2014, The Corporation of the City of Cambridge. All Rights Reserved.

Transcription

1 June 2014 June 2014

2 2014, The Corporation of the City of Cambridge. All Rights Reserved. The preparation of this plan was carried out with assistance from the Green Municipal Fund, a Fund financed by the Government of Canada and administered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. Notwithstanding this support, the views expressed are the personal views of the authors, and the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and the Government of Canada accept no responsibility for them. June 2014 i

3 Table of Contents List of Acronyms... iv 1.0 Executive Summary Introduction Background & Context Vision Partners for Climate Protection Program Green Energy Act Context City of Cambridge: A High-Level Overview GHG Reduction Team Corporate Sustainability Plan Integrating Corporate and Community Climate Action Plans Facility Energy & Water Assessments A Guide to Decision-Making Current State Corporate Operations Profile Highlights of Completed & Current (Ongoing) Energy Conservation and GHG Reduction Initiatives Summary of Renewable Energy Initiatives Corporate Energy & GHG Emissions Summary Methodology Potential Future State GHG Emissions Forecast Proposed Reduction Target for the City of Cambridge Corporate GHG Reduction (Energy Management) Plan Summary of Proposed Measures to Achieve Reduction Target Buildings Street Lighting Sewage Collection and Pumping Corporate Waste Fleet June 2014 ii

4 6.1.6 Other Monitoring & Measurement Appendix A: Milestones 1, 2 and 3 Achievement Letters Appendix B: Master List of Energy and Water Conservation Measures for City Owned and Operated Facilities Appendix C: Completing and Ongoing Initiatives to Support Corporate-Wide Energy and GHG Reduction Goals References Version Tracking Date Purpose/Use of Report Primary Change/Edit November 2013 Submitted to FCM for Recognition of PCP Milestones 2 and 3 and uploaded to City s website in accordance with GEA n/a June 2014 requirements. Re-submitted to FCM as updated report and re-uploaded to City s website in accordance with GEA requirements. Updated to add results of detailed energy audits completed for City s buildings. June 2014 iii

5 List of Acronyms The following is a list of acronyms used in this document. BAS BAU CDM CO 2 CO 2e CSP DHW ECM FCM FCV GEA GHG HVAC ICI ICLEI IEAP IESNA kwh LAP LED LEED MoE MUA NRCAN PCP RCI VFD WCM Building Automation System (pertains to building systems) Business As Usual Conservation and Demand Management Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO 2e is the sum of the individual GHGs weighted to represent the atmospheric effects of carbon dioxide. Calculated by multiplying the mass of a Greenhouse Gas pollutant by its Global Warming Potential on a 100- year time horizon.) Corporate Sustainability Plan Domestic Hot Water Energy Conservation Measure Federation of Canadian Municipalities Fuel Cell Vehicle Green Energy Act Greenhouse Gas Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (pertains to building systems) Industrial, Commercial and Institutional International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, now known as ICLEI- Local Governments for Sustainability International Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Kilowatt hour Local Action Plan Light Emitting Diode (refers to a type of lighting fixture) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Ministry of Energy Makeup Air Unit Natural Resources Canada Partners for Climate Protection Regional Climate Initiative Variable Frequency Drive (pertains to building systems) Water Conservation Measure June 2014 iv

6 1.0 Executive Summary This Corporate Greenhouse Gas and Energy Conservation and Demand Management Plan (Plan) for the City of Cambridge has been developed to meet the reporting requirements for O. Reg. 397/11 (the Ontario Green Energy Act (GEA)) and the voluntary Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) Program in which the City is actively participating. The initial version of this report was completed in November 2013 and has been augmented in the Spring of 2014 to include information from the recently completed detailed energy audits of the City s facilities. This plan outlines the City s GHG reduction target, as well as energy conservation goals and objectives, including proposed conservation measures, estimated costs and benefits, and renewable energy installations. The initial version of this Plan was submitted to the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) in November 2013 for recognition of completion of Milestones 2 and 3 of the Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) Program. The PCP Program is a joint voluntary program between ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) and the FCM which has been designed to empower and support municipalities in their efforts to reduce GHG emissions and take action against climate change. As part of fulfilling the requirements for the PCP Program, the City conducted an analysis of its baseline GHG emissions of corporate operations for 2009 (PCP baseline year); in 2009 the City s operations contributed a total of 7,398 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (t CO 2e). Similarly, in accordance with the Ontario Green Energy Act, the City has analyzed the energy consumption at City-owned facilities during the last year for which complete information is available, which is 2012 (GEA baseline year). In 2012, City-owned facilities, including sewage pumping facilities, consumed approximately 13,279,226 kwh of electricity and 1,241,656 m 3 of natural gas, resulting in 3,808 t CO 2e of GHG emissions. The City has since identified several measures it can implement to reduce both energy and GHG emissions across corporate operations which include buildings, street lighting, sewage collection and pumping, municipal fleets, and corporate waste. The measures the City plans to implement are detailed in this Plan and include an array of building retrofits and streetlight conversions, the introduction of corporate waste management strategies to improve landfill diversion rates, the exploration and introduction of alternative fuels/vehicles into the corporate fleet and improving the City s tree canopy. The City has evaluated and prioritized each GHG reduction and energy conservation measure detailed in this Plan. Also, where possible, the anticipated energy and GHG reductions for each are highlighted. June

7 1,443 t CO2e is equivalent to taking 304 cars off the road every year. Based on the proposed GHG reduction and energy conservation measures detailed in this Plan, the City aims to reduce its GHG emissions from corporate operations by at least 6% below the PCP baseline (2009) levels over the next 10 years. This emissions reduction target translates into a 1,443 t CO 2e (or 17% reduction) below the projected 2019 GHG emissions level, which is the equivalent of taking 304 cars off the road each year. June

8 2.0 Introduction As part of the City s sustainability efforts, the City of Cambridge (the City) has voluntarily committed to the Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) Program, joining a network of hundreds of Canadian municipalities that have committed to reducing GHG emissions and mitigating climate change. The City has also been proactive in meeting its obligations under O. Reg. 397/11 (the Ontario Green Energy Act (GEA)). In June 2013, the City completed the first requirement under the GEA, reporting its 2011 energy usage and GHG emissions at City-owned facilities. This Corporate Greenhouse Gas and Energy Conservation and Demand Management Plan (henceforth referred to as Plan ) is intended to fulfill the reporting requirements for the Green Energy Act as well as Milestones 2 and 3 of the PCP program. This document outlines the development of the City s Plan and details the City s proposed measures to reduce energy and GHG emissions across corporate 1 operations, including: Buildings; Street lighting; Sewage collection and pumping; Municipal fleets; and Corporate waste. The City is committed to following the direction of this Plan, and will take the necessary steps to ensure its implementation and success. June

