Functional Unit The functional unit is one square meter of floor covering provided and maintained for a period of 60 years.

Transcription

1 Environmental Product Declaration Declaration Owner Zhejiang Kingdom Plastics Industry Co., Ltd South Zone Chezi Bridge, Heshan Town, Tongxiang City, Zhejiang Province, China Products Luxury Vinyl Flooring: Vinyl Dry Back Loose Lay Vinyl Click Waterproof Plastic CompositeCore (WPC) Engineered Solid Plastic CompositeCore (ESPC) Functional Unit The functional unit is one square meter of floor covering provided maintained for a period of 60 years. EPD Number Period of Validity SCS-EPD EPD Valid July 16, 2018 through July 15, 2023 Product Category Rule Product Category Rule (PCR) for preparing an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood. NSF International. Version Program Operator SCS Global Services 2000 Powell Street, Ste. 600, Emeryville, CA SCSglobalServices.com

2 Table of Contents PRODUCT SCOPE cover ABOUT KINGDOMFLOOR... 2 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION... 2 PRODUCT APPLICATION... 2 PRODUCT PERFORMANCE... 3 MATERIAL CONTENT... 3 PRODUCTION OF MAIN MATERIALS... 7 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS... 8 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FUNCTIONAL UNIT PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE FLOW DIAGRAM LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT STAGES AND REPORTED INFORMATION LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUPPORTING TECHNICAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION REFERENCES Disclaimers: This EPD conforms to ISO 14025, 14040, ISO 14044, ISO Scope of Results Reported: The PCR requirements limit the scope of the LCA metrics such that the results exclude environmental social performance benchmarks thresholds, exclude impacts from the depletion of natural resources, l use ecological impacts, ocean impacts related to greenhouse gas emissions, risks from hazardous wastes impacts linked to hazardous chemical emissions. Accuracy of Results: Due to PCR constraints, this EPD provides estimations of potential impacts that are inherently limited in terms of accuracy. Comparability: The PCR this EPD was based on was not written to support comparative assertions. EPDs based on different PCRs, or different calculation models, may not be comparable. When attempting to compare EPDs or life cycle impacts of products from different companies, the user should be aware of the uncertainty in the final results, due to not limited to, the practitioner s assumptions, the source of the data used in the study, the specifics of the product modeled. PCR review, was conducted by Jack Geibig, EcoForm. jgeibig@ecoform.com Approved Date: July 16, 2018 End Date: July 15, 2023 Independent verification of the declaration data, according to ISO 14025:2006 ISO 21930: internal external Third party verifier Tom Gloria, Ph.D., Industrial Ecology Consultants 1

3 ABOUT KINGDOMFLOOR has been involved in the manufacturing exporting of vinyl flooring since With its technically advanced production equipment, professional staff, experienced sales team, has maintained its position at the forefront of the vinyl flooring business. has invested a large amount in its production facility, covering a l-area of about 60,000 square meters eight production lines. The annual production capacity reaches 20 million square meters. At present, is ranked as one of the leaders in vinyl flooring in China, both in terms of production capacity product quality. has exported to more than 30 countries, including USA, Canada, Germany, UK, Austria. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Luxury vinyl flooring in this EPD are manufactured in an ISO 9001 ISO facility in China. The manufacturer warrants for a period of 20 years from the date of purchase, which is used as the reference service life in this EPD. However, according to the manufacturer, the potential product lifetime when properly used maintained can last as long as 60 years. PRODUCT APPLICATION Luxury vinyl flooring in this EPD are used in various commercial residential applications, including retail, education, hospitality SCSglobalServices.com

4 PRODUCT PERFORMANCE Table 1. Product performance test results for luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD. Property Test Method Result VOC State of California DOHS R μg/m 3.h Less than 10% of allowable level Critical Radiant Flux ASTM E Pass; Class 1 Smoke Density (flaming) ASTM E Pass; < 357 Smoke Density (non-flaming) ASTM E Pass; 339 Slip Resistance Heavy Metal Content ASTM D2047 ASTM F963 Pass 0.90 (wet); compliance varies with surface texture No detectable heavy metals <1.5mg/kg Phthalate CPSC-C Exceeds CPSA guideline. Phthalate free. State Load limit ASTM F970 Residual compression inch Flexibility ASTM F137 Pass; 6mm Mrel Color Fastness (heat) ASTM F1514 Pass Color Fastness (light) ASTM F1515 Pass Quality Control Management ISO 9001 Achieved Heat Stability ASTM F1514 Pass Residual Indentation ASTM F inch (3.5%) Stain Chemical Resistance ASTM F925-2 No change Dimensional Stability ASTM F2199 Pass, <0.08% IIC (Impact Insulation Class) STC (Sound Transmission Coefficient) ASTM E492 ASTM E90-09 ASTM E IIC 73* Tested on 6 concrete (*WPC) STC 68* tested on 6 concrete (*WPC) Radiant Heat Stability ASTM F1514 Up to 28 C (82 F) *Rigid, Engineered Rigid, SPC, ESPC 3

