BP Academic Centers, November 2002

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1 BP Academic Centers, November 2002 Cambridge University The objective of the BP Institute is to conduct fundamental research into multiphase flow. We apply experimental, theoretical and numerical methods to study a wide range of complex flow phenomena. California Institute of Technology University of California at Berkeley A ten-year project to develop heterogeneous catalytic routes for the conversion of methane to liquid fuels. Ideally, the investigators would like to find a catalyst that would let them combine oxygen with methane to produce methanol, or (even better) ethylene or propylene, chemicals that are used to make a host of everyday products. chemicals. A similar program at Caltech will focus on homogeneous catalytic conversion routes. Chinese Academy of Sciences Clean Energy: Facing the Future Objective/Mission: Develop and study new options for clean energy technologies for China and the rest of the world.

2 The Carbon Mitigation Initiative (CMI) at Princeton University $15.1 million from BP $5.0 million from Ford Principal investigators: Stephen Pacala Robert Socolow PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PEI / CMI

3 Princeton University The mission of the Carbon Mitigation Initiative is investigate solutions to the greenhouse gas problem. We intend to identify the most credible methods of capturing and sequestering a large fraction of carbon emissions from fossil fuels, in order to establish which, if any, of these methods: will have the desired effect on atmospheric carbon and climate will be safe and reliable, with minimal negative environmental impact will involve neither prohibitive economic costs nor prohibitive disruption of patterns of energy consumption CMI will focus on resolving the fundamental scientific, environmental, and technological issues that are likely to influence public acceptance of any proposed solution.

4 CMI Project Areas Carbon capture Carbon storage Carbon science Carbon policy PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PEI / CMI

5 Carbon capture Carbon capture projects explore the hydrogen-pluselectricity economy: Low-cost routes to hydrogen production from natural gas and coal, with a first focus on membrane reactors. Infrastructure requirements for hydrogen and carbon dioxide. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PEI / CMI

6 Activities H 2 /electricity production Membrane reactors Incremental modifications of conventional technology H 2 production with co-sequestration of sulfur (H 2 S or SO 2 ) and CO 2. H 2 /CO 2 infrastructure H 2 combustion Princeton-Tsinghua collaboration on low emission energy technologies for China H 2 utilization technologies

7 Hydrogen and/or Electricity Production from Gasified Coal using a Hydrogen Separation Membrane Reactor (HSMR) Air Separation Unit Catalytic Combustor O 2 CO 2, H 2 O, SO C, 84 bar 900 C, 62 bar Electricity Coal Slurry 130 C 84 bar O 2 O 2 -Blown Coal Gasifier Char, Fines 1041 C 70 bar Water/ Steam Base Case: H 2 O/C = 1 (H 2 ) out / (H 2 +CO) in = 77% Input coal: 1246 MW th HHV Candle Filter 218 C 69 bar HRSG/ Steam Turbine Output: 788 MW th H MW e electricity (or 460 MW e electricity) Electricity balance (MW e ) Raffinate turbine: +182 Steam turbine: + 22 O 2 production: - 69 H 2 compression: - 35 Water pressurization: - 3 CO 2 compression: - 44 Net power output: C 64 bar 30 C 2.2 bar CO 2, H 2 O, H 2, CO, H 2 S 475 C 2.2 bar High Purity H 2 HSMR Electricity Hydrogen Compressor Turbine Water 28 bar 60 bar 60 bar 30 C, 1 bar FGD Gypsum GTCC (400 MW e ) CO 2 Compressor Compressed Hydrogen Storage Pipeline 30 C 80 bar 96% pure CO 2 Supercritical CO 2 (for sequestration) Electricity

8 Differences in Propagation Mode between Lean Hydrogen-Air and Propane-Air Flames Sequence of an expanding spherical lean hydrogen-air flame, showing the phenomena of flame surface wrinkling and self-acceleration Sequence of an expanding spherical lean propane-air flame, showing the absence of flame surface wrinkling and self-acceleration Above result suggests the potential to suppress the tendency for a hydrogen-air mixture to self accelerate and detonate by adding a hydrocarbon