9 3.0 Background & Context The following sections provide an overview of the City s overarching vision, the Partners for Climate Protection Program, the Green Energy Act, they City s general context, and guidance for decision making. 3.1 Vision The City celebrates the uniqueness of its founding communities and is united by its heritage, rivers, cultures and common future. Cambridge residents and visitors enjoy the natural environment, safe, clean, caring, sustainable and accessible neighbourhoods, with a wide variety of lifestyle and housing options and ample cultural and recreational opportunities. Cambridge, as a community of opportunity, encourages business growth and transition, entrepreneurial spirit, strong leadership, efficient government and the provision of municipal services, personal growth and civic pride. The City is regarded for balanced decision-making on the basis of cultural, economic, environmental and social considerations. With respect to climate change, the City has committed, throughout its operations, to consistently employ and demonstrate best practices in energy efficiency and climate change mitigation strategies in the most fiscally responsible way possible to enhance the quality of life for the community and protect its rich heritage for current and future generations. The City demonstrates leadership by improving energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions across all key operations including buildings, streetlighting, sewage collection and pumping, waste management, fleet management and maintenance. The City continues to monitor and report on energy and GHG emissions reduction measures in accordance with the Green Energy Act and PCP program. 3.2 Partners for Climate Protection Program The City joined the PCP program in The PCP is a joint, voluntary program between ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) and the FCM, and is designed to empower and support municipalities with their efforts to reduce GHG emissions and take action against climate change. The PCP uses a five-milestone framework to guide municipalities in their efforts to reduce GHG emissions. An overview of the PCP milestone framework is presented in Figure 1 and listed below: Milestone 1: Create a GHG emissions inventory and forecast Milestone 2: Set GHG emission reduction targets Milestone 3: Develop a Local Action Plan Milestone 4: Implement the Local Action Plan Milestone 5: Monitor progress and report results. June

10 Figure 1 PCP Program s Five Milestone Framework Milestone 1: Create a GHG emissions inventory and forecast Milestone 2: Set GHG emission reductions targets Milestone 3: Develop a Local Action Plan Milestone 4: Implement the Local Action Plan Milestone 5: Monitor progress and report results The City of Cambridge completed Milestone 1 in 2013 for its Corporate GHG Inventory and Forecast, and received official recognition of its completion on January 28, 2013 from the PCP Secretariat (refer to Appendix A for more information). The initial version of this Plan, dated November 2013, was submitted for official recognition of the completion of Milestones 2 and 3, setting a GHG emission reduction target (presented in Section 5.2) and the development of a Local Action Plan (LAP). The City received recognition of its completion of Milestones 2 and 3 on January 7, 2014 (letter provided in Appendix A). This Plan includes a series of progressive and attainable actions to help reduce energy and GHG emissions across corporate operations to improve the environmental performance of the City over the ten-year planning horizon. This Plan has been augmented to include the results of recently completed detailed energy audits of the City s facilities. Milestones 4 and 5 call for municipalities to implement the LAP and continue to monitor progress and report on results. The City intends to implement the details set forth in this GHG Reduction Plan and monitor and report on progress over time. Separate submissions for Milestones 4 and 5 will be prepared and filed with the PCP Program at a later date. Simultaneously, Cambridge, along with Kitchener, Waterloo, Region of Waterloo, local utilities, school boards, community groups and residents have undertaken Milestones 1 3 at the Community level by producing a Local Action Plan ( A Climate Action Plan for Waterloo Region: Living Smarter in 2020 ). The Cambridge Corporate GHG Reduction (Energy Management) Plan nests within that plan and forms part of the Community Plan. June

11 3.3 Green Energy Act The Green Energy Act (GEA), formerly Bill 150, was introduced in the Ontario legislature in The GEA was created to: a) Increase the generation of renewable energy (e.g., wind, solar, hydroelectricity and bioenergy), b) Promote energy conservation (e.g., by working with local utilities to achieve conservation targets and making energy efficiency a key part of the Ontario building code), and c) Encourage the creation of clean energy jobs. Under the GEA, municipalities and other public agencies are required to report annual energy use and GHG emissions to the Ministry of Energy (MoE), and, by July 1, 2014, make publicly available a five-year energy conservation and demand management (CDM) plan. The City has already reported its annual energy use to the MoE and this Plan is intended to fulfill the GEA s requirements for a CDM plan. 3.4 Context City of Cambridge: A High-Level Overview The City of Cambridge was formed in 1973 through the amalgamation of the City of Galt, the Towns of Hespeler and Preston, the Hamlet of Blair and parts of the Townships of Waterloo and North Dumfries 2. Located in southern Ontario, the City of Cambridge covers a land area of square kilometers and is situated at the confluence of the Grand River (the first urban waterway to be named a Canadian Heritage River) and the Speed River and along the Galt and Paris Moraines. The river valley contains a stretch of the Grand River Forest, containing rare forest species such as tulip trees and black walnut. The geography surrounding the City is used primarily for agricultural purposes 3. The City of Cambridge is ideally situated in Canada s Technology Triangle, an area known for its concentration of science and technology firms. Furthermore, the City is accessible (between 50 and 130 kilometres) from other major City centres including Toronto and the border crossings of Niagara Falls/Buffalo. City residents are also within commuting distance of Kitchener, Waterloo, Guelph, Brantford, Mississauga, Milton and Hamilton. In addition, the City boasts a growing population. At the end of 2012, the City estimated its number of residents to be nearly 133,000. This number is expected to reach 173,000 by The economy of Cambridge has experienced strong growth over the last 10 years. There are approximately 7,300 businesses in the City, over 470 of which are manufacturing businesses June

