TRACY HILLS SPECIFIC PLAN DRAFT SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT VOLUME II DECEMBER 2014

Transcription

1 TRACY HILLS SPECIFIC PLAN DRAFT SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT VOLUME II DECEMBER 2014 APPENDIX B AIR QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GAS DATA, DATED NOVEMBER 2013, MARCH 2014, AND OCTOBER 2014

2 TRACY HILLS PHASE 1 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT CITY OF TRACY Prepared for: The Tracy Hills Project Owner, LLC 3 San Joaquin Plaza, Suite 100 Newport Beach, CA Prepared by: Haseeb Qureshi hqureshi@urbanxroads.com (949) x217 November 7, 2013 JN: HRA Report

3 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... II APPENDICES... III LIST OF EXHIBITS... IV LIST OF TABLES... IV LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS... V 1 INTRODUCTION Site Location Project Description Project Description Summary of Findings SOURCE IDENTIFICATION SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION EXPOSURE QUANTIFICATION RISK CHARACTERIZATION Non-Carcinogenic Hazards Criteria Pollutant Exposures REFERENCES CERTIFICATION HRA Report ii

4 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment APPENDICES APPENDIX 3.1: EMISSION RATE CALCULATIONS APPENDIX 4.1: AERMOD DISPERSION MODEL SUMMARY FILE APPENDIX 4.2: AERMOD DISPERSION MODEL INPUT/OUTPUT FILES APPENDIX 5.1: RISK CALCULATION WORKSHEETS HRA Report iii

5 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment LIST OF EXHIBITS EXHIBIT 1-A: LOCATION MAP... 2 EXHIBIT 1-B: PRELIMINARY SITE PLAN... 3 EXHIBIT 4-A: SOURCE RECEPTOR GRID NETWORK LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2-1: ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES... 7 TABLE 3-1: VEHICLE FLEET MIX PROFILE... 9 TABLE 3-2: HOURLY AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES TABLE 3-3: COMPOUNDS EMITTED FROM ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE ACTIVITY TABLE 5-1: CALIFORNIA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS TABLE 5-2: TRACY/STOCKTON MONITORING SUMMARY TABLE 5-3: SJVAPCD AIR QUALITY SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS HRA Report iv

6 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS (1) Reference µg/m3 Microgram per Cubic Meter AADT Annual Average Daily Trips ARB California Air Resources Board CAA Federal Clean Air Act CAAQS California Ambient Air Quality Standards Caltrans California Department of Transportation CAPCOA California Air Pollution Control Officers Association CCR California Code of Regulations CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CFR Code of Federal Regulations CO Carbon Monoxide DPM Diesel Particulate Matter EPA Environmental Protection Agency GAMAQI Guide for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NOx Oxides of Nitrogen NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide PM10 Particulate Matter 10 microns in diameter or less PM2.5 Particulate Matter 2.5 microns in diameter or less PPM Parts Per Million Project Tracy Hills Phase 1 ROG Reactive Organic Gases SJVAB San Joaquin Valley Air Basin SJVAPCD San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District TAC Toxic Air Contaminant TOG Total Organic Gases VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled VOC Volatile Organic Compounds HRA Report v

7 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 1 INTRODUCTION In 2005, the California Air Resources Board (ARB) promulgated an advisory recommendation to avoid siting sensitive land uses within 500 feet of a freeway, urban roads with 100,000 vehicles per day or rural roads with 50,000 vehicles per day. According to the ARB, the increased cancer risk is 300 to 1,700 per million within this domain. The strongest association of traffic related emissions with adverse health outcomes was seen within 300 feet of roadways with high truck densities. Notwithstanding, the ARB notes that a site specific analysis would be required to determine the actual risk near a particular land use and should consider factors such as prevailing wind direction, local topography and climate. Additionally, the California Code of Regulations, Title 14 (the CEQA Guidelines), Section (a) recommends that significant environmental effects of a project be assessed when a project brings development and people into an affected area. However, CEQA case law has held that CEQA requires the lead agency to analyze the impacts of the project on the environment, not the impacts of the environment on the project. Although not required by CEQA, in an abundance of caution, the lead agency, the city of Tracy, has requested the preparation of this assessment. Therefore, for the proposed project, adjoining freeway emissions are a potential concern and relevant thresholds and standards exist to determine the impact of vehicular emissions on an exposed population. As such, a health risk assessment was prepared to assess the impact of these emissions on individuals residing at the proposed project site. In consideration of the above referenced, ARB advisory recommendation, the assessment and dispersion modeling methodologies used in the preparation of this report were composed of all relevant and appropriate procedures presented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, California Environmental Protection Agency and San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD). The methodologies and assumptions offered under this regulatory guidance were used to ensure that the assessment effectively quantified residential exposures associated with the generation of contaminant emissions from adjacent mobile source activity. This report summarizes the protocol used to evaluate contaminant exposures and presents the results of the health risk assessment. 1.1 SITE LOCATION The proposed Tracy Hills Phase 1 development is located within the City of Tracy, east of Interstate 580 (I-580) and north of South Corral Hollow Road as shown on Exhibit 1-A. 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Project includes construction of approximately 1,200 residential lots and 50 acres of business park use, Exhibit 1-B illustrates a preliminary conceptual site plan HRA Report 1

8 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment EXHIBIT 1-A: LOCATION MAP HRA Report 2

9 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment EXHIBIT 1-B: PRELIMINARY SITE PLAN HRA Report 3

10 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Project applicant has agreed to installing air filtration systems with efficiencies equal to or exceeding a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) 13 (or equivalent system) as defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard The average particle size efficiency (PSE) removal based on ASHRAE Standard 52.2 for MERV 13 is approximately 75% for 0.3 to 1.0 g/m3(dpm) and 90% for 1.0 to 10 g/m3(pm10 and PM2.5)1. Additionally, the Project will include the planting of Afgan and Alppo Pine trees (coniferous evergreens) to serve as a buffer between the Freeway and the Project site and further reduce potential DPM impacts. UC Davis and Caltrans prepared a white paper: Practical Mitigation Measures for Particulate Matter: Near-Road Vegetation Barriers. The white paper identifies coniferous evergreens as the most ideal plant for removal of diesel PM. The white paper also notes the potential benefits and impacts of vegetation and sound wall as barriers for DPM but ultimately notes that further research is required to effectively quantify any potential benefits. As such, the analysis herein takes no credit from the implementation of vegetation and/or sound walls. 1.4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Without Project Design Feature For carcinogenic exposures, the summation of risk for the maximum exposed residential receptor totaled 1.72E-05 (17.2 in one million) for the 70 year, 7.36E-06 (7.36 in one million) for the 30 year and 2.21E-06 (2.21 in one million) for the 9 year exposure scenarios. In comparison to the threshold level of ten in one million, carcinogenic risks will exceed the applicable threshold for the 70 year exposure scenario only. Therefore, carcinogenic exposures have the potential to be significant without implementation of the air filtration project design feature (MERV 13 or equivalent air filtration system). For chronic noncarcinogenic effects, the hazard index identified for each toxicological endpoint totaled less than one for the 70, 30 and 9 year exposure scenarios. For acute exposures, the hazard indices for the identified averaging times did not exceed the threshold of 1.0. Therefore, noncarcinogenic hazards are calculated to be within acceptable limits and a less than significant impact would occur. For the maximum exposed residential receptor, results of the analysis predicted freeway emissions will produce PM 10 concentrations of 4.87 g/m 3 and 1.26 g/m 3 for the 24-hour and annual averaging times. These values will not exceed the SJVAPCD significance thresholds of 1 The use of MERV filtration systems to reduce DPM and particulates has been successfully implemented by several lead agencies, including, but not limited to: City of Los Angeles, City of Claremont, City of Irvine, City of Glendale, City of Berkley, City of Oakland, and the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) HRA Report 4