9 Carbon storage Carbon storage projects explore the safety, reliability and environmental impact of carbon storage in underground reservoirs: Predictive models of CO2 leaking from an underground storage site as it moves toward the earth's surface, with an emphasis on chemistry in drinking-water aquifers and the unsaturated zone. Experimental studies of the chemistry of CO2 at high pressure. Exploratory studies of alternatives to underground storage (e.g., oceanic injection, carbonate production, enhanced biological sequestration). PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PEI / CMI

10 Atmosphere LEAKS Allowable Emissions Sequestration Fossil Emissions CO 2 Reservoir

11 Mass of CO 2 /Volume [kg/m 3 ] Depth [m] T ~ 4 years Radial distance [m] Leakage Limits For Homogeneous Reservoirs Minimum Mean Retention Time (Years) Year S450 S550

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13 Carbon science Carbon science projects explore the consequences of large-scale carbon management: Earth system modeling of the impact of alternative mitigation options on greenhouse gases and climate. Analysis of abrupt changes in the carbon and climate system. Shipboard measurements of the O 2 /N 2 ratio of air to estimate natural CO 2 sequestration by the land biosphere and oceans. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PEI / CMI

14 Fossil Fuel Emissions Emissions (GtC/yr) "Data" "Logistic Fit" Year pco2 (ppm) Atmospheric pco2 vs Year BAU 10% Injected 25% Injected 50% Injected 100% Injected 10% Removed 25% Removed 50% Removed 100% Removed 7x 6x 5x 4x 800 3x Year 5600 GT carbon consumed = 80% of FF reserves. 2x 1x

15 Figure 1. The Antarctic Ice Sheet (adapted from refs 2, 6, 101, 121). WAIS, located to the left of the Transantarctic Mountains, is largely grounded below sea level. Ice streams (A to E) draining into the Ross Ice Shelf are shown at lower right; ice elevation is in metres above sea level (adapted from refs 75 and 122). The red star in both maps, Byrd Station, is provided for orientation. WAIS as defined here includes the Ross and Filchner-Ronne ice shelves but not the Antarctic Peninsula (top left). The locations of mountainous regions, deep basins, margins of floating ice, and grounding lines at ice shelves are indicated approximately. The Transantarctic Mountains are divided in places by deep basins not shown here so that ice from both East and West Antarctica drains into the large ice shelves.

16 Growth Rate of Carbon Reservoirs

17 Carbon policy Carbon policy projects explore the economics of large-scale sequestration: Decision-making and policy under uncertainty. The economics of lower-carbon energy. Incentives bearing on shifts in technological regimes. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PEI / CMI

18 The Size of the Problem IS92A Emissions 30 Emissions (GtC/yr) "Data" "Logistic Fit" Emissions Reductions From IS92A Year Emissions Reduction in GT Carbon Landuse 550 Landuse 750 Landuse 450 Fert 550 Fert 750 Fert Year

19 Reductions Required by 2050 = ~ 6 GT Mitigation Size of 1 GT Global Business Risk Geologic Sequestration 3500 Algeria or Sleipner 1 MT CO2/year Leakage (a) Global (b) Local Deep microbes Nuclear GW power plants (triples current level) Nuclear proliferation and terrorism, nuclear waste Efficiency Wind/Biomass/Solar 8% of 2050 fossil BAU energy Wind: 100 x current level Solar: 1500 x current level. Biomass: 200 x 10 6 ha = US Agriculture None Wind: regional climate change?, NIMBY Solar: None Biomass: Biodiversity Forest Sinks 500 x 10 6 ha = Too much agricultural land Biodiversity Roughly 3x as much is require by Magic bullets after 2050: Fusion, solar CO2 CH3OH, solar splitting of water.

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