Integrated Design. Architectural Design v/s HVAC Design. HVAC Design after Architectural design

Transcription

1 Integrated Design A necessity for sustainable buildings Architectural Design v/s HVAC Design or HVAC Design after Architectural design or Integration of Concept, Location, Esthetic and Technical Design Markus T. Kalo, M.Sc., Architect

2 The main questions Effect of architectural typology on comfort, running costs and environmental impact? What is the effect of strong or week architecture in combination with strong or week installations on sustainability? How much space do Installations need in different building types? How can sustainable buildings be an economical and environmental advantage at the same time? What are the advantages of early design integration?

3 Integrated Design A necessity for sustainable buildings Definition: Integrated design combines the conceptual and architectural stages of a building project with the technical stages and planning of installations The architect and installation consultant work together from the very beginning Shapes, sizes, materials, installations and allocation of different spaces are all related to: Building type Climate Legislation Special requirements of use Markus T. Kalo, M.Sc., Architect

4 Integrated Design A necessity for sustainable buildings ECONOMICO SOCIALE AMBIENTAL

5 Integrated Design A necessity for sustainable buildings Reducing energy in three steps: 1. Building shell Material Orientation Amount of windows U- and G-values Air tightness Solar shading Etc. Quality matters: Glass: winter = U-value < 1,3 W/m2 K summer = SF/ SC/ G-value: <0,4 (Solar factor)

6 Modern architecture Glass at all cost?

7 Modern architecture Glass at all cost? Finding the right balance and glass

8 Modern architecture Glass at all cost? Finding the right balance and glass June September

9 Modern architecture Glass at all cost? Finding the right balance and glass Installed cooling power Office Tallinn 927W Installed cooling power Office Lisbon 991W Solar angle in 21 March, 21 Sept. / 21 June Lisbon Tallinn 51,3 / 74,8 30,8 / 53,3

10 Modern architecture Choosing the right solution? Solar panels to the north?

11 Integrated Design A necessity for sustainable buildings Reducing energy in three steps: 2. Room level Choice of lighting Absence control (all installations) Do not over-ventilate Do not under-cool Do not over-heat Demand controlled climate distribution (heating, cooling, ventilation) Control matters: Occupancy: demand control on temperature, air quality Absence: reduced air volume, lower heating & higher cooling set-points

12 Integrated Design A necessity for sustainable buildings Reducing energy in three steps: 3. Central level Energy recovery (cooling, heating, humidity, outdoor temp) Balanced air volume Correct dimensioned energy carriers (air, water, electricity, controls) Reduce primary energy need (purchased energy) Efficiency matters: AHU- Heating, cooling, humidity: maximum recovery with smallest possible pressure drop (low SFP) Chiller / HP Cooling and Heating production with highest possible (high EER/COP)

13 Integrated Design Control of media Airflow regulation first by fans than by dampers Water flow regulation first by pumps than by valves Demand controlled climate production (ventilation, heating, cooling) Demand controlled climate distribution (air, water) High quality building (shell)

14 Integrated Design A necessity for sustainable buildings The effect of strong or week architecture with strong or week installations Architecture Concept, shell Integrated design From the very beginning Installations HVAC, lights

15 Example: Weak Architecture, weak HVAC Cheep, functional architecture No or limited, hidden HVAC Looking bad and smelling bad (no ventilation) Maximum space but minimum flexibility and comfort Short term technical problems: high energy consumption, high running costs Long term technical problems: mould and fungus due to insufficient ventilation Project: Paris suburbs

16 Example: building system with no or extract air ventilation Loft/ Balcony Humid outdoor air is taken into each apartment. Mold on thermal bridges Supply air grilles are closed off (draught). Humid air stays in apartment Internal humidity loads (shower, kitchen) is only handled with unregulated extraction

17 Extract air v/s balanced ventilation Sound from traffic etc. Small from traffic, neighbour barbeque etc. Draught and cold floors 17

18 Extract air v/s balanced ventilation Energy and cost saving with energy recovery Energy use with radiators and extract air system only Energy use with balanced demand controlled ventilation, energy recovery and heat pump 1 apartment (ca. 65m²) / year kWh kwh Annual energy / m² 198kWh 67 kwh Annual saving in % 66 % Energy cost / kwh in EURO 0,085 0,085 Annual energy cost for building with 100 apartments Annual saving EURO 18 TOTAL: Air 30%; Heating 36%, Tap water 25%; General electricity 9%

19 Example: Strong Architecture, weak HVAC Beautiful Architecture No or limited, hidden HVAC Looking good but limited ventilation Maximum space but minimum flexibility (heating & cooling loads for right indoor climate) Short term technical problems: high energy consumption, high running costs Long term technical problems: over heating, uncontrollable air movement Project: Swiss Ree (Initial design)