5 MATERIAL CONTENT Table 2. Origin availability of material content for Vinyl Dry Back (3mm). Component Materials Amount (kg/m 2 ) Percent of Total (%) Filler Calcium Carbonate % - Polyvinyl chloride Wearlayer Availability Nonrenewable Mineral, abundant Origin of Raw Materials 9.6%/0% Global Polyvinyl chloride resin % - Fossil, limited 3.3%/0% Global PVC powder, dioctyl terephthalate, other % - Fossil, limited - Global Plasticizer Dioctyl terephthalate % - Fossil, limited 1.2%/0% Global Film PVC, vinyl chloride copolymer % - Fossil, limited - Global Stabilizer UV Coating Stearic acid, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide Epoxy resin, methacrylic acid, photosensitizer, silica, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 2.2x % - Fossil, limited; Mineral, abundant 0.05%/0% Global 1.3x % - Fossil, limited - Global Ink Carbon black 5.5x % - Fossil, limited 0.02%/0% Global TOTAL % %/0% - Table 3. Origin availability of material content for Vinyl Dry Back (2mm). Component Materials Amount (kg/m 2 ) Percent of Total (%) Filler Calcium Carbonate % - Polyvinyl chloride Wearlayer Availability Recycled (% pre-/postconsumer) Nonrenewable Mineral, abundant Recycled (% pre-/postconsumer) Origin of Raw Materials 8.2%/0% Global Polyvinyl chloride resin % - Fossil, limited 2.8%/0% Global PVC powder, dioctyl terephthalate, other % - Fossil, limited - Global Plasticizer Dioctyl terephthalate % - Fossil, limited 1.0%/0% Global Film PVC, vinyl chloride copolymer % - Fossil, limited - Global Stabilizer UV Coating Stearic acid, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide Epoxy resin, methacrylic acid, photosensitizer, silica, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 1.5x % - Fossil, limited; Mineral, abundant 0.050%/0% Global 1.3x % - Fossil, limited - Global Ink Carbon black 3.8x % - Fossil, limited 0.010%/0% Global TOTAL % %/0% SCSglobalServices.com

6 Table 4. Origin availability of material content for Loose Lay (5mm). Component Materials Amount (kg/m 2 ) Percent of Total (%) Filler Calcium Carbonate % - Polyvinyl chloride Anti-slip film Availability Nonrenewable Mineral, abundant Origin of Raw Materials 9.8%/0% Global Polyvinyl chloride resin % - Fossil, limited 3.7%/0% Global PVC, dioctyl terephthalate, stabilizer % - Fossil, limited - Global Plasticizer Dioctyl terephthalate % - Fossil, limited 1.7%/0% Global Wearlayer PVC powder, dioctyl terephthalate, other % - Fossil, limited - Global Film PVC, vinyl chloride copolymer % - Fossil, limited - Global Fiberglass Stabilizer UV Coating Glass fiber reinforced plastic, polyester resin Stearic acid, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide Epoxy resin, methacrylic acid, photosensitizer, silica, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 4.2x % - 3.2x % - Fossil, limited; Mineral, abundant Fossil, limited; Mineral, abundant - Global 0.070%/0% Global 1.3x % - Fossil, limited - Global Ink Carbon black 7.9x % - Fossil, limited 0.010%/0% Global TOTAL % %/0% - Table 5. Origin availability of material content for Vinyl Click (5mm). Component Materials Amount (kg/m 2 ) Percent of Total (%) Filler Calcium Carbonate % - Polyvinyl chloride Wearlayer Availability Recycled (% pre-/postconsumer) Nonrenewable Mineral, abundant Recycled (% pre-/postconsumer) Origin of Raw Materials 12%/0% Global Polyvinyl chloride resin % - Fossil, limited 4.2%/0% Global PVC powder, dioctyl terephthalate, other % - Fossil, limited - Global Plasticizer Dioctyl terephthalate % - Fossil, limited 1.5%/0% Global Film PVC, vinyl chloride copolymer % - Fossil, limited - Global Fiberglass Stabilizer UV Coating Glass fiber reinforced plastic, polyester resin Stearic acid, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide Epoxy resin, methacrylic acid, photosensitizer, silica, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 5.0x % - 3.5x % - Fossil, limited; Mineral, abundant Fossil, limited; Mineral, abundant - Global 0.070%/0% Global 1.2x % - Fossil, limited - Global Ink Carbon black 8.9x % - Fossil, limited 0.020%/0% Global TOTAL % %/0% - 5

