Introduction. Resilience, water and sanitation. Lee Bosher and Bob Reed Water, Engineering and Development Centre. Resilience what is it?

Transcription

1 5 th July 2011 Resilience, water and sanitation Lee Bosher and Bob Reed Water, Engineering and Development Centre Introduction Resilience what is it?.. as a component of sustainability and DRR Structural and nonstructural approaches Challenges Seven guiding principles Group exercise

2 What are the hazards/threats? Geo-Hazards Hydrometeorological Hazards Natural hazards Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions Tsunamis Landslides Flood Coastal erosion & flooding Windstorms Extreme temperature Storm surges Drought fires Malicious Nonmalicious Human induced threats War Terrorism Arson/petty crime Poor planning Poor construction Rapid urbanisation Hazard: primarily a natural source of potential danger Threat: primarily a human induced source of potential danger

3 Disaster Risk Reduction DRR is defined by the United Nations (2004) as: The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. What do we mean by resilience? Iain Dowie, Former football manager Is Bouncebackability sufficient?

4 Resilience: A definition A resilient built environment should be designed, located, built, operated and maintained in a way that maximises the ability of built assets, associated support systems (physical and institutional) and the people that reside or work within the built assets, to withstand, recover from, and mitigate for, the impacts of extreme natural and human-induced hazards. (Bosher ed. 2008:13) Components of resilience 0-1%2#-34-.&'! "#$%&'! ()*+%$&'!,-+.%./.%#-&'!

5 Resilience and sustainability Resilience-building Increasing societal resilience Institutional capacity building Physical reconstruction Increasing environmental resilience Long-term sustainable development Cohesive society with strong coping capabilities Strong, agile and prepared institutions Robust physical infrastructure and critical lifelines Environmental protection and adaptation strategies

6 Range of approaches Structural Earthquake engineering, flood defences, hurricane shelters, retrofitting, sustainable urban drainage systems, resilient materials Non-structural Hazard mapping/zoning, urban planning, warning systems, evacuation drills, awareness raising, emergency planning, professional training, continuity planning

7 Therefore Resilience is an outcome of effective DRR and is a critical component of sustainable development Resilience needs to be culturally embedded: By various stakeholders At all levels of developmental activities By integrating structural and non-structural approaches Some challenges Infrastructure related Bespoke project based approach Focused upon the bottom line Professional fragmentation The spectre of corruption Generic Perception of additional capital costs Technological over social issues Strong political will required Incapacity to enforce regulations/agree standards Failure to apply knowledge Gap between humanitarian relief and development

8 Seven guiding principles 1) Adopt a holistic perspective; 2) Develop and appropriately apply resilient technologies; 3) Engage a wide range of stakeholders (including local communities) in resilience efforts; 4) Utilise existing guidance and frameworks when appropriate; 5) Exploit opportunities to build-in resiliency measures post-disaster; 6) Integrate built environment and emergency management professionals into the DRM process, and; 7) Mainstream resilience into the built environment curricula. (after Bosher & Dainty 2011) 1) Adopt a holistic perspective View the components of resilience (physical, social, environmental, institutional) and response as interrelated Systematically utilise the skills and expertise of a wide range of stakeholders Build capacity at the local level as well as at regional and national levels Be proactive by integrating DRR into longterm development

9 1) Adopt a holistic perspective Source: Bosher in, Lizarralde et al. (2010) 2) Develop and apply resilient technologies Source: Dhaka Ahsania Mission & Concern Universal

10 Reconcile traditional with modern 3) Engage a wide range of stakeholders Identify the stakeholders (all of them!) Understand the stakeholders perspectives Devise methods to ensure that THE key stakeholders are involved in decisionmaking Raise awareness of DRR at a local level School children In the workplace Community groups

11 3) Engage a wide range of stakeholders - communities Image courtesy of NSET, Nepal The Yellow Pages (New Zealand)

12 UN/ISDR Stop Disasters game 4) Use existing guidance and frameworks when appropriate The challenge of disaster risk reduction is largely a matter of how to apply existing knowledge (investment and adaptation and of reducing the 'implementation shortfall ) rather than generating new knowledge per se. The research challenge, therefore, is grounded in the process of technology transfer and diffusion.

13 5) Exploit opportunities to built-in resiliency measures post-disaster Trend in post-disaster reconstruction Shift from donor driven approaches to owner driven approaches Therefore rather than agencies and their contractors needing to incorporate resilient technologies and designs it has become important to ensure that people who are given grants to reconstruct are also given support to incorporate resilient features Owner driven approaches Specific support Financial Awareness raising Technical/skills training Construction, repair and maintenance Deeper rooted but generic support Improved basic needs Water, education, healthcare Land rights Affordable insurance

14 6) Integrate built environment and EM professionals into DRM Achieving built-in resilience demands that traditional demarcations in roles and responsibilities are reconstituted in order to propagate the free-flow of knowledge between the stakeholders of the built environment. 6) Integrate built environment and EM professionals into DRM Break down the silo mentality Encourage proactivity Raise awareness of how professionals can influence DRM Raise awareness of the long-term financial benefits Gain a competitive edge, nationally and internationally??

15 7) Mainstream resilience into the built environment curricula Bhatia 2008 (ADPC) 7) Mainstream resilience into the built environment curricula Formal and non-formal (artisan) education Classroom based and on the job training Realisation that there is no panacea Mainstream DRR education or encourage people to specialise Reconcile modern and traditional solutions.but a political will is required

16 Summary - Water technologies

17 Summary - Sanitation technologies Summary Resilience conceptualised as a component of sustainability and DRR Challenges to the attainment of resilient WATSAN Seven guiding principles These principles offer a point of departure but, challenges lay ahead in developing the specific approaches necessary to account for individual contexts and situations.

18 Group work session Just a bit of fun really Brief group task 1. Split up into small groups and read the SITREP about the Haiti (2010) earthquake disaster 2. A 15 minute group discussion draw up examples of how the 7 principles could be applied to Water and Sanitation interventions in the aftermath of the Haitian earthquake 3. Select one person from each group to present an outline of your examples (3 minutes maximum each) 4. Discussion and feedback

19 Structure of your feedback Resiliency principle 1. Adopt a holistic perspective What you could do? 2. Develop and appropriately apply resilient technologies 3. Engage a wide range of stakeholders in resilience efforts 4. Utilise existing guidance and frameworks when appropriate 5. Exploit opportunities to build-in resiliency measures post-disaster 6. Integrate built environment (and WATSAN) professionals into DRM 7. Mainstream resilience into the built environment curricula THANK YOU For more information please contact Lee Bosher or Bob Reed: L.Bosher@lboro.ac.uk Tel: 44(0) R.A.Reed@lboro.ac.uk Tel: 44(0)

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