Technical and Legal Aspects of Thermal Treatment of Waste

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1 Technical and Legal Aspects of Thermal Treatment of Waste Markus Gleis, German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) Waste Forum, January 25 th, 2017 Ramat Rachel Hotel, Jerusalem 1

2 I. Introduction II. Thermochemical Processes III. Examples for the different process types IV.An evaluation approach V. Conclusion 2

3 The Subject 3

4 Thermal Treatment/Incineration of Waste 4

5 Classical thermal waste treatment: Incineration First plants in England in 1870s Worldwide dominating Process 225 Mio. tons treated each year in 2,200 facilities 19 th century also first alternative thermal approaches Gas production trials for street lightening in Stuttgart, Paris, Vienna Gas production for motor utilization (!) in San Jose 1970ies first alternative industrial installations Some success in south-east Asia, especially in Japan, but failed in Europe Last years: Plasma processes & liquefaction Source: Döring 2014, de Fodor 1911, Pruckner

6 Interesting fields for alternative thermal processes Upstream processes in connection with cements kilns, power plants etc. Treatment of special fractions, e.g. - with high pollutant content (e.g. chlorine) - very low/high heating values -high ash content Achievement special features, like vitrified slag Problematic applications? Stand alone facilities with no inertization / no product usage? One-step low temperature processes with high effort for product treatment 6

7 Classification of alternative thermal waste treatment processes Pyrolysis Gasification Plasma processes Liquefaction Upstream Process Sub-Step of Combustion/Melting Processes Stand-Alone Pyrolysis Part of Staged Combustion Processes Upstream Process Sub-Step of Combustion/Melting Processes Stand-Alone Gasification (Syngas Production) Sub-Step for Gas Syngas Treatment Sub-Step for Slag Vitrification 7

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9 Alternative Technologies Pyrolysis Gasification Plasma Processing Thermal Depolymerization Hydrothermal Carbonization As a partofthestagedcombustionprocess As a part of the combustion-melting process For gas production As a pre-treatment process 9

10 SVZ Fixed Bed Gasification in connection to Methanol Plant 10

11 Gasification for Gas Production natural gas, oxygen tar, oil steam tar, oil steam cooling water cooling water reactor quenching water Quench synthetic gas wastewater slag sluis e 11

12 ThermoselectProcess 12

13 Thermoselect Process - EnBW Karlsruhe Input: mixed municipal waste Capacity: 225,000 Mg/a Operation: start-up in 1999 steady operation not realized for longer period shutdown in 2004 The plant did never reach normal operation conditions! 13

14 Gasification as a Pre-treatment Process Input: Recovered solid fuel Capacity: 250,000 Mg/a Operation: 1996 present; but only one application worldwide 14

15 Principles of Kymijärvi II plant, Lahti, Finland Still under technical changes 15

16 Development of Municipal Waste incineration capacities in Germany year number of plants throughput (1000 tonnes/a) average throughput Per plant (1000 tonnes/a) Mainly increments 16

17 Waste Incineration Plant

18 BAT Air Emission Standard WI (Version 2006) half-hour average value daily average value BAT-Technique dust Fabric filter HCl Wet /semi dry flue gas cleaning systems/ SO * 1-40* Wet / semi dry flue gas cleaning systems Substanz periodical value NOx mit * * Used high energy and cost SCR NOx mit SNCR If high raw gas values NH 3 -Slip is possible, in connection with wet systems prefered TOC optimal combustion conditions CO optimal combustion conditions Hg <0,05 0,001-0,001- Input-controll/reduction, C-doped Adsoptiontechnique 0,03 0,02 Cd/Tl PCDD/ PCDF ,01-0,1* optimal combustion conditions, temperatur-controlled reduction of the denovo-synthese, C-doped Adsoptiontechnique Tab. 1: BAT-Table 5.2 Operational Emission Levels associated with the use of BAT for air in mg/nm 3 18

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25 Management of Hazardous Flue Gas Cleaning Residues in Germany Underground-Disposal Target: Use of solid waste materials according to guaranty a secure stability of caves Source: Dr. Volker Lukas K+S Entsorgung GmbH 25

26 Thermal waste treatment almost completely realized by incineration processes General problems at the operation of waste gasification and incineration plants: process technique very complex treatment costs on a high level heterogeneous structure and composition of municipal waste waste fuel process hardly possible to keep steady high demand of energy low efficiency Strengths of waste incineration processes: Incineration on a grate/ roller grate very resistant to varying size and composition of waste high stability of the treatment process decreasing energy demand of modern plants increasing energy efficiency up to 30 % el high total efficiency achievable (CHP-process) 26

27 Fluidized bed Alternative processes European market share of waste incineration plants and new build alternative thermal treatment processes Grate firing 27

28 Conclusion alternative thermal waste treatment technologies are not suitable for the treatment of mixed municipal waste The most appropriate and reasonable treatment method for those not recyclable residual wastes is incineration (WtE) 28

29 Thank you for your attention! Dipl.-Ing. Markus Gleis Umweltbundesamt 29