I. Applicability, carbon pools and project emissions

Transcription

1 Simplified baseline and monioring mehodologies for small-scale afforesaion and reforesaion projec aciviies under he clean developmen mechanism implemened on selemens I. Applicabiliy, carbon pools and projec emissions 1. The simplified baseline and monioring mehodologies are applicable if he condiions -(c) menioned below are me: projec aciviies are implemened on selemens 1. Specifically he following lands fall under he selemen caegory (i) (ii) Transporaion infrasrucure: Land srips along srees, counry roads, highways, railways, waerways, overhead power cables, gas pipelines, provided such land is funcionally or adminisraively associaed wih he ransporaion infrasrucure and is no accouned for in anoher land-use caegory; Human selemens: Residenial and commercial lawns (rural and urban), gardens, golf courses, ahleic fields, parks, provided such land is funcionally or adminisraively associaed wih paricular ciies, villages or oher selemen ypes and is no accouned for in anoher land-use caegory. (c) projec aciviies are implemened on lands where areas used for agriculural aciviies wihin he projec boundary, and displaced due o he projec aciviy, are less han 50 per cen of he oal projec area; projec aciviies are implemened on lands where 10% of he oal surface projec area is disurbed as resul of soil preparaion for planing. 2. Carbon pools o be considered by he mehodologies are above-and below-ground ree biomass, (i.e. living biomass). I is assumed ha changes in carbon socks occur only in ree biomass Projec emissions o be aken ino accoun (ex-ane and ex-pos) are limied o emissions from he use of ferilizers. 4. Before using simplified mehodologies, projec paricipans shall demonsrae wheher: The projec area is eligible for he A/R CDM projec aciviy, using procedures for he demonsraion of land eligibiliy conained in appendix A; The projec aciviy is addiional, using he procedures for he assessmen of addiionaliy conained in appendix B. II. Baseline ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks 5. The mos likely baseline scenario of he small-scale A/R CDM projec aciviy is considered o be he land-use prior o he implemenaion of he projec aciviy, ha is selemens. 1 The definiion of he caegory selemens as provided in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for Naional Greenhouse Gas Invenories, and Good Pracice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Foresry (IPCC 2003), may include all developed land i.e., residenial, ransporaion, commercial, and producion (commercial, manufacuring) infrasrucure of any size, unless i is already included under oher land-use caegories. 2 Good Pracice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Foresry (IPCC 2003), Appendix 3a.4 Selemens: Basis for Fuure Mehodological Developmen, 3A Mehodological Issues (page 3.295). 1/25

2 6. The projec paricipans shall provide documenaion from lieraure and/or exper judgmen, o jusify which of he following cases occurs: (c) If changes in he carbon socks, in he living biomass of rees are expeced no o exceed 10% of ex-ane acual ne GHG removals by sinks, o occur, he changes in carbon socks shall be assumed o be zero; If he carbon sock in he living biomass of rees is expeced o decrease in he absence of he projec aciviy, he baseline ne GHG removals by sinks shall be conservaively assumed o be zero. In he above case, he baseline carbon socks in he carbons pools are consan and equal o he exising carbon socks measured a he sar of he projec aciviy; Oherwise, baseline ne GHG removals by sinks shall be equal o he changes in carbon socks in he living biomass of rees ha are expeced o occur in he absence of he projec aciviy. 7. The projec area should be sraified for purpose of he baseline calculaion ino: Area of selemens wih changes in he carbon socks expeced no o exceed 10% of exane acual ne GHG removals by sinks muliplied by share of he area in he enire projec area; Area of selemens wih changes in he carbon socks expeced o exceed 10% of ex-ane acual ne GHG removals by sinks muliplied by share of he area in he enire projec area. 8. The baseline is deermined ex-ane and remains fixed during he crediing period. The baseline ne GHG removals by sinks will be deermined by he equaion: C BSL, C BSL, C i,baseline, i = I C i, baseline, i= 1 he sum of he changes in carbon socks in he living biomass of rees in he absence of he projec aciviy for year, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for sraum i for year, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 sraum i, (I = oal number of sraa) year 1 o lengh of crediing period (1) 9. For hose sraa wihou growing rees, C i, baseline, = 0. For all oher cases, C i,baseline, is esimaed using he following carbon gain-loss mehod 3 : C = C C ) (2) i, baseline, ( G, i, L, i, C i, baseline, average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for sraum 3 GPG-LULUCF Equaion 3.2.2, Equaion and Equaion /25

3 C G,i, C L,i, i, onnes for year, CO 2 -e yr -1 average annual increase in carbon due o biomass growh of living rees for sraum i for year, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 average annual decrease in carbon due o biomass loss of living rees for sraum i for year, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1. To be conservaive for he baseline scenario, C L,i = 0 in his mehodology. C = A G C (3) G, i, i TOTAL, i, FRAC C G,i, A i average annual incremen in carbon due o oal biomass growh of living rees for sraum i, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 for year area of sraum i, hecare (ha) G TOTAL,i, average annual incremen of oal biomass of living rees for sraum i, for year, onnes of dry maer ha -1 yr -1 for year. C carbon fracion of dry maer, onnes C (onne d.m.) -1 FRAC 44/12 raio of molecular weighs of CO 2 and carbon, dimensionless G = G (1 ) (4) TOTAL, i, AB, i, + R G AB, i, IV D CF BEF, i, 1 G TOTAL,i, G AB,i, R = (5) average annual incremen of oal biomass of living rees for sraum i, onnes of dry maer, ha -1 yr -1 for year average annual aboveground biomass incremen of living rees for sraum i, for year, onnes d.m. ha -1 yr -1 Roo-shoo raio,.d.m/.d.m I V,i, average annual incremen in merchanable volume for sraum i, for year, m 3 ha -1 yr -1 D basic wood densiy for ree species, onnes d.m. m -3 CF BEF 1 Correcion facor reflecing sand densiy, dimensionless biomass expansion facor for conversion of merchanable volume o oal aboveground biomass incremen, dimensionless 10. The ime poins 1 and 2, for which he sock are esimaed aken o deermine he C i,baseline mus be broadly represenaive of he ypical age of he rees under he baseline scenario during he crediing period. For example, if he rees are already maure a he sar of he projec, i is no appropriae o selec ime poin 1 and 2 ha corresponds o he juvenile fas growh sage. 11. Documened local values for I v,i, should be used. In he absence of such values, naional defaul values should be used. If naional values are also no available, G w,i values should be obained from able (p. 3.71) of he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF afer ransformaion from C o d.m. For 3/25