11 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 10.4 g/m 3 and 2.8 g/m 3, respectively. For PM 2.5, concentrations of 1.97 g/m 3 and 0.57 g/m 3 for the 24-hour and annual averaging times were predicted. These values will not exceed the SJVAPCD significance thresholds of 2.5 g/m 3 and 0.63 g/m 3, respectively The maximum modeled 1-hour average concentration for CO of 0.03 parts per million (ppm) ( g/m 3 ) when added to an existing background concentration of 3.2 ppm totals 3.23 ppm and will not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 20 ppm. For the 8-hour averaging time, the maximum predicted concentration of 0.02 ppm, ( g/m 3 ) when added to an existing background level of 2.1 ppm totals 2.12 ppm and does not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 9 ppm. For NO 2, a maximum one hour concentration of ppm ( g/m 3 ) was predicted. This concentration, when added to a background concentration of 0.04 ppm totals ppm and will not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 0.18 ppm. As noted, short duration (i.e., 1 and 8-hour) exposures associated with both toxic and criteria pollutants are within acceptable limits. As such, less than significant impacts are anticipated to residents who access and utilize outdoor amenities. With Project Design Feature With implementation of the applicable project design feature (MERV13 or equivalent air filtration system) the summation of carcinogenic risk for the maximum exposed residential receptor totaled 6.97E-06 (6.97 in one million) for the 70 year, 2.99E-06 (2.99 in one million) for the 30 year and 8.96E-07 (0.896 in one million) for the 9 year exposure scenarios. In comparison to the threshold level of ten in one million, carcinogenic risks will not exceed the applicable thresholds for the 70, 30, or 9 year exposure scenario. Therefore, carcinogenic exposures are calculated to be within acceptable limits and are less than significant. For chronic noncarcinogenic effects, the hazard index identified for each toxicological endpoint totaled less than one for the 70, 30 and 9 year exposure scenarios. For acute exposures, the hazard indices for the identified averaging times did not exceed the threshold of 1.0. Therefore, noncarcinogenic hazards are calculated to be within acceptable limits and a less than significant impact would occur. For the maximum exposed residential receptor, results of the analysis predicted freeway emissions will produce PM 10 concentrations of 0.5 g/m 3 and 0.13 g/m 3 for the 24-hour and annual averaging times. These values will not exceed the SJVAPCD significance thresholds of 10.4 g/m 3 and 2.8 g/m 3, respectively. For PM 2.5, concentrations of 0.20 g/m 3 and 0.06 g/m 3 for the 24-hour and annual averaging times were predicted. These values will not exceed the SJVAPCD significance thresholds of 2.5 g/m 3 and 0.63 g/m 3, respectively The maximum modeled 1-hour average concentration for CO of 0.03 parts per million (ppm) ( g/m 3 ) when added to an existing background concentration of 3.2 ppm totals 3.23 ppm and will not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 20 ppm. For the 8-hour averaging time, the maximum predicted concentration of 0.02 ppm, ( g/m 3 ) when added to an existing HRA Report 5

12 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment background level of 2.1 ppm totals 2.12 ppm and does not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 9 ppm. For NO 2, a maximum one hour concentration of ppm ( g/m 3 ) was predicted. This concentration, when added to a background concentration of 0.04 ppm totals ppm and will not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 0.18 ppm. As noted, short duration (i.e., 1 and 8-hour) exposures associated with both toxic and criteria pollutants are within acceptable limits. As such, less than significant impacts are anticipated to residents who access and utilize outdoor amenities HRA Report 6

13 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 2 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Traffic and Vehicle Data Systems Unit collects and maintains traffic volume counts for vehicles traversing the California state highway system. Discrete data sets are available for main highway segments and adjoining freeway ramp volumes. For analysis purposes, the Interstate 580 Transportation Concept Report (Caltrans District 10) was used to determine future ramp volumes along the freeway mainline. Table 2-1 presents the annual average daily traffic volumes (AADT) for the roadway segments considered in the assessment. TABLE 2-1: ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES Roadway Segment Postmile Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) Interstate ,000 WB On / Corral Hollow ,750 WB Off / Corral Hollow ,150 EB On / Corral Hollow ,050 EB Off / Corral Hollow ,490 Source: California Department of Transportation, Traffic and Vehicle Data Systems Unit. Website: and Interstate 580 Transportation Concept Report (Caltrans District 10), HRA Report 7

14 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 3 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION In urban communities, vehicle emissions substantially contribute to localized concentrations of air contaminants. Typically, emissions generated from these sources are characterized by vehicle mix, the rate pollutants are generated during the course of travel and the number of vehicles traversing the roadway network. Currently, emission factors are generated from a series of computer based programs to produce a composite emission rate for vehicles traveling at various speeds within a defined geographical area or along a discrete roadway segment. To account for the emission standards imposed on the California fleet, the ARB has developed the EMFAC2011 emission factor model. EMFAC2011 was utilized to identify pollutant emission rates for total organic gases (TOG), diesel particulates, particulates (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) compounds. To produce a representative vehicle fleet distribution, the assessment utilized ARB s San Joaquin County population estimates for the 2025 calendar year. This approach provides an estimate of vehicle mix associated with operational profiles at the link or intersection level. Table 3-1 lists the identified fleet mix considered in the assessment. Based upon the freeway traffic volumes and population profiles noted above, discrete traffic counts were identified for each modeled roadway segment (e.g., I-580 WB, I-580 EB, and on/off ramps). Diesel vehicles account for 5.26 percent of the on-road mobile fleet. For chronic (long term) and acute (e.g., 1-hour) exposures, AADT values were averaged to produce representative hourly traffic volumes. Table 3-2 presents the hourly traffic volumes considered in the assessment HRA Report 8