7 Table 6. Origin availability of material content for WPC (7.5mm) Component Materials Amount (kg/m 2 ) Percent of Total (%) Filler Calcium Carbonate % - Polyvinyl chloride Cork Backing Wearlayer Availability Nonrenewable Mineral, abundant Origin of Raw Materials 6.2%/0% Global Polyvinyl chloride resin % - Fossil, limited 6.2%/0% Global Soft wood, additive % Biogenic Fossil, limited - PVC powder, dioctyl terephthalate, other % - Fossil, limited - Global LP-90 Styrene, other % - Fossil, limited 0.53%/0% Global Plasticizer Dioctyl terephthalate % - Fossil, limited - Global Film PVC, vinyl chloride copolymer % - Fossil, limited - Global Stabilizer Glue Foaming agent UV Coating Stearic acid, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide polyurethane reactive hot melt % - Fossil, limited; Mineral, abundant 0.33%/0% Global 3.5x % - Fossil, limited - Global azodicarbonamide 1.7x % - Fossil, limited 5.3%/0% Global Epoxy resin, methacrylic acid, photosensitizer, silica, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 1.3x % - Fossil, limited - Global PE Wax Polyethylene 7.9x % - Fossil, limited 0.90%/0% Global Ink Carbon black 1.7x % - Fossil, limited - Global TOTAL % %/0% - Table 7. Origin availability of material content for ESPC (5.5mm) Component Materials Amount (kg/m 2 ) Percen t of Total (%) Filler Calcium Carbonate % - Polyvinyl chloride IXPE Backing Wearlayer Availability Recycled (% pre-/postconsumer) Nonrenewable Mineral, abundant Recycled (% pre-/postconsumer) Origin of Raw Materials 8.7%/0% Global Polyvinyl chloride resin % - Fossil, limited 2.5%/0% Global Polyethylene blowing agent masterbatch PVC powder, dioctyl terephthalate, other % - Fossil, limited % - Fossil, limited - Global Plasticizer Dioctyl terephthalate % - Fossil, limited - Global Stabilizer Stearic acid, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide % - Fossil, limited; Mineral, abundant 0.27%/0% Global Film PVC, vinyl chloride copolymer % - Fossil, limited - Global DL-50 Methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate 8.9x % - Fossil, limited - Global Stearic Acid Stearic acid 1.6x % - Fossil, limited 0.20%/0% Global PE Wax Polyethylene 1.3x % - Fossil, limited 0.030%/0% Global UV Coating Epoxy resin, methacrylic acid, photosensitizer, silica, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 1.2x % - Fossil, limited - Global Ink Carbon black 3.1x % - Fossil, limited - Global TOTAL % %/0% SCSglobalServices.com

8 In conformance with the PCR, product materials were reviewed for the presence of any hazardous chemicals. A review of Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDS) provided by the manufacturer reveals the presence of the following regulated chemicals in one or more of the products (this does not indicate that the threshold for reportable quantities is exceeded): Calcium carbonate (CAS# ) Styrene (CAS# ) Methacrylic Acid (CAS # ) Silica (CAS# ) Fiber Glass Continuous Filament (CAS# ) PRODUCTION OF MAIN MATERIALS Calcium Carbonate: An abundant mineral found worldwide a common substance found in rocks. It can be ground into varying particle sizes. Cork: An impermeable buoyant material sourced from the phellem layer of bark tissue that is harvested from the cork oak tree (Quercus suber). IXPE: Irradiation cross-linked polyethylene foam based on low density polyethylene as a raw material. LP-90: A synthetic styrene resin used as an aid for acrylic processing to ensure fusion homogeneity. Plasticizer: Plasticizers are used to make vinyl soft flexible. Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was used in the life cycle assessment model to represent plasticizers used to manufacture products covered by this EPD, specifically Diisooctyl terephthalate (DOTP). Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Derived from fossil fuel salt. Petroleum or natural gas is processed to make ethylene, salt is subjected to electrolysis to separate out the natural element chlorine. Ethylene chlorine are combined to produce ethylene dichloride, which is further processed into vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) gas. Finally, in polymerization the VCM molecule forms chains, converting the gas into fine, white powder vinyl resin. Stabilizers: Stabilizers are used to prevent the decomposition which occurs as PVC is heated to soften during the extrusion or molding process. Stabilizers also provide enhanced resistance to daylight, weathering heat aging have an important influence on the physical properties of PVC. 7

9 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Table 8. Product characteristics for Vinyl Dry Back (3mm). Characteristic Nominal Values Unit Maximum Value Minimum Value Product thickness Wear layer thickness Product Weight 3.0 mm (0.12) (in) (0.20) (0.080) 0.55 mm (0.022) (in) (0.028) (0.0039) 5.64 kg/m (18.5) (oz/ft 2 ) (30.7) (12.1) VOC emissions test method FloorScore Product form Tile Width Length mm (7.0) (in) (10) (4.0) 1, mm 1, (48.04) (in) (60) (36) Table 9. Product characteristics for Vinyl Dry Back (2mm). Characteristic Nominal Values Unit Maximum Value Minimum Value Product thickness Wear layer thickness Product Weight 2.0 mm (0.080) (in) (0.20) (0.080) 0.55 mm (0.022) (in) (0.028) (0.0039) 3.70 kg/m (12.1) (oz/ft 2 ) (30.7) (12.1) VOC emissions test method FloorScore Product form Tile Width Length mm (7.0) (in) (10) (4.0) 1,220 mm 1, (48) (in) (60) (36) Table 10. Product characteristics for Loose Lay (5mm). Characteristic Nominal Values Unit Maximum Value Minimum Value Product thickness Wear layer thickness Product Weight 5.00 mm (0.20) (in) (0.20) (0.080) 0.55 mm (0.022) (in) (0.028) (0.0039) 9.60 kg/m (31.5) (oz/ft 2 ) (30.3) (21.2) VOC emissions test method FloorScore Product form Tile Width Length mm (7.0) (in) (10) (6.0) 1,220 mm 1, (48) (in) (60) (36) SCSglobalServices.com