20 Example: Initial design Swiss Ree Natural ventilation through atriums and facade as the base One big air handling unit / floor Open balconies between the floors and the atriums

21 Example: From Problem to Solution Closed off atriums No natural air movement Different level of occupancy Different level of internal loads One big air handling unit / floor Enhanced mechanical ventilation for air changes 6 small decentral air handling units / floor Free space in the core (total 1028m²) creates 12 Mio in rental revenue over 15 years

22 Example: Week Architecture, strong HVAC Good HVAC and indoor climate, No respect of aesthetics or design (by todays standards) True if it would not be Nr. 1: Perfect indoor climate but looking ugly (no architecture) Maximum space and climate flexibility, fully integrated Short term advantages: architectural problems: lost rentable m 2, lower rent per m 2 since not representative Long term architectural problems: less attractive than other buildings in the same area, risk of being vacated Centre Pompidou, Paris

23 Examples: Weak Architecture, strong HVAC Today: Installations are the answer of a physically need but the building should be defined by it s function. Typical space for installations needed is between 8% for Retail up to 17% for hotels Advantage here: no indoor space for big ducts and risers Landmark, iconic for it s time Centre Pompidou in Paris

24 Example: Strong Architecture, strong HVAC Beautiful Architecture Good HVAC and indoor climate Beautiful building with perfect indoor climate Maximum climate flexibility but disturbing the available space Short term advantages: Representative building with low running costs being the most attractive on it s location Long term advantages: Flexible for changes and high quality building with a healthy structure for many years. Oslo Opera House

25 Examples: Oslo Opera House Correct facade and glass type to manage solar radiation, capture energy with solar panels and keep the cold winter outside Correct system for highest thermal and acoustic comfort without limiting the use Changing occupation rates ad use demand high flexibility of both architecture and installations

26 Examples: The facade Solar panel facade produces more energy than expected Glass quality not just with a high U-value for transmission but also with a high g-value to keep solar gains outside Intelligently controlled solar shading based on temperature need and function

27 Examples: The Climate System (HVAC) Supply air diffusers placed under the seats supply displacement heating, cooling and ventilation at max 17 db (A) Nozzles guarantee a draught free supply Integration in seats allows maximum flexibility for use of space

28 Importance of ventilation Energy use which unit uses less Installed 1988 Installed 2015

29 Rule of thumb for building types Retail Required ventilation is demand controlled ca. 2,3-4,6m 3 /h /m 2 (0,6-1,2l/s / m 2) Sound level <35 db(a) Standard acclimatisation with air Temperature (s, w) <24 C, >21 C Air volume and temp. demand controlled Approx. space needed for all technical installations 8% Min. 8+4 m 2 /person School Required ventilation ca. 1100m 3 /h (300l/s) / class room Sound level <35db(A) Standard acclimatisation water Temperature (s, w) <26 C, >20 C Air volume and temp. demand controlled, free cooling possible Approx. space needed for all technical installations 12% Approx. 2,5m 2 /person +other rooms

30 Rule of thumb for building types Hotel Required ventilation ca. 80m 3 /h (22l/s) / room Sound level <25 db(a) Standard acclimatisation with water or DX Temperature (s, w) <24 C, >21 C Air volume and temp. demand controlled Approx. space needed for all technical installations 17% Approx m 2 /person Office Required ventilation ca. 40m 3 /h (11l/s) / person Sound level <32db(A) Standard acclimatisation air, water or DX Temperature (s, w) <25 C, >20 C Temperature demand controlled Approx. space needed for all technical installations 10% Approx m 2 /person

31 Indoor climate matters Draught Humidity Air Quality Sound level Temperature 31

32 Energy efficiency matters EPBD LEED BREEAM GREEN BUILDING PASSIVE HAUS INSTITUTE 32

33 Energy What to know about energy? Availability of different energy sources Prices for different energy sources Monopoly situation / price stability of energy Legislation about maximum energy use Simultaneous need of heating and cooling Comparison about general COP and EER with other energy sources FUEL AND ENERGY AVERAGE COSTS (EST) Natural gas, EUR / thousand m³ Electricity, EUR / MWh District heating, EUR / MWh

34 Future and reliability matters What is your carbon footprint? Are you in control? 34

35 How does quality affect you? Where knowledge, technology and experience meet 35

36 Example: Retail project Business Case / Reference LIDL Gothenburg, Sweden

37 Example: Retail project Business Case / Reference LIDL Gothenburg, Sweden Traditional CAV System* Annual fan-power 41,3MWh/year Annual heating energy 46,4 MWh/year Annual cooling energy 9,7 MWh/year Fanpower / year EUR Heating Cost / year EUR Cooling Cost / year 388 EUR TOTAL energy / year 8 592EUR Demand controlled system* Annual fan-power 10 MWh/year Annual heating energy 24,7 MWh/year Annual cooling energy 9,0 MWh/year Fanpower / year EUR Heating Cost / year 982EUR Cooling Cost / year 371 EUR TOTAL energy / year EUR * Only daytime calculated

