European air quality data exchange and assessment in the framework of EIONET

Transcription

1 European air quality data exchange and assessment in the framework of EIONET Jaroslav Fiala, European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6, Copenhagen

2 Monitoring, data exchange and reporting Monitoring, reporting and exchange of air quality data is required and driven by EU legislation CLRTAP (protocols EMEP) WHO (AQ guidelines, recommendations) WMO

3 Legal framework of AQ (monitoring), reporting and data exchange Air quality framework directive 96/62/EC "Daughter" directives to 96/62/EC 1999/30/EC SO2, NO2, NOx, PM10, lead 2000/69/EC benzene, CO 2002/3/EC ozone DD4 (As, Cd, Hg, Ni and PAHs) coming into force soon 97/101/EC (Council Decision establishing a reciprocal exchange of information and data from networks ( ) within MSs) -EoI 2001/752/EC (Commission Decision amending 97/101/EC) Guidance on the annexes to Decision 97/101/EC on exchange of information as revised by Decision 2001/752/EC (April 2002) 2001/839/EC (Commission Decision ~ questionnaire ( ) for annual reporting on ambient air quality assessment under Council Directives 96/62/EC and 1999/30/EC) 2004/279/EC (Commission Decision concerning guidance for implementation of Directive 2002/3/EC)

4 Information of the Public EU: 1999/30/EC Art. 8 (1), 2000/69/EC Art. 7 (1), 2002/3/EC Art. 6 (1) FWD: adequate information on AQ should be made available to public Up-to-date information on concentrations of SO 2, NO 2, NO x, PM, Pb, benzene and O 3 shall be routinely made available to the public and appropriate organisations The information shall be clear, comprehensive and accessible

5 Information of the Public EU: 1999/30/EC Art. 8 (1), 2000/69/EC Art. 7 (1), 2002/3/EC Art. 6 (1) Substanc e Averaging Period of limit value, inform. threshold, alert threshold minimum update frequency optimum update frequency SO 2 hour, day daily hourly NO 2 hour daily hourly PM hours daily lead year 3monthly benzene year 3monthly Average for the last 12 months monthly Average for the last 12 months CO 8 hours daily hourly O 3 hour, 8 hours daily hourly

6 EoI and AIRBASE Following EoI the Commission called upon the EEA with regard the practical implementation of the EoI Decision and the operation of an information system The collection of AQ data following EoI is organised within the EIONET. Formally the EoI applies only to the EU MSs. Upon the request of EEA, the EoI procedures have been implemented within the EIONET community in general. Information submitted under the EoI is stored in Airbase - European air quality database Airbase is managed by the The European Topic Centre on Air Quality and Climate Change (ETC/ACC), under contract to EEA

7 EEA, EIONET and AQ EIONET EEA mission: provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to the general public and to support the policy making process EIONET: European Information and Observation Network - Collaborative network of the EEA and its Member Countries (25 EU Member States, 4 EFTA countries, Romania and Bulgaria), connecting NFPs ETCs, NRCs, and PCPs. NFPs, NRCs: EEA contact points in EEA member countries jointly provide information, exchange data, commenting EEA reports etc. AQ EIONET: e-eionet: topical network of (EEA), ETC/ACC, (NFPs), AQ NRCs and PCPs Electronic networking support of EIONET Reportnet (ROD, DD, CDR)

8 AIRBASE Air quality from (all) EEA countries Annual update Descriptive info on network & stations Raw (hourly/daily) AQ data Transmitted data cover all substances, requested by FWD and 1 st -3 rd DDs Information in AIRBASE can be accessed via internet: AIRVIEW ases/airview.html

9 Daughter directive Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Particulate matter (<10 µm) Particulate matter (< 2.5 µm) Lead Carbon monoxide Reporting EU countries Total number of stations Of which Traffic Urban background Industrial Regional background Others /Primarily unknown Reporting non-eu countries Total number of stations Of which Traffic Urban background Industrial Regional background All countries Total number of stations Benzene Ozone Number of stations per pollutant and station type, 2002 ETC-ACC EoI Report, 2004

10 Number of stations in EIONET in 2002 for which data for components of the DDs is available in Airbase EU 15 Daughter directive Component SO 2 NO 2 PM 10 PM 2.5 Pb CO C 6H 6 O 3 Time resolution H D H D H D H D D H H D H Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg No information received Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom All countries EU 10 + other countries Daughter directive Compound SO2 NO2 PM10 PM2.5 Pb CO C6H6 O3 Time resolution H D H D H D H D D H H D H Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus 3) Czech Republic Estonia F.Y.R.O.M. 25 No information received Hungary Iceland Latvia Lithuania Malta 1 No information received Norway Poland Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Switzerland All countries

11 Location of stations with 2002 air quality data

12 Average length of time series for components of DDs Component Length of time series Year Component Length of time series Sulphur dioxide 4.8 Lead 4.3 Nitrogen dioxide 4.6 Ozone 3.9 Particulate matter (<10 µm) 2.7 Carbon monoxide 4.6 Year Particulate matter (<2.5 µm) 1.7 Benzene 1.9