10 Table 11. Product characteristics for Vinyl Click (5mm). Characteristic Nominal Values Unit Maximum Value Minimum Value Product thickness Wear layer thickness Product Weight 5.00 mm (0.20) (in) (0.20) (0.13) 0.55 mm (0.022) (in) (0.028) (0.0039) 9.72 kg/m (31.9) (oz/ft 2 ) (31.9) (20.4) VOC emissions test method FloorScore Product form Tile Width Length mm (7.0) (in) (10) (6.0) 1,220 mm 1, (48) (in) (60) (36) Table 12. Product characteristics for WPC (7.5mm). Characteristic Nominal Values Unit Maximum Value Minimum Value Product thickness Wear layer thickness Product Weight 7.50 mm (0.30) (in) (0.31) (0.20) 0.55 mm (0.022) (in) (0.028) (0.0039) 7.96 kg/m (26.1) (oz/ft 2 ) (25.6) (16.0) VOC emissions test method FloorScore Product form Tile Width Length mm (7.0) (in) (10) (6.0) 1,220 mm 1, (48) (in) (60) (36) Table 13. Product characteristics for ESPC (5.5mm). Characteristic Nominal Values Unit Maximum Value Minimum Value Product thickness Wear layer thickness Product Weight 5.50 mm (0.22) (in) (0.26) (0.14) 0.55 mm (0.022) (in) (0.023) (0.0059) 9.83 kg/m (32.2) (oz/ft 2 ) (35.8) (23.1) VOC emissions test method FloorScore Product form Tile Width Length mm (7.0) (in) (10) (6.0) 1,220 mm 1, (48) (in) (60) (36) 9

11 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT A cradle to grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was completed for this product group in accordance with ISO 14040, ISO 14044, ISO 21930, Product Category Rule for Environmental Product Declarations for Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood (Version 2). FUNCTIONAL UNIT The functional unit is, according to the PCR, the total impact for the expected life of the building (60 years). But the service life is dependent on the product lifetime, which is 20 years in this case. The PCR consequently requires separate reporting of LCA results A) for 1 m 2 of floor covering - extraction/processing, manufacturing, delivery installation end of life, B) the average 1- year use stage, C) for the 60 year life of the building as combined using A) B), calculated from the reference service life (RSL) of the product SCSglobalServices.com

12 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE FLOW DIAGRAM The diagrams below are a representation of the most significant contributions to the life cycle of each luxury vinyl flooring. This includes resource extraction processing, product manufacture, use maintenance, end-of-life. Process Life Cycle Flow Diagram for Vinyl Dry Back 11

13 Process Life Cycle Flow Diagram for Loose Lay SCSglobalServices.com

14 Process Life Cycle Flow Diagram for Vinyl Click 13

15 Process Life Cycle Flow Diagram for WPC SCSglobalServices.com

16 Process Life Cycle Flow Diagram for ESPC 15

17 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT STAGES AND REPORTED INFORMATION Sourcing/ Stage (raw material acquisition) This stage includes extraction processing of raw materials used for packaging the manufacturing of luxury vinyl flooring, including delivery of these material components to the production site. Stage This stage includes all the relevant manufacturing processes flows, including the impacts from energy use, emissions, wastes at the facility. Production of capital goods, infrastructure, manufacturing equipment, personnel-related activities are excluded. Stage Delivery This stage includes the delivery of the flooring product to the point of installation. Modeling used in the life cycle assessment assumed an estimated distribution distance to point of sale of 1,081 kilometers (672 miles) via diesel truck 19,062 kilometers (11,845 miles) by ship, representing transport from the manufacturing facility in China to various locations across the globe, including USA, Canada, France, Germany, amongst other countries. Recommended installation guidance can be found on the web: Waste Waste generated during product installation can be disposed of in a lfill or incinerated. Packaging Table 14. Origin availability of material content for packaging of luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD. Component Materials Amount (kg/m 2 ) Percent of Total (%) Availability Nonrenewable Recycled (% pre-/postconsumer) Origin of Raw Materials Color box Corrugated board % Biogenic Fossil, limited - Global Pallet Hardwood % Biogenic - - Global Cover board Hardwood 8.1x % Biogenic - - Global Instructions Paper 3.5x % Biogenic Fossil, limited - Global Air bag Brown paper bags 3.1x % Biogenic - - Global Corner protection strip Wrapping Corrugated board 1.4x % Biogenic Fossil, limited - Global Low-density polyethylene 3.0x % - Fossil, limited - Global Strapping Polypropylene 2.9x % - Fossil, limited - Global Label Paper, adhesive 4.0x % Biogenic Fossil, limited - Global TOTAL % SCSglobalServices.com

18 Use Stage Cleaning maintenance Table 15. Cleaning maintenance for luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD. Cleaning Process Cleaning Frequency Method Routine Maintenance Extra Dirty Floors Heavily Soiled Floors Twice Weekly (104 times /year) Monthly (12 times /year) Semi-annually (2 times/year) 4mL/L Millennium Neutral Blue Floor Cleaner w/water damp mop 16 ml/l Millennium Neutral Blue Floor Cleaner w/water damp mop 32 ml/l Vardet 383 Non Butyl degreasing Floor Cleaner w/water scrub brush End-of-Life Stage Recycling, reuse, or repurpose Data for the estimation of recycling rates for the product packaging are based on data prepared by the US Environmental Protection Agency s Municipal Solid Waste Report. These data provide 2014 statistics on US disposal, including recycling rates. Table 16. Recycling rates based on 2014 US EPA Municipal Solid Waste statistics. Material Durable Goods Packaging Paper paperboard N/A 75.4% Plastics 7.5% 14.8% Disposal For disposal of product materials not recycled, it is assumed that 20% are incinerated 80% go to a lfill, based on the US EPA data. Transportation of waste materials at end of life assumes a 32 kilometers (20 miles) average distance to disposal, consistent with assumptions used in the US EPA WARM model. LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY In accordance with ISO 21930:2007, the following aggregated inventory flows are included in the LCA, in addition to the LCIA inventory flow requirements specified by the PCR: Use of renewable material resources Use of non-renewable material resources Consumption of freshwater Hazardous Waste Non-hazardous Waste All results are calculated using the SimaPro 8.3 model using primary secondary inventory data. Classification for Use of Material Resources is based on review of elementary flows resources considered renewable on a human time scale. Elementary flows related to use of wood, minerals, l occupation were not included. Water consumption is reported separately. 17

19 Table 17. Aggregated inventory flows, shown in kg per 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (3mm) maintained for 60 years. Parameter Non-renewable material resources material resources Sourcing Delivery Use End of Life Total kg kg x x x x Freshwater m x Hazardous waste kg 5.4x x x x x x10-3 Non-hazardous waste kg x Table 18. Aggregated inventory flows, shown in kg per 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (2mm) maintained for 60 years. Parameter Non-renewable material resources material resources Sourcing Delivery Use End of Life Total kg kg x x x x Freshwater m x Hazardous waste kg 4.0x x x x x x10-3 Non-hazardous waste kg x Table 19. Aggregated inventory flows, shown in kg per 1 m 2 of Loose Lay (5mm) maintained for 60 years. Parameter Non-renewable material resources material resources Sourcing Delivery Use End of Life Total kg kg x x x x Freshwater m Hazardous waste kg 1.1x x x x x x10-3 Non-hazardous waste kg Table 20. Aggregated inventory flows, shown in kg per 1 m 2 of Vinyl Click (5mm) maintained for 60 years. Parameter Non-renewable material resources material resources Sourcing Delivery Use End of Life Total kg kg x x x x Freshwater m Hazardous waste kg 8.2x x x x x x10-3 Non-hazardous waste kg SCSglobalServices.com

20 Table 21. Aggregated inventory flows, shown in kg per 1 m 2 of WPC (7.5mm) maintained for 60 years. Parameter Non-renewable material resources material resources Sourcing Delivery Use End of Life Total kg kg x x x x Freshwater m Hazardous waste kg 7.9x x x x x x10-3 Non-hazardous waste kg x Table 22. Aggregated inventory flows, shown in kg per 1 m 2 of ESPC (5.5mm) maintained for 60 years. Parameter Non-renewable material resources material resources Sourcing Delivery Use End of Life Total kg kg x x x x Freshwater m Hazardous waste kg 6.0x x x x x x10-3 Non-hazardous waste kg LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT The impact assessment for the EPD is conducted in accordance with requirements of the PCR. Impact category indicators are estimated using the CML-IA (Tables 23 through 35) TRACI 2.1 (Tables 36 through 38) characterization methods. Aggregated inventory flows for energy use are also calculated. The LCIA inventory flow results are calculated using SimaPro 8.3 software declared in this EPD in the following ways: Table A: The potential impacts for 1 m2 of floor covering for each of the following life cycle stages: sourcing/extraction, manufacturing, delivery installation, end of life. The impacts are not normalized to the 60-year reference service life of the building. Table B: The impacts for the use stage for 1 m2 of floor covering for an average one year use. Table C: The total impacts of all life cycle stages based on the estimated replacement schedule for 1 m2 of floor covering over a 60-year reference service life of a building. 19

21 Table 23. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (3mm). Results are calculated using CML- IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing End of Life Total 4.3x x x x x % 2.4% 52% 7.3% 100% % 7.2% 18% 2.8% 100% % 12% 17% 22% 100% 2.7x x x x x % 3.9% 49% 15% 100% 1.4x x x x x % 11% 35% 16% 100% 2.6x x x x x % 13% 46% 3.9% 100% 6.0x x x x x % 5.5% 18% 52% 100% % 6.6% 17% 2.6% 100% % 7.9% 7.1% 2.0% 100% Table 24. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (3mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing Use End of Life Total 1.3x x x x x x % 1.6% 35% 34% 4.9% 100% % 6.7% 17% 7.4% 2.6% 100% % 11% 16% 7.8% 20% 100% 8.2x x x x x x % 3.0% 38% 22% 12% 100% 4.1x x x x x x % 9.5% 31% 12% 14% 100% 7.7x x x x x % 12% 42% 9% 3.5% 100% 1.8x x x x x x % 5.0% 16% 9% 47% 100% % 6.1% 16% 7.2% 2.4% 100% % 6.6% 6.0% 17% 1.6% 100% SCSglobalServices.com

22 Table 25. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (2mm). Results are calculated using CML- IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing End of Life Total 3.3x x x x x % 2.0% 55% 6.4% 100% % 6.7% 19% 2.6% 100% % 11% 18% 21% 100% 2.0x x x x x % 3.6% 49% 15% 100% 9.9x x x x x % 10% 36% 15% 100% 1.8x x x x x % 13% 46% 3.7% 100% 4.4x x x x x % 5.3% 19% 49% 100% % 6.1% 18% 2.4% 100% % 5.8% 6.5% 1.5% 100% Table 26. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (2mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing Use End of Life Total 9.8x x x x x x % 1.2% 33% 40% 3.8% 100% % 6.0% 17% 10% 2.3% 100% % 10% 16% 11% 19% 100% 6.0x x x x x x % 2.6% 35% 29% 10% 100% 3.0x x x x x x % 8.4% 31% 16% 13% 100% 5.5x x x x x % 11% 40% 13% 3.3% 100% 1.3x x x x x x % 4.6% 16% 13% 43% 100% % 5.5% 16% 10% 2.2% 100% % 4.7% 5.3% 19% 1.2% 100% 21

23 Table 27. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of Loose Lay (5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing End of Life Total 1.2x x x x x % 2.1% 37% 5.7% 100% % 7.1% 16% 2.6% 100% % 12% 16% 23% 100% 6.1x x x x x % 3.6% 44% 13% 100% 3.0x x x x x % 10% 30% 15% 100% 4.7x x x x % 13% 44% 3.7% 100% 1.1x x x x x % 5.5% 16% 51% 100% % 6.6% 15% 2.5% 100% % 11% 8.0% 2.4% 100% Table 28. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of Loose Lay (5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing Use End of Life Total 3.7x x x x x x % 1.7% 29% 20% 4.5% 100% ,400 71% 6.8% 15% 4.4% 2.5% 100% % 11% 15% 4.8% 22% 100% 1.8x x x x x x % 3.1% 38% 14% 11% 100% 9.1x x x x x x % 9% 28% 6.7% 14% 100% x x x % 12% 41% 5.7% 3.5% 100% 3.3x x x x x % 5.2% 16% 5.7% 48% 100% 1, ,500 73% 6.3% 14% 4.3% 2.4% 100% % 9.1% 6.9% 14% 2.1% 100% SCSglobalServices.com

24 Table 29. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Click (5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing End of Life Total 6.9x x x x x % 3.3% 39% 9.6% 100% % 8.4% 16% 3.2% 100% % 13% 16% 25% 100% 4.1x x x x x % 4.3% 49% 16% 100% 2.0x x x x x % 12% 32% 19% 100% 3.9x x x x % 14% 46% 4.2% 100% 8.9x x x x x % 5.9% 16% 55% 100% % 7.7% 15% 3.0% 100% % 11% 6.1% 2.7% 100% Table 30. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Click (5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing Use End of Life Total 2.1x x x x x x % 2.4% 28% 29% 6.8% 100% ,200 69% 8.0% 15% 5.1% 3.0% 100% % 12% 15% 5.2% 23% 100% 1.2x x x x x x % 3.6% 41% 15% 14% 100% 6.1x x x x x x % 11% 29% 8.1% 17% 100% x x x % 14% 43% 6.1% 3.9% 100% 2.7x x x x x % 5.6% 15% 6.1% 52% 100% ,300 71% 7.3% 14% 5.0% 2.8% 100% % 9.7% 5.2% 14% 2.3% 100% 23

25 Table 31. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of WPC (7.5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing End of Life Total 9.2x x x x x % 2.5% 29% 9.8% 100% % 7.1% 14% 3.0% 100% % 11% 13% 20% 100% 4.2x x x x x % 3.8% 44% 19% 100% 2.8x x x x x % 10% 26% 14% 100% 4.7x x x x % 12% 39% 4.0% 100% 1.1x x x x x % 5.3% 14% 50% 100% % 6.4% 12% 2.8% 100% % 1.2% 0.62% 0.4% 100% Table 32. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of WPC (7.5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing Use End of Life Total 2.7x x x x x x % 1.8% 22% 27% 7.2% 100% ,100 72% 6.8% 13% 5.3% 2.8% 100% % 10% 13% 5.3% 19% 100% 1.3x x x x x x % 3.2% 36% 17% 16% 100% 8.3x x x x x x % 9% 24% 8.0% 13% 100% x x x % 11% 37% 6.4% 3.8% 100% 3.2x x x x x % 5.0% 13.3% 6.6% 47% 100% ,300 75% 6.1% 12% 5.1% 2.7% 100% % 1.1% 0.61% 2.1% 0.37% 100% SCSglobalServices.com