4 openly socked ree sands i is imporan o use an appropriae correcion facor if he used values refer o fully socked sands (e.g. CF = 1.0 for fully socked closed crown cover, CF = 0.5 for 50% socked sands). For local values depicing he acual sand densiy, CF = 1.0. BEF 1 values could be used from Table 3A.1.10 provided in he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF, if no local or naional specific daa exis. 12. Documened local values for D should be used. In he absence of such values, naional defaul values shall be consuled. If naional defaul values are also no available, he values should be obained from able 3A.1.9 of he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF. 13. Documened local values for R may be used if available. In he absence of such values, naional defaul values for R should be used. If naional values are also no available, he values should be obained from able 3.A.1.8 of he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF. III. Acual ne projec greenhouse gas removals by sinks (ex ane) 14. Sraificaion of he projec area should be carried ou o improve he accuracy and precision of projec biomass esimaes. 15. For he ex-ane calculaion of he projec biomass, he projec area should be sraified according o he projec planing plan-ha is, a leas by ree species (or groups of hem if several ree species have similar growh habis), and age classes. 16. Acual ne GHG removals by sinks consider only he changes in carbon pools for he projec scenario. For he ex-ane esimaion, he following equaions based on he sock change mehod may be used: I PROJ =, i= 1 C C (6) projec, i, C,, = ( C2, C1, ) T projec i i i (7) C i CAB, i + CBB, i = (8) C AB i = Ai Vi CF D BEF2, C (9) FRAC C BB i, = C, R (10) C PROJ, C i,projec, AB i average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for he projec area, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for sraum i, for year, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 C 2,i oal carbon sock in living biomass of rees for sraum i, calculaed a ime 2, onnes C C 1,i oal carbon sock in living biomass of rees for sraum i, calculaed a ime 1, 4/25

5 onnes C T number of years beween imes 2 and 1 C AB,i CF C BB,i A i carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i, onnes C Correcion facor reflecing sand densiy, dimensionless carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i, onnes C area of sraum i, hecare (ha) V i merchanable volume for sraum i, m 3 ha -1 D basic wood densiy, onnes d.m. m -3 BEF 2 biomass expansion facor for conversion of merchanable volume o aboveground ree biomass, dimensionless C FRAC carbon fracion of dry maer, onnes C (onne d.m.) - 1, IPCC defaul value = 0.5 R Roo-shoo raio,.d.m/.d.m 17. Documened local values for R may be used if available. In he absence of such values, naional defaul values for R should be used. If naional values are no available, appropriae values should be obained from able 3A.1.8 of he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF. 18. V i shall be esimaed from on-sie measuremens of open-grown rees using he appropriae parameers (such DBH and heigh). Sandard yield ables may be used especially for dense own park foress. For openly socked ree sands, i is imporan o use an appropriae correcion facor if he used values refer o fully socked sands (e.g. CF = 1.0 for fully socked closed crown cover, CF = 0.5 for 50% socked sand). For local values depicing he acual sand densiy, CF = 1.0. If projec specific values canno be developed, appropriae equaions aken from relevan lieraure on urban or roadside rees may be used, demonsraing he conservaiveness of his approach. 19. Documened local values for D should be used. In he absence of such values, naional defaul values shall be used. If naional defaul values are also no available, he values should be obained from able 3A.1.9 of he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF. 20. Documened local values for BEF should be used and consisen applicaion of BEF should ake ino accoun he definiion of sem volume (e.g. oal sem volume or hick wood sem volume requires differen BEFs) 4. In he absence of such values, naional defaul values should be used. If naional values are also no available, he BEF 2 values should be obained from able 3A.1.10 of he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF 5. Consisen applicaion of BEF should be secured on he definiion of sem volume (e.g. oal sem volume or hick wood sem volume require differen BEFs from he given range) 6. To be conservaive, he lower value in he specified range of BEF 2 values should be used and he seleced BEF values jusified. 21. Insead of fores specific BEFs, he 2006 IPCC Guidelines (chaper ) recommend using allomeric equaions o calculae above-ground biomass direcly, based on individual ree diameer a 4 The 2006 IPCC Guidelines (chaper ) recommend o give preference o allomeric mehods based on individual ree diameer a breas heigh, adjused for open-grown rees, insead of unspecific BEFs. 5 Alhough he BEF in able 3A.1.10 apply o biomass, he dimensionless facors can be equally applied for wood volume expansions. The BEF 2 values for growing sock daa include bark and are given for a cerain minimum diameer a breas heigh. 6 The 2006 IPCC Guidelines (chaper ) recommend o give preference o allomeric mehods based on individual ree diameer a breas heigh, adjused for open-grown rees, insead of unspecific BEFs. 5/25