13 How are AQ data in Airbase used? AP Indicator reports Environmental Signals (2004) Air Quality in Europe Structural indicators Summer Ozone Reports Street Emission Ceilings Guidance documents EU policy support (PM PP) EoI Reports

14 AQ data Assessments AQ data in Airbase is an indispensable background information for large set of the EEA and European assessments and reports aiming to evaluate: status of pollutant concentrations trends/tendencies of pollutant concentrations in connection with political targets spatial distribution of concentration of pollutants estimates of population exposure Particulate matter (PM10) as an example ->

15 State of PM 10? Distance-to to-target target? µg/m Urban annual average Street annual average 66 1 EU limit value EU limit value Urban max Street max Limit value exceedances at 38% of the stations More than 40% urban population exposed to PM 10 concentration above limit value Average annual concentrations (2002) Rural 24 µg/m 3 (21 in 2001) Urban 28 µg/m 3 (25 in 2001) Traffic 34 µg/m 3 (32 in 2001) 0 Average Avg. > LV Max Distance-to-target, PM10 above EU limit value, 2002

16 PM 10 emission trends Primary PM Precursor gases ktonnes SO2 NOx NMVOC NH EFTA AC EU Primary PM10 emissions reduced by 18% across Europe between 1990 and 2000 Particulate matter: -34% (primary + precursors)

17 Response to policy measures, PM Emission (million ton) Particulate Formation Population growth Economic growth 2000 Energy efficiency Fuel shift 1990 emissions Population growth Economic growth Energy efficiency Fuel shift NOx abated 1990 to 2000 change SO2 abated PM abated 2000 emissions Emission (million ton)

18 PM 10 past tendencies? Correspondingly to the reduction of PM emissions PM (SPM) concentrations in air have decreased since 1990 evidence in some countries (UK, DE, FR, CZ) Much of the downward tendency can be explained by reductions in rural concentrations of secondary inorganic particles (preferably SO 4, NO 3 ) Time series of PM 10 concentrations are too short ( ) to conclude statistically on trend Only 6 countries have a significant amount of stations reporting PM 10 data since 1997 (UK, NL, BE, CZ, CH, ES)

19 Annual average PM 10 concentration for stations with 6 year data concentration (ug/m3) rural street urban PM10, inter- annual variations, concentration (ug/m3) year th highest PM 10 concentration for stations with 6 year data rural street urban Annual mean and the 36th highest daily value per year. All stations with 4 monitoring years. Vertical bars: 10th and 90th percentiles year

20 Spatial distribution Maps of PM10 mass relative to the EU limit value

21 short-term (1-24h) peak values SO2-max4 PM10-max36 NO2-max19 O3-max26 concentration ( mg/m 3 ) Time tendencies of air pollution SO 2 -max4: 4 th highest daily average SO 2 concentration PM 10 -max36: 36 th highest daily average PM 10 concentration NO 2 -max19: 19 th highest hourly average NO 2 concentration O 3 -max26: 26 th highest daily 8-hour max O 3 concentration concentration ( mg/m 3 ) annual mean SO2-ann PM10-ann NO2-ann O3-ann

22 AIR POLLUTION BY OZONE IN EUROPE Summer ozone reports In view of the harmful effects of photochemical pollution the Council adopted in 1992 Directive 92/72/EEC and in 9 March 2002 new Directive 2002/3/EC on air pollution by ozone Directive (3DD) sets: Target value for the protection of human health Maximum daily 8-hour mean Target value for the protection of vegetation AOT40, calculated from 1 h values from May to July Long-term objective for the Maximum daily 8-hour mean within protection of human health a calendar year Long-term objective for the AOT40, calculated from 1 h values µg/m 3 h protection of vegetation from May to July Information threshold 1 hour average 180 µg/m µg/m3 not to be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over three years µg/m3 h averaged over five years 120 µg/m 3 Alert Common threshold methods and 1 hour criteria average for the assessment 240 µg/m3 Information should be made available to the public Promote increased cooperation between the MS in reducing ozone levels ETC-ACC facilitates the data collection on exceedances of information and alert thresholds

23 Spatial distribution of exceedances - interpolated map: summer 2003 Exceedance of the information threshold occurred in 23 out of the 31 countries reporting in 2003 The spatial distribution of exceedances of this threshold observed in summer 2003 was much more extended than in previous summers and in summer 2004

24 Comparison with previous years The average occurrence was the highest in the last nine years the average duration was the highest in the last eight years The average number of hours when ozone concentrations exceeded 180 µg/m 3 was in EU and France highest in the summer 2003 In central Europe (the Czech Republic) the number of exceedance hours was apparently lower than in other summers with much lower average temperature Average number of hours hour ,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0, Average duration Average Occurrence Average number of hours when [O3]>180 µg/m -3 France CR EU15 Sum T Karlsruhe Sum T CR Summer T [ C]

25 Workshop Announcement EEA-EUMETNET workshop: Real time air pollution data exchange and forecast in Europe 7 and 8 April 2005, Copenhagen Scope: get together the AQ EIONET community with Met Services (EUMETNET). Exchange of views. Presentation of EFnet. Real time air pollution data exchange in Europe. Participants: AQ NRCs, NMSs, EFnet/EUMETNET, ETC-ACC, EEA, GMES, PROMOTE