15 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment TABLE 3-1: VEHICLE FLEET MIX PROFILE Vehicle Class Fuel Type San Joaquin County Population LDA Diesel LDA Gas 260, LDT1 Diesel LDT1 Gas 38, LDT2 Diesel LDT2 Gas 88, LHD1 Diesel 10, LHD1 Gas 14, LHD2 Diesel 2, LHD2 Gas 1, MCY Gas 15, MDV Diesel MDV Gas 101, MH Diesel MH Gas 3, T6 Diesel 6, T6 Gas T7 Diesel 7, T7 Gas OBUS Diesel OBUS Gas SBUS Diesel SBUS Gas UBUS Diesel UBUS Gas Percent Note: Vehicle category descriptions can be found on the California Air Resources Board website at HRA Report 9

16 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment TABLE 3-2: HOURLY AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES Roadway Segment All Gas Diesel Interstate 580 2,917 2, WB On / Corral Hollow WB Off / Corral Hollow EB On / Corral Hollow EB Off / Corral Hollow Route speeds were assumed for vehicles traversing the main highway link (Interstate 580) based on the Interstate 580 Transportation Concept Report (Caltrans District 10, 2003) at 70 miles per hour. Emissions associated with acceleration and deceleration (i.e., on/off ramps) were based upon vehicle speeds of 45 and 5 miles per hour, respectively. These values were subsequently adjusted utilizing the modal algorithms presented in the California Line Source Dispersion Model (Caline4). For particulates (PM10 and PM2.5), emissions were quantified through the re-entrainment of paved roadway dust. The predictive emission equation developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (AP-42, Section ) was utilized to generate particulate source strength. To account for the mass rate of emissions entrained from the roadway surface, the contribution from exhaust, break and tire wear were added to the AP-42 emission factor equation. A list of compounds associated with mobile source emissions is presented in Table 3-3. Appendix 3.1 presents the on-road emission rate calculation worksheets for the freeway segments considered in the assessment HRA Report 10

17 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment TABLE 3-3: COMPOUNDS EMITTED FROM ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE ACTIVITY Source Pollutant Interstate 580 Freeway Benzene Formaldehyde 1,3-Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Diesel Particulates Reentrained Particulates (PM 10, PM 2.5 ) Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Dioxide HRA Report 11

18 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 4 EXPOSURE QUANTIFICATION In order to assess the impact of emitted compounds on individuals who would reside at the proposed Project, air quality modeling utilizing the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model AERMOD was performed to assess the downwind extent of mobile source emissions located within a ¼ mile radius of the project site. AERMOD s air dispersion algorithms are based upon a planetary boundary layer turbulence structure and scaling concepts, including the treatment of surface and elevated sources in simple and complex terrain. The model offers additional flexibility by allowing the user to assign initial vertical and lateral dispersion parameters for sources representative of a localized mobile fleet. For this assessment, the volume source algorithm was utilized to model the emissions generated from on-road mobile source activity. Although the freeway is located in varied terrain, the assessment followed guidance promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, 2009) whereby the model was programmed to assume flat, level terrain. This was done as AERMOD will tend to underestimate pollutant concentrations in cases where receptor elevations are lower than the base elevation of the source and for conditions where the receptor elevations are higher than the base elevation of the source Therefore use of the flat, level terrain model options provides a conservative estimate of the anticipated concentrations. Notwithstanding, to account for the differences in terrain elevation, vertical (sigma z) dispersion parameters were developed for each source location by approximating mixing zone residence time and quantifying the initial vertical term as performed in the California Line Source Dispersion Model Caline3. The horizontal (sigma y) parameters were generated by dividing the source separation distance by a standard deviation of For PM 10 and PM 2.5, plume depletion due to dry removal mechanisms was assumed (i.e., DRYDPLT). Entrained or fugitive PM 10 emissions were separated into three aerodynamic diameter sizes of 1.0, 2.5 and 10 microns (µm) with weight fractions of , , and , respectively. Fugitive PM 2.5 emissions were separated into two particle sizes of 1.0 and 2.5 µm with corresponding weight fractions of and Diesel particulate emissions were assigned particle size bins of 2.5 and 10 µm with corresponding weight fractions of 0.92 and A particle density of 2.3 grams per cubic centimeter was assigned to all size bins. The model incorporates two methodologies to perform the NO x to NO 2 conversion. In a recent clarification memorandum (U.S. EPA, 2011), the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards provides guidance on the use and performance of the two algorithms referred to as the ozone limiting (OLM) and plume volume molar ratio (PVMRM) methods. Based upon this guidance, the OLM algorithm with the OLMGROUP ALL option was identified as the preferred method to perform the analysis because the OLM algorithm is recommended by US EPA since the PVMRM algorithm is not effectively validated for low level non buoyant sources such as roadways. Air dispersion models require additional input parameters including pollutant emission data and local meteorology. Due to the their sensitivity to individual meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends that meteorological data used as input into dispersion models be selected on the basis of relative HRA Report 12