38 Example: Retail project Business Case / Reference LIDL Gothenburg, Sweden Traditional CAV System* Annual running costs EUR Demand controlled system* Annual running costs EUR Annual saving of 6035 EUR Investment for district heating Water Chiller No district heating Cost for DX rev. heat pump = Cost for water chiller 20% smaller central ducts 20% less air diffusers 20% smaller air handling unit Swegon Retail Solution = Lower investment and lower running costs * Only daytime calculated

39 Integrated design leads to lower costs Customer benefit for investment and running costs ( ) Example: Retail Solution (43 000m³/h air volume); Rome/Italy Chiller & AHU with std rotor without cool recovery AHU with std rotor with cool recovery AHU with sorption rotor with cool recovery Cooling coil, installed power Cooling energy per year CAV 9:00-18:00 Cooling energy per year DCV 9:00-18: kw 237 MWh 99 MWh 286 kw 178 MWh 82 MWh 199 kw 150 MWh 61 MWh Saving / year / year

40 Example: Hotel project Focus on installation cost or LCC? Please choose the Solution that best fits your needs High comfort: Hotel rum below 27 db(a), no draught, max summer 24ºC, min winter 20ºC Higher investment / Lower running costs +10% / -35% Lower investment / Higher running costs -10% / +35% Demand controlled: Heating Cooling Demand controlled air volume Demand controlled: Heating Cooling Constant air volume DCV CAV Victoria Tower: 2,66-2,43 Mio = extra investment for DCV 20% investment (80% finance) = Return of investment after 2,04 years

41 Example: Hotel project Business Case Refurbishment Hotel Glasgow, Scotland Refurbishment project 180 rooms Max +24 C summer Min -8 C winter Existing system with extract only Heating from gas boiler to water radiators No comfort cooling Problems: High energy bill Old failing boilers Old pipe system Rooms are over-heating Cosmopolitan Hotel Erskine Bridge Glasgow, Scotland

42 Example: Hotel project Business Case Refurbishment Hotel Glasgow, Scotland Existing extract air system New DCV system Total heating need transmission 91,73MWh/year 91,73MWh/year Total heating need air replacement Total heating need for tap water TOTAL heating need Total electrical fan power TOTAL heating cost Total electrical fan power TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS 441,6 MWh/year 18,85MWh/year 552,18 MWh/ year 35,6 MWh/year* (0,05 /kwh) / year 5690 / year / year 5,5 MWh/year 18,85MWh/year 116,08 MWh/ year 31,7 MWh/year** (0,036 /kwh) / year / year / year * Extract air only ** Supply & Extract air

43 Example: Hotel project Business Case Refurbishment Hotel Glasgow, Scotland Existing extract air system Needed installed power 160kW + tap water Total annual energy costs No comfort cooling New DCV system Needed installed power 58 kw + tap water Total annual energy costs Comfort cooling (produced for free by energy access from heating & showers) Average room rate 50/night Average room rate 55/night Average occupancy rate 70% Average occupancy rate 75%

44 Example: Hotel project Business Case Refurbishment Hotel Glasgow, Scotland Annual energy cost saving Annual income increase due to 10% higher room rate and 5% higher occupancy rate (better comfort) (Before: 180 rooms x 365 x 0,7 x 50 = 2,3 Mio) (Now: 180 rooms x 365 x 0,75x 55 = 2,71 Mio) TOTAL extra available capital / year One year Payback time with 20% own capital = possible investment of: 2,17 Mio

45 Demands on logistics Ducts Pipes Cables BMS-port Controls Connections Alarms Optimizing Integrated design within HVAC Motor Air production Cooling production Heat production Logistic Dampers Silencers Valves Diffusion Grilles Beams Comfort modules

46 What is the meaning of good indoor climate. Rental Hyresintäkter income Costs Profit 47

47 Is there sustainable profit to make? Rental income Investment +10% - 35% Maintenance Energy Profit Higher profit from operations -> higher real estate value!

48 Integrated Design A necessity for sustainable buildings Integration of Concept, Location, Esthetic and Technical Design Early integration of architect and HVAC concepts Early location of installation space and definition of indoor climate quality Technical design that fits to the architecture and by that becomes invisible Indoor climate that is perfect becomes also invisible Maximize comfort and revenue but minimize environmental impact Markus T. Kalo, M.Sc. markus.kalo@ipad.se