6 breas heigh and adjused for open-grown rees. General allomeric equaions can be found in he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF, Annex 4A.2 and in Appendix C of his mehodology. Where no oher daa exis, hese equaions can be applied o individual rees planed in lines, as living fence poss, or in more open condiions for rough bu conservaive 7 esimaes. 22. C AB,i can also be esimaed hrough he use of an allomeric equaion and a growh model or yield able appropriae o he ree species (or groups of hem if several ree species have similar growh habis) in he sraum. C AB, i = A C f ( DBH, H ) ntr i FRAC i (11) C AB,i carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i, onnes C year -1 A i area of sraum i, hecare (ha) C FRAC carbon fracion of dry maer, onnes C (onne d.m.) -1, IPCC defaul value = 0.5 f(dbh,h) an allomeric equaion linking aboveground biomass of living rees (d.m. ree -1 ) o mean diameer a breas heigh (DBH) and possibly ree heigh (H). Noe: Mean DBH and H values should be esimaed for sraum i, a ime using a growh model or yield able ha gives he expeced ree dimensions as a funcion of ree age. The allomeric relaionship beween above-ground biomass and DBH and possibly H is a funcion of he species considered. ntri number of rees in sraum i, dimensionless ha If projec paricipans consider ha he use of ferilizers will resul in significan emissions of > 10 % of he acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks), projec emissions (GHG PROJ, - CO 2 -e / year) should be esimaed in accordance wih he procedures provided in appendix D The ex-ane acual ne GHG removal by sinks over he firs crediing period are calculaed as follows: c C ACTUAL, = ( C GHG ) * (12) = 0 PROJ, PROJ, C ACTUAL, C PROJ, GHG PROJ, c ex-ane acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks over he firs crediing period, onnes CO 2 -e average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for he projec area onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 GHG emissions by sources wihin he projec boundary as a resul of he implemenaion of an A/R CDM projec aciviy, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 duraion of he crediing period 7 Such rees generally display differen branching paerns and are likely o have more biomass for a given diameer han a similar diameer ree grown in a sand (Brown 1997, chaper 3.3). 8 Use he ool: Esimaion of direc nirous oxide emission from nirogen ferilizaion when i becomes available. 6/25

7 = ime incremen = 1 year IV. Leakage (ex-ane) 25. According o decision 6/CMP.1, annex, appendix B, paragraph 9: If projec paricipans demonsrae ha he small-scale afforesaion or reforesaion projec aciviy under he CDM does no resul in he displacemen of aciviies or people, or does no rigger aciviies ouside he projec boundary, ha would be aribuable o he small-scale afforesaion or reforesaion projec aciviy under he CDM, such ha an increase in greenhouse gas emissions by sources occurs, a leakage esimaion is no required. In all oher cases leakage esimaion is required. 26. If evidence can be provided ha here is no displacemen, or he displacemen of pre-projec aciviies will no cause deforesaion aribuable o he projec aciviy, or he lands surrounding he projec aciviy conain no significan biomass (i.e. degraded land wih no or only a few rees or shrubs per hecare) and if evidence can be provided ha hese lands are likely o receive he shifed aciviies, leakage can be considered zero. Such evidence can be provided by scienific lieraure or by expers judgmen. 27. In all oher cases where leakage could occur because e.g. urban fields used by urban people o grow food crops are used for he ree planing projec aciviy, projec paricipans should assess he possibiliy of leakage from he displacemen of aciviies by considering he following indicaor: area used for agriculural aciviies wihin he projec boundary displaced due o he projec aciviy; 28. If he area under agriculural aciviies wihin he projec boundary displaced due o he projec aciviy is lower han 10 per cen of he oal projec area hen: L = 0 (13) L = leakage aribuable o he projec aciviy a ime, CO 2 -e year If he value of he indicaor is higher han 10 per cen and less han or equal o 50 per cen, hen i is assumed ha all leakage GHG emissions occur in he firs year of he projec aciviy and he leakage shall be equal o 15 per cen of he ex-ane acual ne GHG removals by sinks accumulaed during he firs crediing period, ha is: L = C ACTUAL, * 0.15 /c (14) L leakage aribuable o he projec aciviy a ime, CO 2 -e year -1 C ACTUAL, c ex-ane acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks over he firs crediing period ( CO 2 -e) duraion of crediing period 30. If he value of above indicaor calculaed in paragraph 28 is higher han 50%, hen his simplified mehodology canno be used. 7/25

8 V. Ne anhropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sinks 31. The acual ne anhropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sinks is he acual ne GHG removals by sinks minus he baseline ne GHG removals by sinks minus leakage. 32. The ne anhropogenic GHG removals by sinks for each year during he firs crediing period are calculaed as, ER AR CDM,() = C BSL, L (15) C PROJ, GHGPROJ, Where: ER AR CDM,() ne anhropogenic GHG removals by sinks; CO 2 -e yr -1 C average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for he projec area PROJ, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 GHG PROJ, GHG emissions by sources wihin he projec boundary as a resul of he implemenaion of an A/R CDM projec aciviy, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 C BSL, he sum of he changes in carbon socks in he living biomass of rees in he absence of he projec aciviy for year, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 L leakage aribuable o he projec aciviy a ime, CO 2 -e yr -1 For subsequen crediing periods L = The resuling emporary cerified emission reducions (CERs) reflec he exising sock change a he ime of verificaion v minus leakage, calculaed as follows: v CER( v ) = ER AR CDM,( ) * (16) = 0 lcers reflec he incremen of he sock change a he ime of verificaion minus projec emissions minus leakage compared o he exising sock change a he previous ime of verificaion ( CO 2 ), calculaed as follows: lcer CER (v) v = ER lcer * (17) ( v) AR CDM,( ) ( v k ) = 0 Unis of -CERs issued a year of verificaion v ER AR CDM,() ne anhropogenic GHG removals by sinks; CO 2 -e yr -1 lcer (v) Unis of l-cers issued a year of verificaion v ( CO 2 ) v year of verificaion κ ime span beween wo verificaions (year) = ime incremen = 1 year 8/25

9 VI. Simplified monioring mehodology for small-scale afforesaion and reforesaion projecs under he clean developmen mechanism A. Ex pos esimaion of he baseline ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks 34. In accordance wih decision 6/CMP.1, appendix B, paragraph 6, no monioring of he baseline is requesed. Baseline ne GHG removals by sinks for he monioring mehodology will be he same as using he simplified baseline mehodology in secion II. above. B. Ex pos esimaion of he acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks 35. Sraificaion of he projec area should be carried ou o improve he accuracy and precision of biomass esimaes. 36. For ex pos esimaion of projec GHG removals by sinks, sraa shall be defined by: (i) relevan guidance on sraificaion for A/R projec aciviies under he clean developmen mechanism as approved by he Execuive Board (if available); or (ii) sraificaion approach ha can be shown in he PDD o esimae biomass socks according o good fores invenory pracice in he hos counry in accordance wih DNA indicaions; or (iii) oher sraificaion approach ha can be shown in he PDD o esimae he projec biomass socks o argeed precision level of ±10% of he mean a a 95% confidence level. 37. The carbon socks changes shall be esimaed hrough he following equaions: C, = C - GHG (18) ACTUAL, PROJ I C = (19) C i, i= 1 C acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks achieved by he projec aciviy a ime, ACTUAL, PROJ, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 C average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for he projec area onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 GHG GHG emissions by sources wihin he projec boundary as a resul of he implemenaion of he A/R CDM projec aciviy, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 C i, verifiable changes in carbon sock change in carbon pools for sraum i, for year, onnes CO 2 -e yr Since carbon sock changes in pools of soil organic maer, lier and dead wood are ignored in his small-scale mehodology, he verifiable changes in carbon sock equal o he carbon sock changes in aboveground biomass and belowground biomass wihin he projec boundary, are esimaed using he following equaions 9 C = C + C ) (20) i, ( AB, i, BB, i, 9 Refers o GPG-LULUCF Equaion /25

10 C = C C T (21) AB i, ( AB, m, i AB, m, i ), 2 1 C = C C T (22) BB i, ( BB, m, i BB, m, i ), 2 1 C i, changes in carbon sock in living biomass for sraum i in year, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 C AB,i, changes in carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i in year, onnes C yr -1 C BB,i, changes in carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i in year, onnes C yr -1 C AB,m2,i carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i, calculaed a monioring ime m 2, onnes C C AB, m1,i carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i, calculaed a monioring ime m 1, onnes C C BB,m2,i carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i, calculaed a monioring ime m 2, onnes C C BB, m1,i carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i, calculaed a monioring ime m 1, onnes C 44/12 raio of molecular weighs of carbon and CO 2, dimensionless T number of years beween monioring ime m 2 and m 1, which in his mehodology is 5 years 39. For he firs monioring, he firs biomass measuremen could be omied, because i is zero. 40. The oal carbon sock in living biomass for each sraum a each monioring ime (m) is calculaed from he area of each sraum and mean carbon sock in aboveground biomass and belowground biomass per uni area, given by: C AB, m, i Ai MC AB, m, i = (23) C BB, m, i Ai MCBB, m, i C AB,m,,i C BB,m,,i A i = (24) carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i in year m, onnes C carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i in year m onnes C area of sraum i, hecare, ha MC AB,m,i mean carbon sock in aboveground biomass per uni area for sraum i, onnes C ha -1 MC BB,m,i mean carbon sock in belowground biomass per uni area for sraum i, onnes C ha The mean carbon sock in aboveground biomass and belowground biomass per uni area is esimaed based on measuremens on permanen plos. This can be esimaed using wo mehods, i.e., Biomass Expansion Facors (BEF) mehod and Allomeric Equaions mehod. The following seps are recommended: 10/25

11 (c) Sep 1: Esablish permanen plos and documen heir locaion in he monioring repors; Sep 2: Measure he diameer a breas heigh (DBH) or DBH and ree heigh, as appropriae; and documen in he monioring repors; Sep 3: Esimae he above-ground biomass using allomeric equaions developed locally or naionally. Deermine he carbon socks by using defaul carbon fracion value of 0.5 o conver biomass o carbon. If hese allomeric equaions are no available: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Opion 1: Use special allomeric equaions for relevan species or species groups of urban or roadside rees developed by he projec proponens. Opion 2: If projec specific equaions canno be developed, appropriae equaions aken from relevan lieraure on urban or roadside rees may be used, demonsraing he conservaiveness of his approach. Opion 3: General allomeric equaions based on individual ree diameer a breas heigh and someimes ree heigh can be found in he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF, Annex 4A.2 and in Appendix C of his mehodology. Where no oher daa exis, hese equaions can be applied o individual rees planed in lines, as living fence poss, or in more open condiions for rough bu conservaive 10 esimaes. Opion 4: Use biomass expansion facors 11 and sem volume as follows: C = V D BEF2 (25) AB C FRAC C BB = C R (26) AB C AB mean carbon sock in aboveground biomass, onnes C ha -1 C BB mean carbon sock in belowground biomass, onnes C ha -1 V merchanable volume, m 3 ha -1 D wood densiy, onnes d.m. m -3 BEF 2 biomass expansion facor for conversion of merchanable volume o aboveground ree biomass, dimensionless C FRAC carbon fracion, onnes C (onne d.m.) -1, IPCC defaul value = 0.5 R Roo-shoo raio, dimensionless 42. Merchanable volume (V) shall be esimaed from on-sie measuremens using he appropriae parameers (such as DBH or DBH and heigh a he ree level). If projec specific equaions canno developed, appropriae allomeric equaions aken from relevan lieraure on urban or roadside rees may be used, demonsraing he conservaiveness of his approach. 10 Such rees generally display differen branching paerns and are likely o have more biomass for a given diameer han a similar diameer ree grown in a sand (Brown 1997, chaper 3.3). 11 BEF 2 should be used in according o guidance in paragraph /25

12 V N = g( DBH H ) (27) n= 1 n n V Merchanable volume, m³ ha -1 g (DBH n H n ) N an allomeric equaion linking merchanable volume (m³ ree -1 ) o diameer a breas heigh (DBH) and possibly ree heigh (H) Toal number of rees in he sample plo 43. The same values for BEF and D should be used in he ex-pos and in he ex-ane calculaions. 44. Documened local values for R may be used if available. In he absence of such values, naional defaul values for R should be used. If naional values are no available, he values should be obained from able 3A.1.8 of he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF. 45. If roo-shoo raios for he species concerned are no available, projec proponens shall use he allomeric equaion developed by Cairns e al. (1997) C BB = exp( * ln B AB ) * C FRAC (28) C BB carbon socks in below-ground biomass achieved by he projec aciviy during he monioring inerval, onne C/ha B AB esimae of above-ground biomass achieved by he projec aciviy, onne d.m./ha C FRAC carbon fracion, onnes C (onne d.m.) -1, IPCC defaul value = 0.5 Insead of equaion 28 above, a more represenaive equaion aken from he IPCC good pracice guidance for LULUCF, Annex 4A.2 Table 4.A.4 may be used If projec paricipans consider ha use of ferilizers will resul in significan emissions ( >10 per cen of he acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks), projec emissions (GHG - CO 2 -e yr -1 ), should be esimaed in accordance wih he procedures provided in appendix D 13. C. Ex pos esimaion of leakage 47. In order o esimae leakage, projec paricipans shall monior he following indicaor: area under culivaion wihin he projec boundary displaced due o he projec aciviy. 48. If he value of he indicaor for he specific monioring period is no greaer han 10 per cen, hen L v = 0 (29) 12 Cairns, M.A., S. Brown, E.H. Helmer, G.A. Baumgardner (1997). Roo biomass allocaion in he world s upland foress. Oecologia (1): Use he ool: Esimaion of direc nirous oxide emission from nirogen ferilizaion when i becomes available. 12/25

13 L v = oal GHG emission due o leakage a he ime of verificaion ( CO 2 -e) 49. If he value of he above indicaor is higher han 10 per cen and less han or equal o 50 per cen, during he firs crediing period, hen leakage shall be deermined a he ime of verificaion using he following equaions: For he firs verificaion period v L v = 0.15 * = 0 C ACTUAL PROJ, For subsequen verificaion period v L v = 0.15 * L v v k C ACTUAL, PROJ,, (30) oal GHG emission due o leakage a he ime of verificaion (onnes CO 2 -e) C acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks achieved by he projec aciviy a ACTUAL, PROJ, ime, onnes CO 2 -e year -1 v Year of verificaion 50. As indicaed in chaper I, paragraph 1, if he value of he above indicaor is larger han 50% ne anhropogenic GHG removals by sinks canno be esimaed. 51. A he end of he firs crediing period he oal leakage will be calculaed as follows: c L CP1 = 0.15* = 0 C ACTUAL PROJ,, (31) L CP1 = oal GHG emission due o leakage a he end of he firs crediing period (onnes CO 2 -e) C acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks achieved by he projec aciviy a ACTUAL, PROJ, ime, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 c end of he firs crediing period D. Ex pos esimaion of he ne anhropogenic GHG removals by sinks 52. Ne anhropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sinks is he acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks minus he baseline ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks minus leakage. 53. The resuling CERs a he year of verificaion v are calculaed as follows for he firs crediing period: v CER (v) = ( C C ) - L v (32) = 0 ACTUAL, PROJ, BSL, for subsequen crediing periods: 13/25

14 v CER (v) = ( C C ) L CP1 (33) = 0 ACTUAL, PROJ, BSL, C acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks achieved by he projec aciviy a ACTUAL, PROJ, ime, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 C BSL, L CP1 L v he sum of he changes in carbon socks in he living biomass of rees in he absence of he projec aciviy for year, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 oal GHG emission due o leakage a he end of he firs crediing period ( CO 2 -e) oal GHG emission due o leakage a he ime of verificaion ( CO 2 -e) 54. The resuling lcers a he year of verificaion v are calculaed as follows: for he firs crediing period: v lcer (v) = ( C C ) L v lcer (v-k) (34) = 0 ACTUAL, PROJ, BSL, for subsequen crediing periods v lcer (v) = ( C C ) L CP1 lcer (v-k) (35) = 0 ACTUAL, PROJ, BSL, C ACTUAL PROJ, C BSL, L CP1 L v lcer (v-k) v κ acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks achieved by he projec aciviy a ime, onnes CO 2 -e year -1 he sum of he changes in carbon socks in he living biomass of rees in he absence of he projec aciviy for year, onnes CO 2 yr -1 oal GHG emission due o leakage a he end of he firs crediing period ( CO 2 -e) oal GHG emission due o leakage a he ime of verificaion ( CO 2 -e) unis of lcers issued following he previous verificaion year of verificaion ime span beween wo verificaions (years) E. Monioring frequency 55. A monioring frequency for each variable is defined in Table 1. F. Daa collecion 56. Tables 1 and 2 ouline he daa o be colleced o monior he acual ne GHG removals by sinks and leakage. 14/25

15 Table 1. Daa o be colleced or used in order o monior he verifiable changes in carbon sock in he carbon pools wihin he projec boundary from he proposed afforesaion and reforesaion projec aciviy under he clean developmen mechanism, and how hese daa will be archived. Daa variable Source Locaion of he areas where he projec aciviy has been implemened A i - Size of he areas where he projec aciviy has been implemened for each ype of sraa Locaion of he permanen sample plos Diameer of ree a breas heigh (1.30 m) Field survey or cadasral informaion or aerial phoographs or saellie imagery Field survey or cadasral informaion or aerial phoographs or saellie imagery or GPS Projec maps and projec design Daa uni laiude and longiude Measured, calculaed or Frequency esimaed Measured per cen ha Measured per cen laiude and longiude (years) Proporion Archiving Commen Elecronic, paper, phoos Defined per cen Permanen plo cm Measured 5 Each ree in he sample plo Heigh of ree Permanen plo m Measured 5 Each ree in he sample plo Basic wood densiy Permanen plos, lieraure onnes of dry maer per m 3 fresh volume Esimaed Once 3 samples per ree from base, middle and op of he sem of hree individuals Toal CO 2 Projec aciviy Mg Calculaed 5 All projec daa Elecronic, paper, phoos Elecronic, paper Elecronic, paper Elecronic, paper Elecronic, paper Elecronic GPS can be used for field survey GPS can be used for field survey Plo locaion is regisered wih a GPS and marked on he map Measure diameer a breas heigh (DBH) for each ree ha falls wihin he sample plo and applies o size limis Measure heigh (H) for each ree ha falls wihin he sample plo and applies o size limis Based on daa colleced from all plos and carbon pools 15/25

16 A. Table 2. Daa o be colleced or used in order o monior leakage and how hese daa will be archived. Measured, Daa variable Source Daa uni calculaed or esimaed Frequency (years) Proporion Archiving Commen Areas used for agriculural aciviies wihin he projec boundary displaced due o he projec aciviy Survey Area in ha Esimaed 5 per cen Elecronic Table 3. Abbreviaions and parameers (in order of appearance) Parameer or abbreviaion Refers o Unis A/R LULUCF CDM GPG CO 2 Afforesaion and reforesaion Land use, land use change and oresry Clean developmen mechanism Good pracice guidance Carbon dioxide K kiloonnes (meric) k GHG Greenhouse gas - C BSL, he sum of he changes in carbon socks in he living biomass of rees in he absence of he projec aciviy for year CO 2 -e yr -1 i sraum i (I = oal number of sraa) - Ha hecare ha C G,i, C L,i, Year 1 o lengh of crediing period average annual increase in carbon due o biomass growh of living rees for sraum i, for year average annual decrease in carbon due o biomass loss of living rees for sraum i for year CO 2 -e yr -1 CO 2 -e yr -1 A i area of sraum i ha G TOTAL,i, average annual incremen of oal biomass of living rees for sraum i, for year d.m. ha -1 yr -1 C i, baseline, average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for sraum i for year CO 2 -e yr -1 16/25

17 Parameer or abbreviaion Refers o Unis C FRAC carbon fracion of dry maer, IPCC defaul value = 0.5 C ( d.m.) -1 44/12 raion of molecular weighs of CO 2 and carbon, dimensionless dimensionless d.m. Dry maer C Carbon G AB,i, average annual aboveground biomass incremen of living rees for sraum i, for year d.m. ha -1 yr -1 R Roo-shoo raio d.m./ d.m. I V,i, average annual incremen in merchanable volume for sraum i for year m 3 ha -1 yr -1 D basic wood densiy d.m. m -3 CF Correcion facor reflecing sand densiy, dimensionless - (fresh volume) BEF 1, C PROJ,, C projec, i, C 2,i C 1,i biomass expansion facor for conversion of annual ne incremen (including bark) from merchanable volume o oal aboveground biomass incremen average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for he projec area average projec annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for sraum i, for year oal carbon sock in living biomass of rees for sraum i, calculaed a ime 2 oal carbon sock in living biomass of rees for sraum i, calculaed a ime 1 dimensionless CO 2 -e yr -1 CO 2 -e yr -1 C C T number of years beween imes 2 and 1 - C AB,i carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i C C BB,i carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i C V i merchanable volume for sraum i m 3 ha -1 BEF 2, f(dbh,h) g(dbh n H n ) biomass expansion facor for conversion of biomass of merchanable volume o aboveground ree biomass, dimensionless an allomeric equaion linking aboveground biomass of living rees (d.m. ree -1 ) o mean diameer a breas heigh (DBH) and possibly ree heigh (H) for sraum i an allomeric equaion linking merchanable ree volume (m³ ree -1 ) o mean diameer a breas heigh (DBH) and possibly ree heigh (H) dimensionless /25

18 Parameer or abbreviaion Refers o Unis ntri number of rees in sraum i, dimensionless - C ACTUAL, GHG proj, ex ane acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks over he firs crediing period GHG emissions by sources wihin he projec boundary as a resul of he implemenaion of an A/R CDM projec aciviy, CO 2 -e CO 2 -e yr -1 L leakage aribuable o he projec aciviy a ime CO 2 -e yr -1 c end of firs of crediing period years ER AR CDM,() ne anhropogenic GHG removals by sinks CO 2 -e yr -1 C, C ACTUAL PROJ, C i, C i average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for he projec area acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks achieved by he projec aciviy a ime verifiable changes in carbon sock change in carbon pools for sraum i for year oal carbon sock in living biomass of rees for sraum i, wihin he projec boundary a ime under he projec scenario CO 2 -e yr -1 CO 2 -e yr -1 CO 2 -e yr -1 C CER (v) unis of CERs a he year of verificaion v CO 2 -e lcer (v) unis of lcers issued a he year of verificaion CO 2 -e v year of verificaion - κ ime span beween wo verificaion occasions year year 1 o end of crediing period - C AB,i, changes in carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i in year C yr -1 C BB,i, changes in carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i in year C yr -1 C AB,m2,i C AB, m1,i C BB,m2,i C BB, m1,i carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum I, calculaed a monioring poin m 2 carbon sock in aboveground biomass for sraum i, calculaed a monioring poin m 1 carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i, calculaed a monioring poin m 2 carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i, calculaed a monioring poin m 1 C C C C T number of years beween monioring ime m 2 and m 1 years C AB,m,,i carbon sock in aboveground biomass sraum i in year m C yr -1 18/25

19 Parameer or abbreviaion Refers o Unis C BB,m,,i carbon sock in belowground biomass for sraum i in year m C yr -1 MC AB,m,i mean carbon sock in aboveground biomass per uni area for sraum i MC BB,m,i mean carbon sock in belowground biomass per uni area for sraum i C ha -1 C AB mean carbon sock in aboveground biomass C ha -1 C BB mean carbon sock in belowground biomass C ha -1 V merchanable volume, m 3 ha -1 D wood densiy d.m. m -3 N Toal number of rees in he sample plo - DBH Diameer a breas heigh m GHG increase in GHG emission as a resul or he implemenaion of he proposed small-scale A/R CDM projec aciviy ouside he projec boundary in year CO 2 -e yr -1 L v oal GHG emission due o leakage a he ime of verificaion CO 2 -e L CP1 oal GHG emission due o leakage a he end of he firs crediing period CO 2 -e c1 end of he firs crediing period - lcer (v-k) unis of lcers issued following he previous verificaion CO 2 -e PE N2O,* F SN, F ON, direc N 2 O emission as a resul of nirogen applicaion wihin he projec boundary up o ime * amoun of synheic ferilizer nirogen applied a ime adjused for volailizaion as NH 3 and NOx annual amoun of organic ferilizer nirogen applied a ime adjused for volailizaion as NH 3 and NOx CO 2 -e N N N SN-Fer, amoun of synheic ferilizer nirogen applied a ime N N ON-Fer, amoun of organic ferilizer nirogen applied a ime N EF 1 emission facor for emissions from N inpus N 2 O-N ( N inpu) -1 Frac GASF fracion ha volailises as NH 3 and NOx for synheic ferilizers dimensionless Frac GASM fracion ha volailises as NH 3 and NOx for organic ferilizers dimensionless GWP N2O Global Warming Poenial for N 2 O (310 for he firs commimen period) dimensionless 19/25

20 Appendix A II. Demonsraion of land eligibiliy 1. Eligibiliy of he A/R CDM projec aciviies under Aricle 12 of he Kyoo Proocol shall be demonsraed based on definiions provided in paragraph 1 of he annex o he Decision 16/CMP.1 ( Land use, land-use change and foresry ), as requesed by Decision 5/CMP.1 ( Modaliies and procedures for afforesaion and reforesaion projec aciviies under he clean developmen mechanism in he firs commimen period of he Kyoo Proocol ), unil new procedures o demonsrae he eligibiliy of lands for afforesaion and reforesaion projec aciviies under he clean developmen mechanism are recommended by he EB. 20/25

21 Appendix B III. Assessmen of addiionaliy 1. Projec paricipans shall provide an explanaion o show ha he projec aciviy would no have occurred anyway due o a leas one of he following barriers: 2. Invesmen barriers, oher han economic/financial barriers, iner alia: (c) Deb funding no available for his ype of projec aciviy; No access o inernaional capial markes due o real or perceived risks associaed wih domesic or foreign direc invesmen in he counry where he projec aciviy is o be implemened; Lack of access o credi. 3. Insiuional barriers, iner alia: Risk relaing o changes in governmen policies or laws; Lack of enforcemen of legislaion relaing o fores or land-use. 4. Technological barriers, iner alia: Lack of access o planing maerials; Lack of infrasrucure for implemenaion of he echnology. 5. Barriers relaing o local radiion, iner alia: Tradiional knowledge or lack hereof, of laws and cusoms, marke condiions, pracices; Tradiional equipmen and echnology; 6. Barriers due o prevailing pracice, iner alia: The projec aciviy is he firs of is kind. No projec aciviy of his ype is currenly operaional in he hos counry or region. 7. Barriers due o local ecological condiions, iner alia: (c) (d) (e) (f) Degraded soil (e.g. waer/wind erosion, salinaion); Caasrophic naural and/or human-induced evens (e.g. land slides, fire); Unfavourable meeorological condiions (e.g. early/lae fros, drough); Pervasive opporunisic species prevening regeneraion of rees (e.g. grasses, weeds); Unfavourable course of ecological succession; Bioic pressure in erms of grazing, fodder collecion, ec. 21/25

22 8. Barriers due o social condiions, iner alia: (c) (d) (e) Demographic pressure on he land (e.g. increased demand on land due o populaion growh); Social conflic among ineres groups in he region where he projec aciviy akes place; Widespread illegal pracices (e.g. illegal grazing, non-imber produc exracion and ree felling); Lack of skilled and/or properly rained labour force; Lack of organizaion of local communiies. 22/25

23 Appendix C IV. Defaul allomeric equaions for esimaing above-ground biomass DBH limis Equaion R 2 Auhor Annual rainfall Broad-leaved species, ropical dry regions <900 mm 3 30 cm AGB = 10^{ log 10 (π *DBH 2 /4)} 0.94 Marinez-Yrizar e al. (1992) mm 5 40 cm AGB = exp{ * ln(dbh)} 0.89 Brown (1997) Broad-leaved species, ropical humid regions < 1500 mm 5 40 cm AGB = *DBH *(DBH 2 ) 0.67 Brown e al. (1989) mm < 60 cm AGB = exp{ * ln(dbh)} 0.97 Brown (1997) mm cm AGB = *(DBH) *(DBH) Brown e al. (1989) mm cm AGB = exp{ Brown e al. (1989) *ln(DBH 2 *H) mm cm AGB = exp{ *ln(DBH 2 *H*WD)} 0.99 Brown e al. (1989) Broad-leaved species, ropical we regions > 4000 mm cm AGB = *(DBH) *(DBH 2 ) 0.92 Brown (1997) > 4000 mm cm AGB = exp{ Brown e al. (1989) *ln(DBH 2 *H)} Coniferous rees n.d cm AGB = exp{ *ln(DBH)} 0.98 Brown (1997) Palms n.d. > 7.5 cm AGB = * H 0.96 Brown (1997) n.d. > 7.5 cm AGB = *sem heigh 0.90 Brown (1997) Noe: AGB = above-ground dry maer biomass (kg dry maer per ree); DBH = diameer a breas heigh (cm); H = oal heigh (m); WD = basic wood densiy (/m³); ln = naural logarihm; exp = e raised o he power of References: Brown, S Esimaing biomass and biomass change of ropical foress. A primer. FAO Foresry Paper 134. Food and Agriculure Organizaion of he Unied Naions, Rome, Ialy. Brown, S., A.J.R. Gillespie, and A.E. Lugo Biomass esimaion mehods for ropical foress wih applicaions o fores invenory daa. Fores Science 35: Marínez-Y., A.J., J. Sarukhan, A. Perez-J., E. Rincón, J.M. Maas, A. Solis-M, and L. Cervanes Above-ground phyomass of a ropical deciduous fores on he coas of Jalisco, Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: Pillsbury e al. (1998): Tree volume equaions for fifeen urban species in California. Source: hp:// 23/25

24 Appendix D Esimaion of Projec Emission 1. The projec emissions from use of ferilizers will be esimaed as: Ex-ane: GHG proj, = PE N2O,* /* Ex-pos: GHG = PE N2O,* /* GHG proj, GHG PE N2O,* GHG emissions by sources wihin he projec boundary as a resul of he implemenaion of an A/R CDM projec aciviy, CO 2 -e yr -1 increase in GHG emissions as a resul or he implemenaion of he proposed small-scale A/R CDM projec aciviy wihin he projec boundary in year ( CO 2 e yr -1 ) direc N 2 O emission as a resul of nirogen applicaion wihin he projec boundary up o ime *; onnes CO 2 -e. 2. For deermining he level of emissions from he use of ferilizers, limied o N 2 O emissions, he proposed mehod refers o Equaion in IPCC GPG-LULUCF 2003 for fores soils idenical o he one provided in he Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for Agriculure, in GPG 2000, and in IPCC 2006 GHG Invenory Guidelines. The following equaions shall be used: * PE N2O,* = [ (F SN, + F ON, ) * EF 1 ] * 44/28 * GWP N2O (1-A) = 1 F SN = N SN-Fer, *(1 - Frac GASF ) F ON = N ON-Fer, *(1 - Frac GASM ) (2-A) (3-A) PE N2O,* F SN, F ON, N SN-Fer, N ON-Fer, direc N 2 O emission as a resul of nirogen applicaion wihin he projec boundary up o ime *; onnes CO 2 -e. amoun of synheic ferilizer nirogen applied a ime adjused for volailizaion as NH 3 and NOx; onnes N amoun of organic ferilizer nirogen applied a ime adjused for volailizaion as NH 3 and NOx; onnes N amoun of synheic ferilizer nirogen applied a ime ; onnes N amoun of organic ferilizer nirogen applied a ime ; onnes N EF 1 emission facor for emissions from N inpus; onnes N 2 O-N (onnes N inpu) -1 Frac GASF Frac GASM GWP N2O fracion ha volailises as NH 3 and NOx for synheic ferilizers; dimensionless fracion ha volailises as NH 3 and NOx for organic ferilizers; dimensionless Global Warming Poenial of N 2 O (310 for he 1 s commimen period), dimensionless 24/25

25 As noed in IPCC 2006 Guidelines, he defaul emission facor (EF1) is 1% of applied N, and his value should be used when counry-specific facors are unavailable. The defaul values for he fracions of synheic and organic ferilizer nirogen ha are emied as NOx and NH 3 are 0.1 and 0.2 respecively in 2006 IPCC Guidelines (chaper , Table 11.3). Projec developers may develop specific emission facors ha are more appropriae for heir projec. Specific good pracice guidance on how o derive specific emission facors is given in Box 4.1 of IPCC GPG /25