19 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment spatial and temporal conditions that exist in the area of concern. In response to this recommendation, meteorological data from the SJVAPCD Tracy monitoring station, which is the nearest available site with meteorological data to the project site, was used to represent local weather conditions and prevailing winds for modeling purposes. Five years ( ) of available AERMOD meteorological data was utilized in the modeling. The modeling analysis also considered the spatial distribution of mobile source activity traversing the freeway in relation to the proposed site. To accommodate a Cartesian grid format, direction dependent calculations were obtained by identifying the universal transverse mercator (UTM) coordinates for each volume source location. On-site receptors were placed to provide coverage across the identified project boundary. No flagpole receptor heights were assumed. A graphical representation of the source-receptor grid network is presented in Exhibit 4-A. A dispersion model input summary table is provided in Appendix 4.1. A complete listing of model input/output files are provided in electronic format in Appendix 4.2. EXHIBIT 4-A: SOURCE RECEPTOR GRID NETWORK UTM North [m] UTM East [m] HRA Report 13

20 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 5 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Carcinogenic compounds are not considered to have threshold levels (i.e., dose levels below which there are no risks). Any exposure, therefore, will have some associated risk. As a result, the State of California has established a threshold of one in one hundred thousand (or ten in one million) (1.0E-05) as a level posing no significant risk for exposures to carcinogens regulated under the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act (Proposition 65). This threshold is also consistent with the maximum incremental cancer risk established by the SJVAPCD for CEQA purposes. The SJVAPCD Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts - Draft (May 2012) states that emissions of TACs are considered significant if a health risk assessment shows an increased risk of greater than ten in one million. Health risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic compounds can be defined in terms of the probability of developing cancer as a result of exposure to a chemical at a given concentration. Under a deterministic approach (i.e., point estimate methodology), the cancer risk probability is determined by multiplying the chemical s annual concentration by its unit risk factor (URF). The URF is a measure of the carcinogenic potential of a chemical when a dose is received through the inhalation pathway. It represents an upper bound estimate of the probability of contracting cancer as a result of continuous exposure to an ambient concentration of one microgram per cubic meter ( g/m3) over a 70 year lifetime. The URFs utilized in the assessment and corresponding cancer potency factor were obtained from the Consolidated Table of OEHHA/ARB Approved Risk Assessment Health Values. To effectively quantify dose, the procedure requires the incorporation of several discrete exposure variates. Once determined, contaminant dose is multiplied by the cancer potency factor (CPF) in units of inverse dose expressed in milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) -1 to derive the cancer risk estimate. Therefore, to assess exposures associated with the proposed residential population, the following dose algorithm was utilized. CDI = (C air EF ED IR) / (BW AT) Where: CDI = chronic daily intake (mg/kg/day) C air = concentration of contaminant in air (mg/m 3 ) EF = exposure frequency (days/year) ED = exposure duration (years) IR = inhalation rate (m 3 /day) BW = body weight (kg) AT = averaging time (days) The SJVAPCD recommends utilizing a conservative exposure duration of 70 years to represent lifetime risk values. Notwithstanding, to more accurately represent residential exposures, the assessment employed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s guidance to develop viable dose estimates based on reasonable maximum exposures (RME). Specifically, activity patterns for population mobility recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and HRA Report 14

21 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook 2 were utilized. As a result, lifetime risk values for residents were adjusted to account for an exposure duration of 350 days per year for 30 years (i.e., 95 th percentile). A 9 year exposure duration was additionally assessed to identify risk estimates associated with the average time individuals are reported to reside at a given residence. These values are consistent with CEQA which considers the evaluation of environmental effects of proposed projects in a manner that reflects both reasonable and feasible assumptions. For body weight and inhalation, the assessment employed average adult values of 70 kilograms and 20 cubic meters per day, respectively. The risk estimate conservatively assumes sensitive receptors will be subject to DPM for 24 hours a day, 350 days a year. As a conservative measure, the SJVAPCD does not recognize indoor adjustments for residents. However, the typical person spends the majority of their time indoors rather than remaining outdoors for 24 hours a day. 3 Appendix 5.1, Tables A1 through A6, columns f-g, present the URF s and corresponding cancer potency factors for carcinogens considered in the assessment. The cancer risk attributed to each compound and summation of those risks are presented in column h. Without Project Design Feature For carcinogenic exposures, the summation of risk for the maximum exposed residential receptor totaled 1.72E-05 (17.2 in one million) for the 70 year, 7.36E-06 (7.36 in one million) for the 30 year and 2.21E-06 (2.21 in one million) for the 9 year exposure scenarios. In comparison to the threshold level of ten in one million, carcinogenic risks will exceed the applicable threshold for the 70 year exposure scenario only. Therefore, carcinogenic exposures have the potential to be significant without implementation of the air filtration project design feature (MERV 13 or equivalent air filtration system). With Project Design Feature With implementation of the applicable project design feature (MERV13 or equivalent air filtration system) the summation of carcinogenic risk for the maximum exposed residential receptor totaled 6.97E-06 (6.97 in one million) for the 70 year, 2.99E-06 (2.99 in one million) for the 30 year and 8.96E-07 (0.896 in one million) for the 9 year exposure scenarios. In comparison to the threshold level of ten in one million, carcinogenic risks will not exceed the applicable thresholds for the 70, 30, or 9 year exposure scenario. Therefore, carcinogenic exposures are calculated to be within acceptable limits and are less than significant. 2 Table , Exposure Factors Handbook 3 In May, 1991 the California Air Resources Board (CARB) Research Division in association with the University of California, Berkeley published research findings entitled: Activity Patterns of California Residents. The findings of that study indicate that on average, adults and adolescents in California spent almost 15 hours per day inside their homes, and six hours in other indoor locations, for a total of 21 hours (87% of the day). About 2 hours per day were spent in transit, and just over 1 hour per day was spent in outdoor locations HRA Report 15

22 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 5.1 NON-CARCINOGENIC HAZARDS An evaluation of the potential noncancer effects of contaminant exposures was also conducted. Under the point estimate approach, adverse health effects are evaluated by comparing the concentration of each compound with the appropriate Reference Exposure Level (REL). Available REL s presented in the Consolidated Table of OEHHA/ARB Approved Risk Assessment Health Values were considered in the assessment. To quantify noncarcinogenic impacts, the hazard index approach was used. The hazard index assumes that subthreshold exposures adversely affect a specific organ or organ system (i.e., toxicological endpoint). For each discrete pollutant exposure, target organs presented in regulatory guidance were utilized. To calculate the hazard index, the pollutant concentration or dose is divided by the appropriate toxicity value. For compounds affecting the same toxicological endpoint, this ratio is summed. Where the total equals or exceeds one (i.e., unity), a health hazard is presumed to exist. For chronic exposures, REL s were converted to units expressed in mg/kg/day to accommodate the above referenced intake algorithm. To assess acute noncancer impacts, the maximum pollutant concentration is divided by the REL for the corresponding averaging time (e.g., 1- hour). No exposure adjustments are considered for short duration exposures. Appendix 5.1, Tables A1 through A6, columns i-j, present the REL s and corresponding reference dose values used in the evaluation of chronic noncarcinogenic exposures. The noncancer hazard quotient for identified compounds generated from each source and a summation for each toxicological endpoint are presented in columns k-r. Tables A7 and A8, column e present the REL s for the assessment of acute exposures. Columns f-m identify each compound s hazard quotient and corresponding index for each endpoint. Without and With Project Design Feature For chronic noncarcinogenic effects, the hazard index identified for each toxicological endpoint totaled less than one for the 70, 30 and 9 year exposure scenarios. For acute exposures, the hazard indices for the identified averaging times did not exceed the threshold of 1.0. Therefore, noncarcinogenic hazards are calculated to be within acceptable limits and a less than significant impact would occur. 5.2 CRITERIA POLLUTANT EXPOSURES The State of California has promulgated strict ambient air quality standards for various pollutants. These standards were established to safeguard the public s health and welfare with specific emphasis on protecting those individuals susceptible to respiratory distress, such as asthmatics, the young, the elderly and those with existing conditions which may be affected by increased pollutant concentrations. However, recent research has shown that unhealthful respiratory responses occur with exposures to pollutants at levels that only marginally exceed clean air standards. Table 5-1 presents the California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) for the criteria pollutants considered in the assessment HRA Report 16

23 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment TABLE 5-1: CALIFORNIA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS Pollutant Standard Health Effects Particulates (PM 10 ) >50 g/m3 (24 hr avg.) >20 g/m3 (Annual) 1) Excess deaths from short-term exposures and the exacerbation of symptoms in sensitive individuals with respiratory disease. 2) Excess seasonal declines in pulmonary function especially in children. Particulates (PM 2.5 ) >12 g/m3 (Annual) 1) Excess deaths and illness from long-term exposures and the exacerbation of symptoms in sensitive individuals with respiratory and cardio pulmonary disease. Carbon Monoxide (CO) >9.0 ppm (8 hr avg.) >20.0 ppm (1 hr avg.) 1) Aggravation of angina pectoris and other aspects of coronary heart disease. 2) Decreased exercise tolerance in persons with peripheral vascular disease and lung disease. 3) Impairment of central nervous system functions. 4) Possible increased risk to fetuses. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) >0.18 ppm (1 hr avg.) 1) Potential to aggravate chronic respiratory disease and respiratory symptoms in sensitive groups. 2) Risk to public health implied by pulmonary and extra-pulmonary biochemical and cellular changes and pulmonary structural changes. Abbreviations: ppm: parts per million; g/m 3 : micrograms per cubic meter. Source: California Code of Regulations, Title 17, Section HRA Report 17

24 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment Pollutant emissions are considered to have a significant effect on the environment if they result in concentrations that create either a violation of an ambient air quality standard, contribute to an existing air quality violation or expose sensitive receptors to substantive pollutant concentrations. Should ambient air quality already exceed existing standards, the SJVAPCD has established significance criteria for selected compounds to account for the continued degradation of local air quality. Background concentrations are based upon the highest observed value for the most recent three year period. For PM 10 emissions, background concentrations representative of the project area exceed the CAAQS for the 24-hour and annual averaging times. As a result, a significant impact is achieved when pollutant concentrations produce a measurable change over existing background levels. Although background concentrations exceed the CAAQS annual averaging time for fine particulates, no measurable change criteria currently exists. As a result, the SCAQMD significance threshold of 2.5 g/m 3 for the 24-hour averaging time is used to assess PM 2.5 impacts. For the CO 1 and 8-hour averaging times and NO 2 1-hour averaging time, background concentrations are below the current air quality standards. As such, significance is achieved when pollutant concentrations add to existing levels and create an exceedance of the CAAQS. Table 5-2 shows the pollutant concentrations collected at the nearest available monitoring sites to the Project for the last three years of available data. Table 5-3 outlines the relevant significance thresholds considered to affect local air quality HRA Report 18

25 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment TABLE 5-2: TRACY/STOCKTON MONITORING SUMMARY Pollutant/Averaging Time Maximum Particulates (PM 10 ) 24-Hour Particulates (PM 2.5 ) 24-Hour Particulates (PM 10 ) Annual Particulates (PM 2.5 ) Annual Carbon Monoxide (CO) Hour Carbon Monoxide (CO) Hour Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) 1-Hour Note: PM 10 concentrations are expressed in micrograms per cubic meter ( g/m 3 ). All others are expressed in parts per million (ppm). Source: U.S Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board. TABLE 5-3: SJVAPCD AIR QUALITY SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS Pollutant Averaging Time Pollutant Concentration Particulates (PM 10 ) 24-Hours 10.4 g/m3 Particulates (PM 10 ) Annual 2.08 g/m3 Particulates (PM 2.5 ) 24-Hours 2.5 g/m3 Particulates (PM 2.5 ) Annual 0.63 g/m3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1/8-Hours San Joaquin County is in attainment; impacts are significant if they cause or contribute to an exceedance of the following attainment standards 20 ppm (1-hour) and 9 ppm (8-hour). Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) 1-Hour San Joaquin County is in attainment; impacts are significant if they cause or contribute to an exceedance of the following attainment standard 0.18 ppm. Abbreviations: ppm: parts per million; g/m 3 : micrograms per cubic meter Source: San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District HRA Report 19

26 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment Without Project Design Feature For the maximum exposed residential receptor, results of the analysis predicted freeway emissions will produce PM 10 concentrations of 4.87 g/m 3 and 1.26 g/m 3 for the 24-hour and annual averaging times. These values will not exceed the SJVAPCD significance thresholds of 10.4 g/m 3 and 2.8 g/m 3, respectively. For PM 2.5, concentrations of 1.97 g/m 3 and 0.57 g/m 3 for the 24-hour and annual averaging times were predicted. These values will not exceed the SJVAPCD significance thresholds of 2.5 g/m 3 and 0.63 g/m 3, respectively The maximum modeled 1-hour average concentration for CO of 0.03 parts per million (ppm) ( g/m 3 ) when added to an existing background concentration of 3.2 ppm totals 3.23 ppm and will not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 20 ppm. For the 8-hour averaging time, the maximum predicted concentration of 0.02 ppm, ( g/m 3 ) when added to an existing background level of 2.1 ppm totals 2.12 ppm and does not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 9 ppm. For NO 2, a maximum one hour concentration of ppm ( g/m 3 ) was predicted. This concentration, when added to a background concentration of 0.04 ppm totals ppm and will not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 0.18 ppm. With Project Design Feature For the maximum exposed residential receptor, results of the analysis predicted freeway emissions will produce PM 10 concentrations of 0.5 g/m 3 and 0.13 g/m 3 for the 24-hour and annual averaging times. These values will not exceed the SJVAPCD significance thresholds of 10.4 g/m 3 and 2.8 g/m 3, respectively. For PM 2.5, concentrations of 0.20 g/m 3 and 0.06 g/m 3 for the 24-hour and annual averaging times were predicted. These values will not exceed the SJVAPCD significance thresholds of 2.5 g/m 3 and 0.63 g/m 3, respectively The maximum modeled 1-hour average concentration for CO of 0.03 parts per million (ppm) ( g/m 3 ) when added to an existing background concentration of 3.2 ppm totals 3.23 ppm and will not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 20 ppm. For the 8-hour averaging time, the maximum predicted concentration of 0.02 ppm, ( g/m 3 ) when added to an existing background level of 2.1 ppm totals 2.12 ppm and does not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 9 ppm. For NO 2, a maximum one hour concentration of ppm ( g/m 3 ) was predicted. This concentration, when added to a background concentration of 0.04 ppm totals ppm and will not cause an exceedance of the CAAQS of 0.18 ppm HRA Report 20

27 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 6 REFERENCES There are no sources in the current document HRA Report 21

28 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment 7 CERTIFICATION The contents of this noise study report represent an accurate depiction of the noise environment and impacts associated with the proposed Tracy Hills Phase 1 Project. The information contained in this health risk assessment report is based on the best available data at the time of preparation. If you have any questions, please contact me directly at (949) ext Haseeb Qureshi Senior Associate URBAN CROSSROADS, INC. 41 Corporate Park, Suite 300 Irvine, CA (949) x217 hqureshi@urbanxroads.com EDUCATION Master of Science in Environmental Studies California State University, Fullerton May, 2010 Bachelor of Arts in Environmental Analysis and Design University of California, Irvine June, 2006 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS AEP Association of Environmental Planners AWMA Air and Waste Management Association ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS Planned Communities and Urban Infill Urban Land Institute June, 2011 Indoor Air Quality and Industrial Hygiene EMSL Analytical April, 2008 Principles of Ambient Air Monitoring California Air Resources Board August, 2007 AB2588 Regulatory Standards Trinity Consultants November, 2006 Air Dispersion Modeling Lakes Environmental June, HRA Report 22

29 Tracy Hills Phase 1 Health Risk Assessment APPENDIX 3.1: EMISSION RATE CALCULATIONS HRA Report

30 Running Rate Emission Summary Criteria 5 mph 45 mph 70 mph CO NOx PM PM TOG GAS TOG DSL DSL Particulate TW/BW Emission Summary TW BW Total PM PM

31 EMFAC2011 Emission Rates Region Type: County Region: San Joaquin Calendar Year: 2025 Season: Annual Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2007 Categories Pollutant Classification: Criteria Region CalYr Season Veh_Class Fuel MdlYr Speed Population Wt Frac CO_RUNEX CO_RUNEX AVE NOX_RUNEX NOx_RUNEX AVE PM10_RUNEX PM10_RUNEX AVE PM10_PMTW PM10_PMTW_AVE PM10_PMBW PM10_PMBW_AVE PM2_5_RUNEX PM2_5_RUNEX_AVE PM2_5_PMTW PM2_5_PMTW_AVE PM2_5_PMBW PM2_5_PMBW_AVE (miles/hr) (vehicles) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDA DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDA GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDT1 DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDT1 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDT2 DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDT2 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LHD1 DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LHD1 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LHD2 DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LHD2 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual MCY GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual MDV DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual MDV GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual MH DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual MH GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual T6 DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual T6 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual T7 DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual T7 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual OBUS DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual OBUS GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual SBUS DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual SBUS GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual UBUS DSL Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual UBUS GAS Aggregated EMFAC2011 Emission Rates Region Type: County Region: San Joaquin Calendar Year: 2025 Season: Annual Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2007 Categories Pollutant Classification: TOG GAS Region CalYr Season Veh_Class Fuel MdlYr Speed Population Wt Frac TOG_RUNEX TOG_RUNEX AVE (miles/hr) (vehicles) (gms/mile) (gms/mile) San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDA GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDT1 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LDT2 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LHD1 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual LHD2 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual MCY GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual MDV GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual MH GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual T6 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual T7 GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual OBUS GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual SBUS GAS Aggregated San Joaquin 2025 Annual UBUS GAS Aggregated