26 Table 33. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of ESPC (5.5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing End of Life Total 6.9x x x x x % 3.3% 39% 9.4% 100% % 7.4% 14% 2.8% 100% % 12% 15% 23% 100% 3.3x x x x x % 4.6% 52% 17.1% 100% 2.4x x x x x % 12% 30% 18% 100% 4.4x x x x % 14% 44% 4.0% 100% 8.6x x x x x % 6.0% 16% 56% 100% % 6.8% 13% 2.6% 100% % 12% 6.2% 2.7% 100% Table 34. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 ESPC (5.5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential Acidification Potential Eutrophication Potential Primary Energy, Non- Primary Energy, kg Sb eq kg CFC-11 eq kg C2H4 eq kg PO4 3- eq Sourcing Use End of Life Total 2.1x x x x x x % 2.4% 28% 29% 6.7% 100% ,300 72% 7.1% 13% 4.5% 2.7% 100% % 12% 14% 4.8% 22% 100% 9.9x x x x x x % 3.8% 43.9% 16% 14% 100% 7.2x x x x x x % 11% 28% 7.5% 16% 100% x x x % 13% 42% 5.9% 3.8% 100% 2.6x x x x x % 5.6% 15% 6% 53% 100% 1, ,500 74% 6.5% 12% 4.4% 2.5% 100% % 10% 5.3% 14% 2.3% 100% 25

27 Table 35. Table B: Average 1 year use stage impacts for 1 m 2 for luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD. Results are calculated using CML-IA. Average 1 year Use Maintenance Impacts Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) kg Sb eq 2.9x10-7 Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) 0.98 Global Warming Potential 6.7x10-2 Ozone Depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq 1.2x10-8 Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential kg C2H4 eq 2.4x10-5 Acidification Potential 3.6x10-4 Eutrophication Potential kg PO4 3- eq 1.3x10-4 Primary Energy, Non- 1.1 Primary Energy, 0.15 Table 36. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (3mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq Sourcing End of Life Total 3.6x x x x x % 4.4% 50% 14% 100% % 12% 18% 20% 100% x % 9.4% 49% 6.2% 100% 2.6x x x x x % 13% 46% 4.6% 100% 1.0x x x x x % 4.2% 9.8% 65% 100% % 2.8% 19% 2.7% 100% Table 37. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (3mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Sourcing Use End of Life Total Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq 1.1x x x x x x % 3.6% 41% 19% 11% 100% % 11% 16% 8.0% 19% 100% % 9% 46% 6.5% 5.8% 100% 7.9x x x x x % 12% 42% 9% 4.2% 100% 3.1x x x x x % 3.8% 8.8% 10% 59% 100% % 2.7% 18% 6.3% 2.6% 100% SCSglobalServices.com

28 Table 38. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (2mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq Sourcing End of Life Total 2.6x x x x x % 4.2% 50% 13% 100% % 11% 18% 19% 100% x x % 8.9% 48% 5.9% 100% 1.9x x x x x % 12% 45% 4.4% 100% 7.6x x x x x % 4.0% 11% 63% 100% % 2.6% 20% 2.5% 100% Table 39. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Dry Back (2mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Sourcing Use End of Life Total Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq 7.8x x x x x x % 3.1% 37% 25% 10% 100% % 10% 16% 11% 17% 100% % 8% 44% 9% 5.4% 100% 5.6x x x x x % 11% 40% 13% 3.8% 100% 2.3x x x x x % 3.5% 9.5% 13% 54% 100% % 2.4% 18% 8.7% 2.3% 100% Table 40. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of Loose Lay (5mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq Sourcing End of Life Total 7.8x x x x x % 4.2% 45% 12% 100% % 12% 17% 21% 100% % 10% 49% 6.2% 100% 4.8x x x x % 13% 44% 4.4% 100% 2.0x x x x x % 4.2% 8.5% 64% 100% % 2.7% 17% 2.6% 100% 27

29 Table 41. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of Loose Lay (5mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Sourcing Use End of Life Total Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq 2.3x x x x x x % 3.7% 40% 12% 11% 100% % 12% 16% 5.0% 20% 100% % 9% 47% 4.0% 5.9% 100% x x x % 12% 42% 5.4% 4.1% 100% 6.0x x x x % 3.9% 8.0% 5.8% 60% 100% % 2.6% 16% 3.7% 2.5% 100% Table 42. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Click (5mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq Sourcing End of Life Total 5.4x x x x x % 4.9% 50% 15% 100% % 13% 16% 22% 100% % 10% 50% 6.6% 100% 4.0x x x x % 14% 46% 4.9% 100% 1.5x x x x x % 4.5% 7.2% 69% 100% % 3.3% 17% 3.2% 100% Table 43. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of Vinyl Click (5mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA. Sourcing Use End of Life Total Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq 1.6x x x x x x % 4.3% 43% 13% 13% 100% % 13% 15% 5.3% 21% 100% % 10% 48% 4.2% 6.3% 100% x x x % 13% 44% 5.9% 4.6% 100% 4.6x x x x % 4.2% 6.8% 6.2% 65% 100% % 3.2% 17% 4.4% 3.0% 100% SCSglobalServices.com

30 Table 44. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of WPC (7.5mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq Sourcing End of Life Total 5.4x x x x x % 4.4% 45% 17% 100% % 11% 14% 19% 100% % 8.8% 44% 6.1% 100% 4.8x x x x % 12% 39% 4.7% 100% 1.8x x x x x % 4.1% 6.6% 65% 100% % 2.9% 15% 2.9% 100% Table 45. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 of WPC (7.5mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Sourcing Use End of Life Total Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq 1.6x x x x x x % 3.8% 39% 14% 14% 100% % 11% 13% 5.4% 18% 100% % 8% 42% 4.4% 5.8% 100% x x x % 11% 37% 6.1% 4.4% 100% 5.4x x x x % 3.8% 6.1% 7% 60% 100% % 2.7% 14% 4.6% 2.8% 100% Table 46. Table A: Cradle to install end of life LCIA results for 1 m 2 of ESPC (5.5mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq Sourcing End of Life Total 4.2x x x x x % 5.3% 54% 15% 100% % 13% 15% 21% 100% % 10% 49% 6.3% 100% 4.5x x x x % 13% 44% 4.7% 100% 1.4x x x x x % 4.6% 7.3% 71% 100% % 2.9% 15% 2.7% 100% 29

31 Table 47. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60 year building service life for 1 m 2 ESPC (5.5mm). Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Sourcing Use End of Life Total Ozone depletion Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion kg CFC-11 eq kg O3 eq kg N eq 1.3x x x x x x % 4.5% 46% 14% 13% 100% % 12% 15% 4.9% 20% 100% % 9% 47% 4.0% 6.1% 100% x x x % 13% 42% 5.6% 4.4% 100% 4.1x x x x % 4.3% 6.8% 6.2% 67% 100% % 2.7% 14% 3.7% 2.6% 100% Table 48. Table B: Average 1 year use stage impacts for 1 m 2 of flooring product in this EPD. Results are calculated using TRACI 2.1. Average 1 year Use Maintenance Impacts Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 1.3x10-8 Global warming 6.6x10-2 Smog kg O3 eq 3.7x10-3 Acidification 3.6x10-4 Eutrophication kg N eq 2.6x10-4 Fossil fuel depletion surplus 0.10 SUPPORTING TECHNICAL INFORMATION Unit processes are developed with SimaPro 8.3 software, drawing upon data from multiple sources. Primary data were provided by for their manufacturing processes. The primary sources of secondary LCI data are from Ecoinvent, Overcash, PlasticsEurope Eco-profiles SCSglobalServices.com

32 Table 49. Data sources used for the LCA study. Flow Product Materials PVC resin Plasticizer Stabilizer Dataset Polyvinylchloride, emulsion polymerised {RoW} polyvinylchloride production, emulsion polymerisation Alloc Rec, U 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) {GLO} market for Alloc Rec U Chemical, organic {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Zinc sulfide {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Calcium chloride {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Data Source(s) Publication Date Ecoinvent 2016 Ecoinvent; Overcash MSDS; Ecoinvent 2016; 2004 Ink Carbon black {GLO} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Filler Limestone, crushed, for mill {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Film Wearlayer Polyvinylchloride, emulsion polymerised {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Vinyl chloride {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Carbon black {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Solvent, organic {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Polyvinylchloride, emulsion polymerised {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) {GLO} market for Alloc Rec U; Chemical, organic {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U MSDS; Ecoinvent MSDS; Ecoinvent UV Coating Chemical, organic {GLO} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 IXPE Polyethylene, linear low density, granulate {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Chemical, organic {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 LP-90 Styrene {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Chemical, organic {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Stearic acid Chemical, organic {GLO} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 DL-50 Polymethyl methacrylate, beads {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U PlasticsEurope; Ecoinvent PE Wax Polyethylene, low density, granulate {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Fiberglass Glass fibre {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Anti-slip film Chemical, organic {GLO} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Cork Cork slab {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Glue Polyurethane adhesive {CN} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Electricity/Heat Electricity Electricity, medium voltage {SGCC} market for Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Steam Steam, in chemical industry {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Packaging Label Kraft paper, bleached {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U; Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U 2015 Ecoinvent 2016 Instructions Kraft paper, bleached {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Pallet EUR-flat pallet {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Color box Corrugated board box {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Corner protection strip Corrugated board box {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Wrapping Packaging film, low density polyethylene {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Air bags Kraft paper, unbleached {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Strapping Polypropylene, granulate {RoW} production Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Transportation Truck Transport, freight, lorry metric ton, EURO4 {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Truck (disposal) Transport, freight, lorry metric ton, EURO4 {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2016 Ship Transport, freight, sea, transoceanic ship {GLO} market for Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent