (Tinau).

38 mg/l TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) TDS Station 1 Station Station 3 Station 4 Station June September December March Season

39 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS).. The results of the parameter TDS have been presented in the fig. 10. The statistical calculation (SPSS 15) has shown that the value of TDS ranges from 200 to 1200 mg/l with an overall mean of mg/l. The value of seasonal variance of TDS is 0.043, which is significant and the value of site specific variance is 0.559, which is not significant. TDS has a positive correlation with EC, Pb, Fe, NH4, NO3 and negative correlation with ph, P and As. But it has a strong positive correlation with NH4. Pollution is the main cause of total dissolved solids. There are other causes of TDS in the river water e.g. sewage discharge, runoff, irrigation water leaching, landslides and so on. But anthropogenic activity like riverbed extraction is one of the vital causes of TDS in the Tinau River. When extraction activities increase, ultimately the level of TDS increases.

40 ECONOMIC BENEFIT FROM RIVER BED MATERIALS

41 Most Benefited Local Bodies

42 CRUSHER INDUSTRIES & THEIR INCOME No.of Total raw materials extracted Total Income within 6 years Crusher from F.Y.061/62-066/67, m 3 from F.Y.061/62-066/67, NRs ,980,211 m 3 NRs. 49,885,440,000 Average income/year = NRs. 8,314,240,000 Average excavation/year = 5,830,035 m 3

43 ESTABLISHMENT OF CRUSHER INDUSTRIES No. of crusher Fiscal Year established 045/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /67 4

44 EMPLOYMENT GENERATED BY CRUSHER INDUSTRIES Fiscal Year Employment generation 045/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Total 33594

45 INCOME GENERATED BY V.D.C./MUNICIPALITY FROM RIVER BED MATERIALS 1. Paschim Amawa V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total Tax charged by V.D.C. via road for F.Year 067/ / Rs. 60/trip 2 062/ Rs. 200/trip 3 063/ / Tax charged by D.D.C. via road for F.Year 067/ / @ Rs. 2/cft / Total 7,870,569 6,414,209 14,284,778

46 2. Shankarnagar V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total Tax charged by V.D.C. via road 1 061/ External Rs.175/trip 2 062/ Internal V.D.C. Rs.100/trip 3 063/ Rs. 60/trip 4 064/ / Materials produced by Crusher 6 066/ Rs. 100/trip Total 14,863,341 15,989,630 30,852,971 Rs. 25/trip

47 3. Aanandaban V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total Tax charged by V.D.C. via road for F.Year 067/ / Rs. 75/trip 2 062/ Rs. 150/trip 3 063/ / / Tax charged by D.D.C. via road for F.Year 067/ / @ Rs. 2/cft. Total 23,752,747 18,794,260 42,547,007

48 4. Tikuligadh V.D.C. s.n. Income Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total Tax charged by V.D.C. via road for F.Year 067/ / Rs. 60/trip 2 062/ Rs. 200/trip 3 063/ / / Tax charged by D.D.C. via road for F.Year 067/ / Outside D.D.C..@ Rs.2/cft. Total 22,311,090 14,496,700 36,807,790 Inside D.D.C..@ Rs.1.5/cft.

49 5. Chilhiya V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total 1 061/ / / / / / Total 4,710,975 3,470,035 8,181,010

50 6. Hati Bangai V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total Tax charged by V.D.C. via road 1 061/ Outside V.D.C. Rs.150/trip 2 062/ Inside V.D.C. Rs.75/trip 3 063/ Rs. 60/trip 4 064/ / / Total 3,899,100 5,329,060 9,228,160

51 7. Motipur V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total Tax charged by V.D.C. via road 1 061/ Outside V.D.C. Rs.175/trip 2 062/ Inside V.D.C. Rs.100/trip 3 063/ Rs. 60/trip 4 064/ / Tax charged by D.D.C. via road 6 066/ Outside D.D.C. Rs.175/trip Total 4,392,597 3,298,958 7,691,555 Inside D.D.C. Rs.150/trip Rs. 60/trip

52 8. Sauraha Farsatikar V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total Tax charged by V.D.C. via road for F.Year 067/ / Rs. 60/trip 2 062/ Rs. 400/trip 3 063/ Rs. 200/trip 4 064/ / Tax charged by D.D.C. via road for F.Year 067/ / @ Rs. 2/cft. Total 2,793,450 3,895,910 6,689,360

53 9. Mainahiya V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total 1 061/ / / / / / Total 656,203 1,554,149 2,210,352

54 10.Gonaha V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total 1 061/ / / / / / Total ,44,693

55 11.Harnaiya V.D.C. Income s.n. Fiscal Year V.D.C. D.D.C. Total 1 061/ / / / / / Total 737,505 4,337,491 5,074,996

56 12. Butwal Municipality s. n. Income Fiscal Year Municipality D.D.C. Total Budget 1 061/ / Ward no. 13,14,15 River Control & Road Construction Consumer Committee 3 063/ / Ward no. 13 Manbir Garbuja 5 065/ Ward no. 14 Baburam Dhakal 6 066/ Ward no. 15 Hem Bahadur Rana Total 5,883,432 2,2719,959 28,603, ,357,837

57 13.Income of DDC Rupandehi Year Total Income, NRs. Income from Riverbed materials Percentage of riverbed materials income 060/ % 061/ % 062/ % 063/ % 064/ % 065/ % 066/ % Total 1,204,132, ,377,011 Source: DDC, Rupandehi

58 Cross-Section of Tinau River

59 Recent Photos of Tinau River

60 Graphs - Bad January February March April Blue Balls Red Balls

61 Items Sold in First Quarter of Blue Balls Red Balls January February March April

62 Blue Balls Red Balls January February March April

63 Graphs - Bad Minor gridlines are unnecessary Font is too small Colours are illogical Title is missing Shading is distracting

64

65

66

67 CONCLUSIONS The River is deepening and the health of the river is damaged. There is a an encroachment by landless people. They have occupied the terrace deposit, where the riverbed materials could be extracted. The extraction has been done in an uncontrolled way. Many hydraulic structures in the Tinau river have been damaged. The River morphology has been changed. The extraction activities has also changed the physico-chemical parameters of the river.

68 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTATION