Brahmatwinn Twinning European and South Asian River Basins to enhance capacity and implement adaptive management approaches

Transcription

1 Brahmatwinn Twinning European and South Asian River Basins to enhance capacity and implement adaptive management approaches Workpackage 5 Preliminary Report Analysis of present IWRM practices by Prof. W.A. Flügel, Anita Bartosch, Jörg Pechstädt Institute: FSU Jena Anita.Bartosch@uni-jena.de Home page: 6th EU Framework Programme Priority: Global Change and Ecosystems Contract: No Project duration:

2 Content 1. Introduction WP5 2. Upper Danube River Basin Major Water Consumers and Polluters Institutional Framework for Water Resources Management IWRM Plans and Strategies 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Major Water User Water Administration and Management IWRM Plans and Strategies in respect to Major Water Users and Water Availability 4. Further activities and Summary

3 Overview WP5 1. Introduction Objectives: Comprehensive assessment, analysis and evaluation of present IWRM practices and their adaptive potential in respect to mitigate likely impact from climate change. Enhancement of the HRU delineation criteria catalogue by IWRM components. Deliverables comprising Dl_5 to a different degree are required input to WP_4 and WP_5 till WP_10, for acceptance to WP_1 and for dissemination to WP_11. Organization of WP_5: 5.1 Demand driven IWRM practices: agriculture, hydropower, environment 5.2 Water distribution policies in respect to floods and draughts 5.3 Water consumers and polluters 5.4 Irrigation agriculture, fertilization and crop pattern 5.5 Groundwater resources, quality and exploitation 5.6 IWRM enhancement of the RU regionalisation approach 5.7 Documentation, publication, and input into RBIS Partners involved: FSU (1), LMU (2), UniVie (5), GeoDa (6), UniDun (7), FEEM (9), ICIMOD (12), UniBu (13), ITP (14), CARR (15), (18), IITR (20),

4 Map of URDB 2. Upper Danube River Basin

5 Sub-basin: Salzach 2. Upper Danube River Basin river length: 225 km catchment area: 6,649 km 2 river crosses along a gradient of 1,956 m Average runoff: 250 m 3 /s (Aug 2002: m 3 /s) 80 machines for the production of artificial snow Monitored glaciers show retreat the Salzach represents a common and permanent terrain of conflict between nature protection at the one side and agriculture, energy production and recreational activities on the other side

6 Sub-basin: Lech Basin area: 4,126 km 2, river length: 264 km, gradient of 2,397 m Only some residual glaciers in exposition protected cirques average runoff: 116 m 3 /s, (Pardé regime: nivo-pluvial) mainly influenced by the Forrgen Lake, a man-made lake in the stream way of the Lech on the Lech s course are build 30 power plants and 24 reservoirs 2. Upper Danube River Basin Forrgen Lake (UniVie)

7 Problems 2. Upper Danube River Basin water-related problems in the UDRB are: (water quality) and environmental protection Tourism and increasing water demand Alps vs. prealpine regions Flood risks, and vulnerability due to climatic change (e.g. glacier retreat) Left: River embankments Right: Artificial snow production

8 Water demand 2. Upper Danube River Basin In the year 2001 about 3.77 out of 51 billions m³ (available water resources) of water were extracted, 74.3 percent out of surface water bodies (German UDRB) Major water users in the UBRB: Hydropower Public Water Supply Industry Agriculture Water extraction in Mio.m3/a (2001) in the German UDRB Public water supply Public heat power plants Industry Agriculture Consumptive and Non-consumptive water demand (Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz 2005).

9 Major water users and water demand 2. Upper Danube River Basin Agriculture irrigated area illustrates just 0,2% of the total agriculture used area. total water demand of the agriculture sector amounts lesser than 2 Mio.m 3 /a 85 % is extracted from groundwater bodies due to climate change strong changes in land use are expected (area may serve as substitution in the EU context for crop producing Mediterranean regions, which become increasingly water stressed). agricultural water use is very low in the UDRB, but considerable high in the UBRB! The agricultural water use is in comparison to other water uses in the basin very low! UniVie

10 Water demand 2. Upper Danube River Basin Industry in the region emerged highly industrialized centres like the cities Augsburg, Ingolstadt, Regensburg and Munich water in the industrial sector is mainly used as cooling water and for energy generation in the last decades water demand of industrial sector has decreased extracted water for industry accords 750 Mio.m 3 (2001) in German UDRB Major part (2/3) is extracted from surface water bodies to rise the efficiency: multiple-shift and circuit usages are implemented (

11 Water demand 2. Upper Danube River Basin Public Water Supply public water supply comprises domestic use and small trade in addition to public institutions In the Bavarian Danube basin the three major water supply groups are Wasserversorgung Bayerische Riesgruppe, Wasserversorgung Bayerischer Wald and Wasserversorgung Fränkischer Wirtschaftsraum Today 136 l per person and day were consumed 95 % ground- and spring water, only less surface water The sectors public water supply and industry could be identified as major water users in the UDRB! Public water supply: 791,4 Mio. m 3 /a 73% groundwater 21% spring water 6% surface water

12 Water demand 2. Upper Danube River Basin Hydropower Thermal power plants extract about 2.2 billions m³ water per year for cooling systems, 87.8 percent is of the Isar catchment and taken from surface water Water power currently amounts to a 18 % share of the total energy consumption in Bavaria Tourism winter tourism: artificial snow production as a result of the intensive and expanding winter tourism increasing summer tourism: golf courses and pools have a high water demand (

13 Water Quality 2. Upper Danube River Basin Endangered due to: Industrial sewage - chemical and physical loads - main problems remain due to the uncountable diffuse pollution sources, which cannot be located exactly Agricultural sector - causes mainly loads of nitrogen and phosphorus, which attains mostly due to infiltration in the groundwater body - water quality also endangered due to pesticides - Due to erosion phosphorus mainly comes into the waters Public water supply - over the past decades water quality has improved considerably through large investments into wastewater treatment plants

14 Water Administration and IWRM 2. Upper Danube River Basin German UDRB (56,295 km 2 ) = Baden Württemberg (8,069 km 2 ) + Bavaria (48,226 km 2 ) Danube region in Baden-Württemberg is called Oberste Donau (paramount Danube) Responsible is Ministry of Environment and Traffic, Stuttgart Bavarian region is divided in 5 planning areas: Iller-Lech - WWA Donauwörth Isar - WWA Landshut Inn - WWA Passau Altmühl-Paar - WWA Ingolstadt Naab-Regen - WWA Regensburg Responsible is Bavarian Ministry of State for Environment, Health and Cosumerism (StMUGV) For all planning areas a Water Management Agency (WWA) Planning areas Planning area Oberste Donau Iller-Lech Isar Inn Altmühl-Paar Naab-Regen Entire german Danube basin Area (km 2 ) 8,069 10,102 10,030 11,969 6,702 9,423 56,295

15 Water Administration and IWRM 2. Upper Danube River Basin Transboundary aspects have to be considered, especially securing of water availability in sufficient quantity and quality in downstream countries the water resources are endangered due to environmental hazards, climate change and human activities Organisation and Institutions International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR): task is the development of a comprehensive management plan for the entire Danube river basin using the principles of the EU Water Framework Directive in the year 2000 Hydrological services exist at local, state and federal level IWRM Plans and Strategies in relation to floods and droughts characterized by,anthropogenic modifications for flood protection and to secure land for urban development. UDRB region requires plans against floods (due to snowmelt and precipitation) Risk management, protection forecasting systems and public information were driven e.g. by the Bavarian Hochwassernachrichtendienst or the Austrian Hydrographischer Dienst

16 Water Administration and IWRM 2. Upper Danube River Basin River linking in the UDRB Danube is linked with the Rhine River Basin by way of a channel (completed in the year 1992) With the water transfer from the Danube to the Main the following principal objectives are achieved: improvement of low water availability in northern Bavaria in them Main basin, Compensation for evaporation losses caused by the operation of the thermal power stations, Reduction in the number of floods in the valley of the middle Altmühl in summer (

17 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin

18 Climate conditions 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Analysis of time series: Temperature and precipitation trend since 1970 Temperature increases in the entire basin, while precipitation increases in the south-east and decreases in the north-west

19 Sub-basin: Lhasa River/ Tibet 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin 26,235 km 2 drainage area Temp.: 1,6 C, Precip.: 530 mm Tibet s water resources hail primarily from glaciers as precipitation is very low permafrost coverage 40% China plans water divertion to water scare regions in the north of the country Electricity generation capacity 91 MW (

20 Sub-basin: Wang Chu/ Bhutan 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Bhutan exports hydropower after covering own domestic energy demand (230 MW) - Chhukha Hydroelectric Power project: 340 MW - Tala project: 1,020 MW total water demand in the Wang Chu basin was million m 3 /yr in 2002 and will rise to million m 3 /yr in 2022 Wang Watershed Management Project to support the on-going development projects in four districts in the west of Bhutan: Chhukha, Haa, Paro and Thimphu

21 Sub-basin: Wang Chu/ Bhutan 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin very low flows in the December to March period peak flows in July and August, during the height of the monsoon 68% of total discharge occurs in the four months between June and September a decreasing trend in the Wang Chu discharge observed at the Chukha power station in the last 20 years (

22 Test area: Assam/ India 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin population of 22.4 million people is prone to natural disasters like droughts, floods and earthquakes climate is affected from the south west monsoon Flood protection exists in Assam since 50 years major agricultural crops grown in Assam consist of different varieties of paddy, wheat, sugarcane, jute, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables etc. irrigation alone is accounted for almost 91 per cent of total water consumption Brahmaputra River at Dibrugarh (

23 Brahmatwinn Twinning European and South Asian River Basins to enhance capacity and implement adaptive management approaches WP5 GeoData Institute Draft Findings: Population Growth and Agricultural Water demand (WT 5.3 & 5.4) Overview Dr. Fiifi Amoako- Johnson Dr. Craig Hutton (Prof. Mike Clark) Institute GeoData Institute, University of Southampton Home page: 6th EU Framework Programme Priority: Global Change and Ecosystems Contract: No Launch:

24 WT 5.3 Development plans and expected population growth in Tibet, Bhutan and Assam

25 WT 5.4 Development Trend for Water Allocation to agriculture in Assam

26 Development Trend for Agricultural Land Population Pressure (WT 5.4)

27 Comments: need for specific water demands by land use type (WP 3 partners) Exploration of policy to develop agriculture e.g. trends in irrigation Discussion on Virtual Water

28 Problems 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin - water-related problems are: notably up- and downstream conflicts water quality and environmental protection Earthquakes/ landslides GLOFs Flood and drought risk River bank erosion/ land loss

29 Water demand/ major water users and polluters 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Agriculture (Problems: plenty of water because of non-efficient irrigation schemes, decrease of water quality due to fertilization) Public Water Supply (Problems: decrease of water quality due to untreated waste water discharge) Industry (Problems: illegal disposal of industrial waste and sewage) Hydropower Out of the total water withdrawals of 9.9 km 3 from the Brahmaputra (compared to 267 km 3 for the Ganges), irrigation accounts for 81 per cent, domestic withdrawal 10 per cent, and industrial withdrawal 9 per cent

30 Water demand Agriculture 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin While the irrigated land on the Tibetan plateau is negligible, some of the Indian states have considerable irrigation potential only 12.5% of the arable land in Bhutan is under irrigation (about 38,000 ha), irrigation potential in India is very high, but compared to a total potential of about 4.26 million ha (42,600 km 2 ), the area presently under irrigation is only 0.85 million ha (8,500 km 2 ) Water use efficiency in India is estimated to be only between 38 to 40% for canal irrigation and about 60% for groundwater schemes flooding of large areas is given through the Brahmaputra during summer rain time The agricultural sector is a major water user in the UBRB, especially in the indian area!

31 Water demand 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Public water supply The Tibetan region and Bhutan are very less populated in comparison to the Indian state Assam In Bhutan it is still considered that some 20% of the rural population, and 1.5% of urban people depend on unsanitary sources In Thimphu it is estimated that water demand is currently increasing by 10% annually (population increase) In Assam rapidly rising demand due to high population growth and migration as well as immigration from the neighbouring areas urban water supply infrastructure in Assam is affected by sedimentation and drifting of stream channel courses of the Brahmaputra Public water supply is a major water user in the high density populated area of Assam! In Bhutan the water requirement at present is about 10 l per person and day followed by Nepal with 12 l. Both countries have most of their territory in mountainous areas. Bangladesh follows with 14 l per person and day, India 31 l and finally China with the highest demand of 59 l person (ICIMOD 2005).

32 Water demand 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Hydropower Electricity consumption and access in Brahmaputra riparian countries and in some selected regions (WIR 2008).

33 Hydropower 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Huge hydropower potential in Tibet ( GW), but electricity generation capacity 91 MW fresh water availability 627 km 3, only 10% of water is used Bhutan has a hydropower potential of 30,000 MW, most in Wang Chu basin hydropower potential in the Brahmaputra river basin located in India is 34,920 MW at 60% load factor All existing major and medium hydro-electric projects in Assam had been developed as single-purpose schemes exclusively for hydropower generation The shortage of electricity in booming India offers a vast potential for export of Power Navigation Assam has a total navigable waterway to the extent of 4, km, out of which only 2, km are navigable through out the year and rest 1,872 km are navigable only during monsoons ( )

34 Water Administration and IWRM 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Water management in the UBRB requires trans-boundary IWRM strategies and Plans, to: avoid water related conflicts between up- and downstream countries satisfy and secure water demand of downstream countries Especially adequate water availability and quantity should be offered for all Countries in the Brahmaputra basin Country % of Area of Basin China (Tibet) 51,1 Bhutan 6,7 India 34 Bangladesh 8,2 Sum Population (million) 2 0, (Sarma, 2005: 73; NHPC, 2008; Tianchou, 2001:110; World Bank, 2008; Rangachari & Verghese, 2001:82; CWC, 2008; DOT, 2007; NPB, 2008).

35 Water Administration and IWRM 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin River linking project in the UBRB to avoid water scarcity Different water development plans: India: major hydropower plans and water diversion to Ganges (increasing demand) China: water diversion to other river basins within China (South to North Water Diversion Project SNWDP) Bangladesh: needs the water, especially in dry periods River linking projects can cause water scarcity in some regions and therefore water conflicts! (Mirza, 2004;Rahaman, 2008)

36 Water Administration and IWRM 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin A. Tista Low Dam III, B. Tista Low Dam IV C. Rangit D. Tista IV E. Lachen F. Tista V G. Sunkosh H. Manash I. Subansiri J. Dihang K. Dibang L. Lohit M.Tipaimukh N. Jogigopa barrage. Fig.: The New Indian line and some proposed dams in the Brahmaputra basin (NHPC, 2008; NEEPCO, 2008; Rahaman, 2008). India promotes Brahmaputra water resources and hydropower development through bilateral cooperation with Bhutan excluding China and Bangladesh. Like India China has also chosen unilateral approach of Brahmaputra basin s hydropower and water resources development excluding India and Bangladesh (Rahaman & Varis 2008).

37 Water management in Tibet (Lhasa River) 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin fresh water availability of about 627 km 3 90% goes into tranboundary flows in 1991 electricity generation capacity was 91 MW because of low local demand that is also a reason for diverting water in water deficit regions in north of China

38 Water management in Bhutan (Wang Chu) 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Bhutan Water Partnership National Environment Commission Secretariat Department of Disaster Management Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health Department of Urban Development and Engineering Services, Ministry of Works and Human Settlement Hydrometeorological Services Division, Department of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs IWRM: The flow regime is relatively stable in Bhutan, and most of the major rivers run through narrow incised valleys which reduces the risk of major flooding events Two types of floods occur in Bhutan: flash floods during the monsoon, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) Water policy in Bhutan: The general priority ranking principle shall be as follows: - Drinking water and sanitation - Irrigation - Hydropower - Industries - Other uses IWRM strategies are realized following the the plan: Bhutan 2020: A Vision of Prosperity and Happiness and The Tenth Five Year Plan of the Environment Sector To take best advantage of winter and spring rains and flows, a major programme to encourage water storage of small to medium scale tanks and ponds is recommended, at household, village and community level.

39 Water management in India (Assam) 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Since 1982, few departments of Government of India viz. Central Water Commission, Geological Survey of India, India Meteorological Department and Central Electricity Authority State Water Resources Department of Assam: - Maintenance of flood control works Two Govt. of India undertakings namely North East Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO) and National Hydropower Corporation (NHPC): - developing hydropower generation capacity in Assam Department of Geology and Mining of Assam + Central Groundwater Board: - monitoring of groundwater Soil Conservation Department of Assam: - managing of soil loss problem Inland Waterways Authority of India: - maintenance of navigable channel route Ministry for Development of North East Region (DoNER) Even DoNER has not been able to bring about the required effective coordination amongst the concerned government organizations as well as the eight sister provinces of the region for the sake of deriving optimal benefits by harnessing the sizable water resources of the Brahmaputra through adoption of IWRM

40 Water management in India (Assam) 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin Trigger for first management activities: massive earthquake of 1950 With 40% of its land surface susceptible to flood damage, the Brahmaputra valley in Assam represents one of the most acutely hazard-prone regions in the country, having a total flood prone area of 3.2 million hectares Several major and medium run-of-the-river irrigation projects were built on the tributaries of the Brahmaputra by constructing diversion barrage and canal system, but any possibility for flood moderation and hydropower was not explored Trans-boundary agreements between India and Bhutan: There exist several (altogether 10) agreements regarding hydropower development in Bhutan 1. Agreement regarding the construction of 35 MW Jaldhaka Hydro Power Project, Agreement regarding the Chukha Hyrdro-electric Project, New Delhi, 23 March Agreement regarding the feasibility study of the Sunkosh Multipurpose Project (SMP), 4 January Agreement concerning cooperation in the field of hydroelectric power between India and Bhutan, New Delhi, 28 July

41 IWRM Summary 3. Upper Brahmaputra River Basin - Existing flood control schemes in Assam had been developed by embanking the river with the help of flood dykes - Since fifties of last century, solid and permeable spurs along with boulder bank revetments had been constructed in many sites along the Brahmaputra river which are affected by stream bank erosion - all the existing irrigation projects in Assam had been conceived as river diversion run-of-the-river-schemes as single purpose development of water resources - the diversion type run-of-the-river existing irrigation projects are oriented mainly as assured irrigation systems for the drought prone areas and also to provide required soil moisture in the rain-shadow areas of Assam - Without irrigation water which is the most critical input, it is not feasible to step up the agricultural production in Assam from its current stagnation level

42 Further activities WT 5.6: IWRM enhancement of the RU regionalisation approach Development of Water resources response units (WRRU s) HRU s + integrated indicator = Water resources response units (identification of integrated indicators for transferring HRU into Water Resources Response Units (WRRU)) -They represent specific assemblies of the abiotic, biotic and socio-economic core compartments that control their interactive functioning within IWRM -permit regional upscaling and downscaling and spatial evaluation of IWRM options In result they will yield regional distributed, process based IWRM units which offer an extended potential for the development, distributed modelling and spatial evaluation of adaptive sustainable IWRM options MS_5.6: Delineated Water Resources Response Units (WRRUs) Evaluation of water administration practices in respect to transboundary issues

43 Thank you for your attention!