12 ranging from textile manufacturing to science and technology firms 5. Commercial and retail activity has been traditionally located in the commercial areas of Galt, Preston and Hespeler 6. Residents enjoy access to over 100 parks covering more than 365 hectares, 14 golf courses, and other recreational facilities including ice surfaces, pools, recreation/community centres and soccer fields. Furthermore, there are over 70 kilometres of natural trails, more than half of which are along the banks of the Grand and Speed Rivers 7. In addition, the City maintains over 200 kilometres of on-road cycling facilities (e.g., bike lanes, paved shoulders, wide-shared use lands and signed routes) GHG Reduction Team The City has established a GHG Reduction Team (the Team), made up of a cross-section of staff across corporate operations. The Team is responsible for participating in GHG reduction planning processes, contributing to the development of this Plan as well as supporting the GEA reporting requirements. The Team is made with staff from the following departments: Community Services Department Sustainable Design and Development Division; Corporate Services Department Purchasing & Inventory Division, Financial Services Division; and Transportation and Public Works Department Engineering Division, Public Works Division. Specifically, this report was prepared with input and collaboration between Stantec Consulting Limited and the City of Cambridge s GHG Reduction Team who s members include: Paul Willms, Jonathan Lautenbach, Bob Paul, Linda Fegan, Reg Weber, Shannon Noonan, Slobodanka Lekic, Michelle Vienneau, Zita Tavares, Elaine Brunn Shaw, John Avery, Angelo Pellegrino, Jon Redhill, Mike Hausser, and Steve Matheson. The City would like to recognize the individuals who contributed their time and expertise to the development of this Plan and to all those who will help to implement the GHG Reduction and energy management initiatives outlined herein Corporate Sustainability Plan In January 2011, the City initiated a planning process to develop its first Corporate Sustainability Plan (CSP). The CSP, released in October 2011, is an umbrella document that guides the City s actions with respect to sustainability. This includes balancing the City s fiscal responsibility with cultural (including heritage), economic, environmental and social interests. The CSP is a framework for the sustainable implementation of the City s existing Master and Strategic Plans including: Arts and Culture Master Plan; Bikeway Network Master Plan; Cambridge Heritage Master Plan; Core Areas Parking Master Plan; June

13 Designing the Future: An Economic Development Strategy for the City of Cambridge; Five Year Review of the Master Plan for Leisure Services/Facilities (2002 to 2022); Five Year Strategic Plans for Libraries and Galleries; Stormwater Management Plan (pending); and, Trails Master Plan. This Reduction Plan completes Action Env9, one of the nine identified environmental actions within the CSP. Specifically, Action Env9 states: Data gathered in 2012 about greenhouse gas emissions will need to be reported on in July 2013 due to Green Energy Act Requirements Integrating Corporate and Community Climate Action Plans Waterloo Region (the Region) is made up of three urban municipalities Cambridge, Kitchener and Waterloo as well as four rural Townships North Dumfries, Wellesley, Wilmot and Woolwich. In 2009, the Region released an Environmental Sustainability Strategy (the Strategy) building on the Region of Waterloo s Past and Present Environmental Initiatives 10. The Strategy provides a framework for incorporating environmental considerations into the Region s decision-making and outlines target-setting processes in all areas that can significantly impact the environment. The Region has identified five priority outcome areas air, land, water, material resources, and waste and sustainability culture and the Strategy provides clear goals, and related plans and strategies for each of these areas 11. The City is also a participant in the Regional Carbon Initiative (RCI). RCI is Sustainable Waterloo Region s flagship program that assists local organizations further the sustainability of their operations through GHG reductions 12. Furthermore, the City of Cambridge is an active organization in ClimateActionWR, a collaborative initiative that facilitates knowledge sharing, resource maximization and the engagement of participants across interests, disciplines and community sectors to reduce GHG emissions, improve energy efficiency and contribute to the sustainable prosperity of the Waterloo Region. Local municipal organizations, utilities and other partners including REEP Green Solutions and Sustainable Waterloo Region are participating organizations. In May 2012, this network of participating organizations completed a community-scale GHG emissions inventory for the Waterloo Region using 2010 as a baseline year and including a 10-year emissions forecast to This work resulted in the achievement of Milestones 1 to 3 of the PCP program. Currently, the collaborative is working on Milestones 4 and 5 of the PCP framework, and implementing the community-scale Local Action Plan that focuses specifically on reducing GHG emissions and improving energy efficiency across residential, industrial, commercial and institutional sectors (ICI); transportation on area roads; etc. 13 This Plan focuses on reducing corporate energy use and GHG emissions within the City of Cambridge, which builds on, supports and enhances these other efforts throughout the Region. June

14 3.4.5 Facility Energy & Water Assessments In December 2013, the City commissioned detailed energy and water assessments for 24 City owned and managed facilities, as outlined in Table 1 below. Table 1 List of City Facilities Assessed for GHG Reduction and Energy Conservation Opportunities No. Building Name Total Energy Savings All Measures Identified ($) Tonnes CO2e Avoided All Measures Identified (tonnes CO2e) 1 Cambridge Arts Theatre 3, City Hall 3, David Durward & CFA 21, Dickson Arena 5, Duncan McIntosh Arena 8, Dunfield Theatre 7, Fire Department 1 Main 11, Fire Department 2 & Hespeler Centre 4, Fire Department 3 & ARC 11, Fire Department 4 3, Fire Department 5 2, Galt Arena 23, Hespeler Arena 34, Historic City Hall 2, John Dolson Pool 13, Karl Homuth Arena 3, Library Hespeler 4, Library Main 18, Library Preston 2, Market Building 2, Old Fire Hall 4, Preston Arena 11, Transportation and Public Works 4, WG Johnson Pool 13, TOTAL (All measures across building portfolio) $221, tonnes CO2e The goal of these assessments was to explore potential opportunities to improve energy and water efficiencies at City owned and operated facilities. The assessment reports, completed in mid-march, 2014, contained a total of 229 Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) and Water Conservation Measures (WCMs), along with their GHG reduction potentials (expressed in tonnes of CO 2e avoided on an annual basis), net present value, simple payback (in years) and capital payback (in years), total cost of implementation, and utility savings potentials (electricity in kilowatts and kilowatt hours, natural gas in cubic meters, water in cubic meters and total annual energy savings in dollars). After analyzing the full list of recommended ECMs and WCMs, the City identified 47 measures to be pursued by the end of A further 182 measures are planned to be implemented by June

