Smart Electrical Energy

Transcription

1 SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS: SMART CITIES Smart Electrical Energy AESC310 Smart Energy 1

2 Today s agenda Forms of energy and conversion Role of electricity in US Conventional electric networks Smart electric grid technology Smarter electricity networks Some additional resources AESC310 Smart Energy 2

3 Forms of energy Non-renewable o Natural gas o Coal Renewable o Nuclear o Solar o Wind o Geothermal o Tides o Hydropower (dams) AESC310 Smart Energy 3

4 Energy conversion to electrical form Which of these forms can be converted to electricity? Non-renewable o Natural gas o Coal Renewable o Nuclear o Solar o Wind o Geothermal o Tides o Hydropower (dams) AESC310 Smart Energy 4

5 Electrical power variables Volts, amperes and watts what s the difference? Voltage: potential difference, volts Current: flow, amperes Power: voltage * current -> electrical power (1 volt * 1 amp = 1 watt) Energy: power * time -> electrical energy (1 watt-sec, 1 kilowatt-hr) AESC310 Smart Energy 5

6 Electrical energy: history AESC310 Smart Energy 6

7 Electrical power: alternating current AESC310 Smart Energy 7

8 Electrical power: alternating current AESC310 Smart Energy 8

9 Electrical power: direct current Car battery: 12 v 40 A.h Peak current draw: ~400 A Electronics battery: 1.5 v 800 ma.h Current draw: ~ ma Human brain: ~ 70 mv ~ 2 ma AESC310 Smart Energy 9

10 Electrical power: human generation regular person: 1.2 hp briefly (900 W) 0.1 hp indefinitely (75 W) trained athlete : 2.5 hp briefly (1650 W) 0.3 hp indefinitely (225 W) AESC310 Smart Energy 10

11 Why is electricity such a useful form? Can be shipped over long distances relatively flexibly Voltage can be stepped up/down efficiently for local use Can be used over a wide range of power levels o Microelectronic devices o Light bulbs o Electric room heater o Aluminum smelting o Transcranial electrical stimulation AESC310 Smart Energy 11

12 Factory power in the 1880s AESC310 Smart Energy 12

13 What are some problems with electricity? Energy losses over long lines Danger to people at certain power/voltage levels Heavy dependency can be a security/convenience risk Doesn t store well in large amounts (energy) AESC310 Smart Energy 13

14 Role of electricity in the US energy picture AESC310 Smart Energy 14

15 AESC310 Smart Energy 15

16 MSU Solar Carport Initiative AESC310 Smart Energy 16

17 Smart building energy management Networked systems lead to greater efficiency. 1) Advanced building energy management systems 2) Smart lighting 3) Smart HVAC 4) Other smart building components: Smart windows AESC310 Smart Energy 17

18 Electric networks Production Distribution Consumption installed capacity capacity to transmit actual demand In the US we have a consumption-driven system implemented by highly-regulated utility companies. The system is costly but effective and reliable. AESC310 Smart Energy 18

19 Conventional electric networks P Producer C P C Consumer GRID C P C P AESC310 Smart Energy 19

20 Smart grid technology Motivators are: o increased efficiency cheaper power, less harm to environment o increased reliability more stable in storms o increased security less vulnerable to targeted attack AESC310 Smart Energy 20

21 Smart grids and Smart Cities A smart grid does three things: o Modernizes power systems for C&C o Informs consumers about their usage o Provides reliable and secure power Leads to increased use of: o Measurement what s happening? o Automated intelligence what to do? o Control action how to do it? AESC310 Smart Energy 21

22 Smart grid technologies Strategies o Efficiency: active market pricing o Reliability: pinpointing outages o Security: redundant routing Techniques o Measurement: sensors, metering o Intelligence: decision algorithms o Control: actuators to shut off lights AESC310 Smart Energy 22

23 Evolving electric networks AESC310 Smart Energy 23

24 Smarter electric networks Production from multiple sources Power plants Solar and wind farms Local solar panels on roofs Distribution Many parts of grid must be two-way Market-structured among primary producers Consumption Suppliers may control, to some degree Influenced by dynamic pricing Demand reduced by education AESC310 Smart Energy 24

25 Smarter electric networks AESC310 Smart Energy 25

26 Smarter electric networks Consider local effects: microgrid Source: rebuspower.com AESC310 Smart Energy 26

27 Smarter electric networks P 1 Producer C 1 Consumer GRID Separate marketbased operation: buyer-seller structure PC1 C 3 P 2 C 2 PC2 AESC310 Smart Energy 27

28 Smarter grids and smarter cities Production from multiple sources Distribution Main grids integrated with microgrids Greater reliability and security through C&C Consumption Greater control in meeting demand Example of electricity needs of urban water utility: (1) very large consumer; (2) some demand shifted to off-peak hours; (3) limit water power in favor of hospital power Source: Relationship between Smart Grids and Smart Cities, K. Geisler, Siemens Smart Grid US. AESC310 Smart Energy 28

29 One Planet, one Family, one Grid? AESC310 Smart Energy 29

30 Some additional resources energy.gov/oe/services/ technology-development/smart-grid EPRI/intelligrid en.cfm?pg=research-smartgrid dings/watertower.html AESC310 Smart Energy 30