15 2019. The master list of ECMs and WCMs identified for all 24 City owned and operated facilities that were assessed for this initiative can be found in Appendix B. 3.5 A Guide to Decision-Making While the City has already identified a number of energy and GHG reduction initiatives (refer to Section 6.1) to meet its reduction target, other initiatives (e.g., those within the City s Master Plans and Strategic Plans) may be pursued and brought forward as potential energy and GHG reduction strategies to contribute to the City s reduction goals. However, initiatives which are pursued must be manageable and achievable within the City s staffing and financial constraints. The City will work within its budget capacity, through the budget approval framework, to ensure that the Corporation sustainably manages and coordinates its current and future energy and GHG reduction initiatives. Furthermore, the City will employ a Level of Effort vs. Level of Impact Evaluation Framework (see Figure 4, Section 6.0) when considering future energy and GHG initiatives. Finally, the City will capitalize on available incentive and grant programs, as well as operational savings resulting from energy and GHG reduction initiatives, and funnel these funds into future energy and GHG reduction initiatives. June

16 4.0 Current State 4.1 Corporate Operations Profile The City owns approximately 200 properties ranging from trails, parks and open spaces, cemeteries, sports arenas, community centres, service buildings, fire stations, libraries and administrative (office) buildings. These properties include 80 building structures, approximately 70 kilometres of trails and 365 hectares of parkland. 14 The City s mandate is to manage these facilities with efficiency, sustainability and responsibility as its core aims. The City provides the following services for its facilities: Asset management and administration, maintenance of properties and capital repairs; Project design, development and management; Project and building construction; Planning for new developments and capital investments; Long-term facility planning; Safety assurance for public use of major facilities and properties; Concept to completion of capital/conservation projects; Risk mitigation; Review and approval of land and building leases, subdivisions and development applications; Property issues analysis; and Energy consultation Highlights of Completed & Current (Ongoing) Energy Conservation and GHG Reduction Initiatives The City has been active in reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions across corporate operations, particularly within City owned and managed buildings. In total, the City has identified approximately 30 completed and current (ongoing) measures to reduce energy and GHG emissions across City operations. Completed and current measures include implementing a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold policy for all new buildings and major renovations; establishing an energy conservation reserve fund; implementing a tree planting program; hosting green workshops on a variety of salient topics including climate change, sustainable development, and peak oil; establishing an anti-idling by-law for corporate fleet; implementing a sustainable procurement policy; and implementing software to provide a paperless system for report preparation. Other identified measures include numerous retrofits/equipment replacements in existing corporate buildings including lighting retrofits; furnace, dehumidification system, roofing and cladding replacements. The full list of completed and ongoing initiatives to support corporate-wide energy and GHG reductions is presented in Appendix C. Gaining an understanding of what measures the City has already undertaken in these regards is crucial to plotting the future direction for the City. June

17 4.3 Summary of Renewable Energy Initiatives The City has been proactive when it comes to exploring the merits of and subsequently implementing renewable energy projects for its facilities. The City undertook a 20kW Photovoltaic Solar installation at its Public Works facility, located at 1310 Bishop Street. The photovoltaic solar panels (91 in total, each rated at 245W) are mounted on a newly installed garage for public works vehicles. Based on a 5 week generation period, the yearly output is estimated to be over 21,000 kwh, generating an estimated yearly income of over $15,000, and yielding an annual power savings of over 5%, as well as saving over 3.5 t CO 2e emissions per year. There are also two City facilities which have geothermal installations making use of heat pump technology to reduce the consumption of natural gas heating. These facilities include the Elgin Street Maintenance Building whose geothermal heat pump, rated at 540 GJ of heat production per year, has cut heating and electricity costs by approximately 40% per year; and the pool at the Johnson Centre whose heat pump, rated at 1,100 GJ of heat production per year, accounts for an annual reduction of 55 t CO 2e. 4.4 Corporate Energy & GHG Emissions Summary GHG emissions inventories for the City s corporate operations were completed for 2009 (PCP baseline year), 2010, 2011 and 2012 (GEA baseline year). A complete GHG Inventory report was completed to overview the methodologies and assumptions of the 2009 PCP baseline year, entitled The City of Cambridge: Corporate Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Forecast 16. A summary of GHG emissions by sector and emission year is provided in Table 2 (presented as tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents or t CO 2e). Buildings produce the largest amount of GHG emissions for the City s corporate operations, with City fleet being the second largest producer of emissions. The total GHG emissions from all City operations in the PCP baseline year of 2009 was 7,398 t CO 2e. In 2012, the GEA baseline year, the total GHG emissions were 6,604 t CO 2e. Approximately 3,808 t CO 2e of the 2012 emissions came from City-owned facilities and sewage pumping stations and were due to the consumption of 13,279,226 kwh of electricity and 1,241,656 m 3 of natural gas. Note that 2013 GHG emissions data is currently being compiled as tracking and monitoring efforts continue at the City as part of the PCP program. The City-owned facility data for 2011 was submitted to the Ontario Ministry of Energy in 2013 in accordance with the requirements of the GEA. The City-owned facility data for 2012 and 2013 will also be submitted in 2014 and 2015 respectively in order to fulfill the requirements of the GEA. June

18 Table 2 GHG Emissions by Sector and Year Sector 2009 PCP Baseline Total GHGs (tonnes CO2e) GEA Baseline Buildings 4,395 4,430 4,031 3,679 Sewage Collection and Pumping Street Lighting 828 1, Vehicles 1,772 1,633 1,787 1,623 Small Engines Waste Total 7,398 7,506 6,935 6, Methodology The methods used to develop the City of Cambridge s GHG inventories are in keeping with the PCP best practices and guidance 17. To quantify GHG emissions in the identified sectors, the International Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol (IEAP) was utilized as the preferred inventory guidance document for municipalities participating in the PCP program 18. An operational control approach was utilized to complete the GHG emissions inventories. This approach requires that the City of Cambridge account for emissions from every source of which it implements operating control or policies. The inventories include all sources of GHG emissions occurring within the city s organizational boundaries. A more comprehensive description of the methods and assumptions used to develop the inventories may be found in the document entitled The City of Cambridge Corporate Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Forecast completed in June

19 5.0 Potential Future State 5.1 GHG Emissions Forecast The forecast year chosen for the City was 2019, based on the PCP best practice of choosing a forecast year 10 years from the PCP baseline year (2009). The business as usual forecast (BAU) scenario was developed using predictions of changes to local government operations and infrastructure found within the City s Master Plan and capital budgets. City staff provided further information on other initiatives or potential growth that would have an effect on City operations. Figure 2 illustrates the forecasted emissions for the City of Cambridge corporate operations. The BAU emissions are forecasted to be approximately 8,400 tonnes CO 2e in Figure 2 also shows the City of Cambridge s GHG emission inventory trends from 2009 to Between 2009 to 2012, the City s total GHG emissons have decreased from 7,400 in 2009 to 6,600 tonnes CO 2e in 2012, which represents a 11% decrease. Figure 2 City of Cambridge GHG Emissions and Forecast by Sector under the BAU Scenario The BAU forecast only takes into consideration those actions that are currently planned, with no energy efficiency modifications or policy changes. The forecast is a snapshot of what could occur to City operational emissions if everything were to remain status quo. The following assumptions were made as part of the forecast: Electricity and natural gas use will increase in proportion to the square footage increase in proposed building expansions to the existing stock City facilities; Quantity of waste at City of Cambridge facilities will increase by the same percentage as the overall City population growth; June

20 Energy for street lighting will increase by growth associated with Greenfield Development; and, The City s vehicle fleet will increase by ten light duty vehicles Proposed Reduction Target for the City of Cambridge The PCP recommends a corporate target of 20% below baseline emissions. The PCP also suggests a 10-year target to allow time for implementation. Based on the calculations in Section 6.0 of this report, a reduction target below the PCP baseline year (2009) of at least 6% by 2019 is achievable by the City, if all the discussed initiatives are implemented. This emissions reduction target translates into a 1,443 t CO 2e (or 17% reduction) below the projected 2019 GHG emissions level. Figure 3 illustrates the actual, forecast and target emissions between 2009 and As of 2012, the actual GHG emissions were below BAU and the target GHG emissions, so the City is on track to achieving its reduction commitments. Figure 3 City of Cambridge GHG Emissions and Forecast by Sector under the BAU Scenario June

21 6.0 Corporate GHG Reduction (Energy Management) Plan Recognizing the importance of stakeholder engagement to generate support for the actions outlined in this Plan and to create a foundation for its realization, the City hosted an Action Planning Workshop at City Hall on June 6, 2013 and invited members of the GHG Reduction Team and members of the Sustainability Task Force to participate. Stantec, the City s external partner for the development of its GHG inventory and forecast facilitated this workshop. The objectives of the workshop were three-fold: a) To provide the City of Cambridge with the tools to support the development of a desired vision, b) To brainstorm energy conservation and GHG reduction measures/initiatives for the City to implement, and c) To evaluate and prioritize measures/initiatives using an evaluation matrix (Figure 4) and evaluation criteria (Table 3). Figure 4 High Level Evaluation Matrix for Energy and GHG Reduction Measures/Initiatives June

22 Table 3 Evaluation Criteria for Proposed GHG Reduction Measures IMPACT: Energy & GHG Reductions and Other Co- Benefits LOW - Reductions in GHG emissions may affect only a small portion of the City s corporate inventory - Reductions in GHG emissions may depend on individual behavioural change and may not be guaranteed or lasting - Reductions in GHG emissions may not be directly linked to a specific measure/initiative - Few co-benefits may result from the implementation of the measure/initiative. Co-benefits include improved energy efficiency, air quality, and visibility. HIGH - Reductions in GHG emissions are substantial and represent a large portion of the City s corporate inventory - Reductions in GHG emissions are based on a major technological or policy change and cannot, therefore, be easily reversed - Co-benefits associated with GHG emissions reductions are substantial. EFFORT: Resources (Time & Costs) LOW - The measure/initiative does not require much, if any, additional staff time or funds to implement - Any staff time required to implement a specific measure/initiative is limited to either a one-time effort or a few hours on an ongoing basis - Any funding required to implement a specific measure/initiative can be covered by existing budgets, or, if securing additional funding is required, the likelihood of doing so is considered very high - Shorter timeframes are required for implementation HIGH - Full time human resources are required to implement the specific measure/initiative for example, one full time equivalent person or more for an extended period of time (e.g., a year or more) - Outside expertise (e.g., consultants) are required to implement the specific measure/initiative - Major financial support is required - Longer timeframes are required for implementation June

23 6.1 Summary of Proposed Measures to Achieve Reduction Target The City has identified several actions it can implement over a 10 (and in one case 30) year planning horizon to achieve its GHG reductions goal. The proposed actions are outlined in Table 4. To estimate the energy, cost and GHG reductions/savings, various assumptions were undertaken to provide the City with a range of potential energy and GHG savings associated with each action. It should be noted that these savings are estimates, and are based on industry best practices and available data. The actual savings observed by the City will be largely dependent on the type of equipment purchased, the fuel efficiency of new vehicles (as well as maintenance) and the actual consumption of energy by the equipment. In the savings estimates, each quantifiable action has been estimated within a range (minimum and maximum) based on actual City data and available data for estimations. June

24 Table 4 Summary of Energy & GHG Reduction Measures Proposed Energy / GHG Reduction Measure Description Applicability to Regulations / Programs GEA PCP Short Term (1 5 years) Implementation Time Frame Medium Term (5 10 years) Long Term (10+ years) Buildings ECMs & WCMs from detailed assessments Implementation of select ECMs and WCMs identified during detailed energy & water assessments of 24 Corporate Facilities (e.g., installation of programmable thermostats and occupancy sensors; upgrading existing natural gas-fired units with higher efficiency units; upgrading lighting to more energyefficient alternatives) (229 measures implemented by 2019) Occupancy Policy Developing an overarching policy and building control standards based upon building occupancy to reduce the heating and cooling of unoccupied areas. (policy & implementation) (ongoing implementation) (ongoing implementation) Street Lighting Streetlight Conversion Program & Development of New Streetlighting Standard Convert existing City-owned street lights to higher efficiency lighting (e.g., LEDs, induction) and developing a street lighting standard for new City developments. June

25 Proposed Energy / GHG Reduction Measure Description Applicability to Regulations / Programs GEA PCP Short Term (1 5 years) Implementation Time Frame Medium Term (5 10 years) Long Term (10+ years) Sewage Collection & Pumping Pumping Station Upgrades Upgrade pumping stations in accordance with energy conservation measures identified in energy assessment reports (e.g., installation of variable frequency drives VFDs on pumps). Reduce Operation of Diesel Generators Reduce pumping station runtimes of diesel generators by half. Corporate Waste Waste Management Develop strategies to improve corporate waste management and increase diversion rates across select corporate facilities. Fleet Fleet Right Sizing and Fleet Pooling Assess current fleet vehicles and see where efficiencies can be made with purchasing new vehicles based on needs and uses. Fuel Cells Look at fuel cell technology and its applicability in the City s fleet Alternative Technologies Look at a pilot project that would explore the use of alternative technologies including biodiesel, natural gas and propane. June

26 Proposed Energy / GHG Reduction Measure Description Applicability to Regulations / Programs GEA PCP Short Term (1 5 years) Implementation Time Frame Medium Term (5 10 years) Long Term (10+ years) Eco Driver Training Provide City staff with the opportunity to take an on-line green driving course that would help to reduce fuel consumption throughout the fleet. (initiation of training program for existing staff) (ongoing implementation) (ongoing implementation) Other Tree Canopy Improvement Inventory and increase the City s tree canopy. (completion of existing canopy inventory) (ongoing implementation over 30 year planting period) (ongoing implementation over 30 year planting period) June

27 6.1.1 Buildings On average, Canadian buildings are responsible for 33% of all energy used, 50% of natural resources consumed, 12% of nonindustrial water used, 25% of landfill waste generated, 10% of airborne particulates produced and 35% of greenhouses gasses emitted within a community 21. As such, the construction and operation of buildings is a major area of focus for energy and GHG reduction strategies. During its Action Planning Workshop in June 2013, the City identified four (4) main areas of opportunity to mitigate energy use and GHG emissions across their portfolio of buildings. These strategies include the installation of programmable thermostats and building automation systems, upgrading existing natural gas-fired equipment with high efficiency equipment, developing and implementing an occupancy policy, and upgrading lighting fixtures throughout City owned and managed facilities. Since the Action Planning Workshop, the City commissioned detailed energy and water assessments for 24 of its facilities and a range of additional energy and water conservation measures were identified, in addition to the original measures brought forward by the City during the Action Planning Workshop. The original four (4) opportunity areas identified by the City, as well as estimated total emissions savings, are highlighted in the sections that follow. A. Programmable Thermostats & Building Automation Systems (BAS) The City of Cambridge plans to install programmable thermostats and Building Automation Systems (BAS) for heating and cooling where appropriate, to optimize efficiencies in city owned and managed facilities. Programmable thermostats can reduce energy consumption and improve comfort, convenience and operational efficiencies. A BAS, or intelligent control system, that regulates the mechanical systems in a building such as chillers and boilers, allows for greater control and monitoring of building operations; better enables operators to quickly see, diagnose and fix operational issues; enables the generation of reports used for tracking consumption and the general operational status of facilities; improves operational efficiencies, thus saving energy and lowering CO 2e emissions; and allows for the collection and storage of data pertaining to energy consumption in buildings to show consumption trends over time. The cost and level of effort required in implementing these measures across city owned and managed facilities are considerable, but the results in terms of energy and GHG emissions reductions are significant. Due to the level of effort required to implement this initiative, and the level of impact expected to be achieved, this initiative is considered transformational in nature. The City plans to begin implementing these upgrades in facilities that consume the highest amount of electricity and cost the most to operate. Other facilities will also be selected based on additional factors such as occupancy and building use. Starting in 2014, the City aims to retrofit at least one building per year with these June

28 upgrades depending on available funding. Funding proposed for these upgrades is existing capital budgets and savings accrued from other energy efficiency measures. B. Natural Gas Upgrades The City plans to upgrade existing natural gas fired units and furnaces with high efficiency units (97.1% efficiency ratings) over a 10 year period, beginning in Reducing natural gas consumption is a significant means by which to improve a building s emissions profile, with the improvement most readily achieve in thermal applications such as natural gas space heating and water heating. Buildings with older natural gas or oil fired boilers and furnaces can substantially improve efficiency and lower emissions by upgrading this equipment to newer, more efficient models 22. This particular initiative is considered transformational for the City, due to the expected costs and time associated with its implementation, and due to the significant results that are expected to be achieved in terms of energy and GHG reductions. The City estimates upgrading existing natural gas fired equipment within its facilities could cost upwards of $2 million over a 10-year period. The City proposes to fund this initiative using gas tax monies. C. Occupancy Policy In addition to some of the more concrete, equipment-related measures the City is planning to implement within its facilities, the City is planning to develop an overarching policy and building control standards based upon building occupancy to reduce the heating and cooling of unoccupied areas. Many buildings are unoccupied on weekends, yet the City continues to heat and cool these spaces. The City plans to establish a standard for reducing heating and cooling of unoccupied spaces, in addition to establishing set points during occupied hours. The City expects that some research will be required to determine best practices/the appropriateness of certain standards for specific building types. For instance, City buildings and workshops will likely require a different standard for arenas and pools that have quite different heating and cooling requirements. Therefore, the City s policy and standards for heating and cooling will consider these unique requirements, and will take into account what the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment requires to operate optimally. Recognizing that staff will need to be made aware of any changes that may impact their workspaces and comfort levels, the City plans to implement an occupant engagement/educational program to improve knowledge and support for these initiatives. This initiative is expected to take a high level of effort to implement, mainly due to the occupant engagement/educational component but the expected results in terms of energy and GHG emissions reductions is also expected to be quite high. In terms of timelines, the City plans to implement the occupant engagement/educational component of this initiative by the first quarter in June

29 D. Facility Lighting Upgrade Lighting is an important issue to address in terms of minimizing overall energy consumption and reducing GHG emissions from building operations. While much of a building s energy consumption can be attributed to space heating, lighting is also a major electricity consumer within buildings. Energy Star, for example, has indicated that about 35% of the electricity used in commercial buildings is directly attributed to lighting systems; lighting makes up the greatest portion of a building s electricity bill and a significant portion of a building s overall energy bill 23. The City realizes that upgrading lighting systems in buildings is a good way to reduce overall energy consumption and associated GHG emissions. Lighting retrofits can also improve the visual comfort and can even affect the sizing of HVAC and other electrical systems as lighting systems not only produce light, but they can also produce significant amounts of heat. The heat produced by lighting systems is typically the largest source of waste heat (referred to as heat gain). Heat gain can be helpful when the building requires heating, but can be detrimental when the building requires cooling. More efficient lighting systems can help to reduce cooling loads as well as ongoing operational costs and reducing GHG emissions. The City plans to upgrade lighting in its 10 highest consuming buildings over a 10 year period. It is proposed that this initiative will be funded through municipal reserves and hydro rebates. E. Other Energy and Water Conservation Measures After the staff workshop convened in June 2013, the City commissioned detailed energy and water assessments for 24 City owned and managed facilities. The assessments revealed a number of additional ECMs and WCMs for the City s consideration, all of which are highlighted in Appendix B. Measures include the following: Building envelope upgrades such as increasing insulation on exterior doors, repairing weather-stripping, sealing and insulating operable windows, replacing single-pane windows; Replacing rooftop units; Implementing demand control ventilation; Installing building automation systems (BAS); Installing high efficiency boilers and controls, as well as high-efficiency domestic hot water (DHW) heaters; Installing occupancy sensors for lights and thermostats, as well as programmable thermostats; Upgrading existing water fixtures to low-flow alternatives (e.g., showerheads, toilets, urinals); June

30 Installing variable frequency drives (VFDs) on pumps, make-up air (MUA) units, and cooling tower fans; and Converting existing lights to LEDs and/or other higher-efficiency fixtures Street Lighting The City has identified a two-pronged approach it can take to reduce energy and GHG emissions associated with street lighting. First, the City is planning to convert existing City-owned street lights to higher efficiency lighting (e.g., LEDs, induction) over a 5-year period. The total number of streetlights operated by the City of Cambridge in 2009 was approximately 9,670. The City would look to convert the existing streetlights to more efficient lights. The conversions would take place over a five-year period, with approximately 2,000 fixtures being upgraded each year. Upgrading existing streetlights to more efficient alternatives can improve efficiencies and reduce costs by approximately 30 50% 24. The estimated costs of the project are to be determined upon the development of a business case, which will consider: A one-to-one conversion of existing streetlights to more efficient lights; Approximately 10,000 lamps to be converted over a 5 year time period; and Explore opportunities such as: o A co-operative tender with another municipality for new fixtures, and o Grants and other funding options. Using an estimate of a 30 to 50% reduction on a street light conversion program, the City could see annual GHG reductions (after all lights had been converted) from 305 to 508 tonnes of CO 2e, based annual energy being reduced from 2-3 million kilo Watt hours. The City could potentially annually save $160,000 to $270,000 annually after all the lights have been converted. Without action on conversion of streetlights, it is evident from discussions with Cambridge s GHG Reduction Team that with the increasing costs of electricity, operating costs in the City will be on the rise as will the City s GHG emissions. As this initiative has a significant impact on GHG reduction activities, even if the minimum amount of GHG reductions are achieved through this the City will achieve a 4% emission reduction from its total 2009 PCP baseline. Second, the City will develop a streetlighting standard and resulting policy for the installation of new, higher-efficient streetlights in new developments throughout the City. This part of the initiative entails reviewing available high-efficiency lighting options, exploring how development charges may need to be updated to accommodate the installation of more efficient June

31 options, writing a policy to reflect the new standard and ensuring all new developments adhere to this standard. There are already existing standards for street lighting that the City can build on, such as the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), along with the International Dark- Sky Association standards. Opportunities associated with the development and implementation of a street lighting standards for new developments include future developments that are more sustainable/energy-efficient, improved return on investment, reduced maintenance costs, reduced energy costs, and reduced GHG emissions Sewage Collection and Pumping The City has identified two initiatives to implement to reduce energy and GHG emissions associated with the operations of the pumping stations owned and operated by the City. A. Pumping Station Upgrades The City plans to upgrade all 16 city-owned and operated pumping stations over a 10-year period in accordance with energy conservation measures identified in energy assessment reports, which are scheduled for completion in The City anticipates that the installation of variable frequency drives (VFDs) on pumps will be one of the greatest opportunities to reduce energy within the pumping stations. The City estimates such upgrades will cost about $320,000 to complete, plus the cost of VFDs which can range anywhere from $2,600 to $27,000 depending on horsepower, plus ancillary equipment. The City proposes to fund this initiative using existing capital reserves. The City will also investigate available grants from local utility providers. Upgrading the City s pumping stations with VFDs and other energy conservation measures is expected to result in potential savings of 28 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, 234,833 kwh of electricity, and approximately $24,423 per year. The maximum savings that could be achieved would be in the order of 47 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, 391,388 kwh of electricity and $40,704 per year. Emissions reduction savings from VFDs are through a reduction in electricity usage during regular pump use. The US Department of Energy notes that energy savings between 30 and 50% are achievable by replacing existing, older technology pumps, with VFDs 25. June

32 B. Reduce Pumping Station Emergency Generator Runtimes In addition to upgrading Cityowned and operated pumping stations with energy and water saving technologies such as VFDs, the City has recently implemented plans to reduce pumping station runtimes across all 16 pumping stations. In the past, the City has tested its emergency generators twice per month, for approximately two hours per test, which is above and beyond what is required. The City has now reduced testing to once per month in order to cut diesel use in half and reduce GHG emissions. This initiative did not require any funding to implement, rather, this was a change in operational processes only. The City implemented this operational change in While savings associated with this initiative are relatively insignificant compared with several of the initiatives the City is planning to implement (5.4 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, 1,942 litres of diesel, and $2,369 cost savings), reviewing and revising operating practices/procedures on a regular basis to find efficiencies is good practice. Therefore, implementing this initiative is less about actual GHG reductions, and more about generating awareness that every action/process has associated impacts which can be reduced through regular review processes Corporate Waste The City of Cambridge plans to develop strategies to improve corporate waste management and increase waste diversion rates at select City owned and managed facilities. For this initiative, the City will first focus on larger facilities for example those over 60,000 square feet such as City Hall, Hespeler Memorial Arena, Galt Arena Gardens and the Transportation & Public Works Service Building. Over time, waste diversion rates at smaller facilities will also be examined and strategies put in place to improve performance in this area will be implemented. From an implementation standpoint, the City plans to conduct comprehensive 2-day audits for the four largest buildings in Recommended actions to improve diversion rates will subsequently be implemented over a 5-year period. The City plans to have these audits repeated on an annual basis to track diversion rates and measure progress against the baseline year. Diversion rates of at least 70% or higher will be considered successful. June

33 6.1.5 Fleet The City of Cambridge owns and operates approximately 850 pieces of equipment and vehicles, the City identified several initiatives that will assist in reducing its GHG emissions from its fleet emission profile. A. Fleet Right-Sizing & Fleet Pooling Over the next 10 years, the City would like to create a more sustainable, fuel-efficient fleet using right sizing and fleet pooling practices. The City has a total of 850 pieces of equipment, of which 150 are licensed vehicles (55 large dump trucks). The fleet right-sizing initiative aims to replace current crew cab trucks to fuel efficient vehicles. Over time, the goal of fleet right-sizing is to have a fleet that is more eco-friendly by using more fuel-efficient and alternative fuels wherever possible. The City will review intended uses of all the vehicles and over the next 10 years (starting in 2014), will look to replace vehicles with more efficient ones. The effort associated with this initiative is not the replacement of vehicles (as this would happen regardless); it is in the behavioral and cultural change required for City staff to embrace the principles and reasoning behind fleet right-sizing. Using fuel efficiency estimates, it was calculated that if the City of Cambridge replaced only 50 vehicles (F150s with a smaller pickup such as a Toyota Tahoma), they would save a minimum of 37 tonnes of GHGs, and if the City replaced the same 50 trucks with a Hybrid car they would save approximately 110 tonnes of GHGs. These GHG reductions are based solely on fuel savings. However, knowing that fuel costs are on the rise globally, it is important to understand that operating costs will rise, and taking action with the fleet is very important to help not only curb GHG emissions, but to also reduce rising costs within the City s operations. It is also important that the City consider implementing a communications and educational plan to assist in informing staff of the upcoming changes, and the importance of the changes to the fleet. Finally, as a way to better track fuel consumption in the future, the City will investigate implementation of a fuel management system (such as a fuel card system), that will track fuel transactions based on fuel cards associated with each vehicle. B. Fuel Cells As the City assesses the fleet, and goes through the process of right-sizing, the City will also explore the use of various technologies, including fuel cell vehicles (FCV). FCV s have the potential to reduce the City s dependence on and use of fuel and oil as well as to dramatically June

34 lower emissions that contribute to climate change. FCVs run on hydrogen gas as opposed to gasoline and emit zero harmful tailpipe emissions. FCVs/other alternative fuel technologies typically cost 20 30% more than today s traditional gasoline-fueled vehicles. Despite the initial up-front layout of funds for the compressor station plus the higher vehicle costs, substantial costs savings can be achieved over time (no gasoline costs). A substantial reduction in GHG emissions is likely to occur by introducing FCVs into the City s fleet (and eventually transforming the fleet to an FCV-based fleet). C. Alternative Fleet Technologies The City of Cambridge will investigate alternative technologies for fleet vehicles and identify pilot projects (no more than 5 vehicles) to test potentially viable technologies for the City of Cambridge. Other than Fuel Cell Vehicles FCVs (see above), there are other fuels and technologies for the City to consider including but not limited too; biodiesel, hybrid and plug-in vehicles, natural gas and propone vehicles. Furthermore, the City may wish to investigate the option of after-market conversion of vehicles essentially a process whereby existing gasoline fueled vehicles are retrofitted to accommodate different fuels/power sources. D. Eco-Driver Training As part of the greening of any fleet, it is important for the City staff to have an understanding of the importance of using less fuel, not only through the purchase of fuel-efficient vehicles, but by how those vehicles are operated. One way of accomplishing this, is to educate staff through a greendriver training program. It is estimated that 3-10% fuel savings can be accomplished when drivers complete and implement green driving techniques. Based on these assumptions the City of Cambridge could save a minimum of 55 and a maximum of 185 tonnes of GHGs by providing a Green Driving course to all staff that operate fleet vehicles. Stantec offers a customizable 25-minute on-line Eco-Driving course and Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) has many resources available to fleet operators Other In addition to the proposed actions for buildings, street lighting, sewage collection and pumping, corporate waste and fleet, the City has identified another action that it can implement to help it achieve its GHG reduction target. This proposed action is outlined below. June

35 A. Tree Canopy Improvement The City plans to improve its tree canopy over a 30-year period beginning in Specifically, the City plans to complete an inventory of the current canopy, develop an urban forest plan with canopy target and subsequently work to increase the canopy over a 30-year period. Funding sources for this initiative will be investigated and includes capital maintenance funds and funds from potential partnerships with community, residents and corporations (for example, a current community initiative leverages $5 for every $1 the City funds). Numerous benefits are expected as a result of this initiative. Benefits include: Climate cooling: increasing the City s tree canopy will sequester GHG emissions and reduce energy consumption for air conditioning as trees lower ambient temperatures and decrease the urban heat island effect ; Habitat preservation: provision of more habitat for birds and animal species; Economic benefits: communities and business districts with good tree cover attracts more industry, residents and commercial activity; higher rents (residential and commercial space) can also be achieved; Water quality: improvement of watershed forest cover; Stormwater management: a healthy tree canopy contributes to stormwater management and reduces the risk of flooding; Aesthetics: improvement of community aesthetics; GHG reductions: Approx. 54 tonnes of GHGs by 2020 (to be confirmed by plan); Property values: property values increase in areas with good tree cover; and Health benefits: trees contribute to positive mental health, remove pollutions and provide necessary shade. 26 June

36 7.0 Monitoring & Measurement The City s efforts to reduce energy and GHG emissions as a corporation will be measured through an annual GHG inventory and through annual energy reporting from City-owned facilities as required by the GEA, though some initiatives lend themselves to more specific monitoring and measurement. For example, when it comes to monitoring and measuring the outcomes of its proposed building-related initiatives, the City will track energy consumption per building over time to monitor the effect of proposed action items such as the installation of programmable systems (e.g., BAS and programmable thermostats). The City will also monitor corporate waste diversion rates over time by implementing a regular waste auditing process that will measure the success of corporate-wide waste management strategies and present additional strategies for the City to implement in time. Success for other initiatives, such as the City s proposed streetlighting initiatives, will be measured based on a reduction in maintenance costs and reduced energy consumption. The City s GHG Reduction Team will be responsible for presenting annual findings to Council, and will be responsible for identifying new action items to reduce energy and GHG emissions over time to facilitate continuous environmental improvement across City operations. June

37 Appendix A: Milestones 1, 2 and 3 Achievement Letters June

38 June