SNAP CODE : SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: Reheating Furnaces Steel and Iron NOSE CODE:

Transcription

1 i Ativity SNAP CODE : SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: PROCESSES WITH CONTACT Reheating Furnaes Steel and Iron NOSE CODE: NFR CODE: 1 A 2 a 1 ACTIVITIES INCLUDED The reheating furnaes are part of the prodution of primary iron and steel. A detailed desription of non-ombustion proesses in iron and steel industries and ollieries an be found in hapters B146 and B422 up to B428. However, in the following, if useful for desription, also non-ombustion proess steps are mentioned. 2 CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL EMISSION The emissions of heavy metals from reheating furnaes at iron and steel prodution plants are relevant on a national level. Emissions of other substanes only give a loal ontribution. For heavy metal emissions, speifi figures on relative ontributions for this soure ativity are not available. The average relative ontribution from the total iron and steel prodution industry to the total emission of heavy metals has been presented for European ountries in table 1. The data in table 1 is aording to Baart et al. (1995) [1]. Table 1: Average relative ontribution of the prodution of iron and steel to the total emission of heavy metals in European ountries Compound Total iron & steel prodution (%) Cadmium 22 Chromium 36 Copper 16 Nikel 14 Lead 12 Zin 33 For emissions other than heavy metals, the ontribution from reheating furnaes in steel and iron prodution to total emissions in ountries of the CORINAIR90 inventory is given in table 2. Emission Inventory Guidebook Deember, 2006 B332-1

2 Ativity i Table 2:Contribution to total emissions of the CORINAIR90 inventory (28 ountries) Soure-ativity SNAP-ode Contribution to total emissions [%] SO 2 NO x NMVOC CH 4 CO CO 2 N 2 O NH 3 PM* Reheating Furnaes Steel and Iron = emissions are reported, but the exat value is below the rounding limit (0.1 per ent) - = no emissions are reported * = PM (inlusive of TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) is <0.1% of total PM emissions 3 GENERAL 3.1 Desription of ativities Reheating furnaes prepare ool iron material for further proessing by an appropriate temperature inrease. In soaking pits, ingots are heated until the temperature distribution over the ross setion of the ingots is aeptable and the surfae temperature is uniform for further rolling into semifinished produts (blooms, billets and slabs). In slab furnaes, a slab is heated before being rolled into finished produts (plates, sheets or strips). [2] 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Tehniques The type of reheating furnae depends on the site and nature of the intermediate produt and the subsequent proessing. Coal-fired furnaes are now omparatively rare. Reheating furnaes are normally fired by gas or oil. [3] 3.4 Emissions Pollutants released are sulphur oxides (SO x ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), volatile organi ompounds (non-methane VOC and methane (CH 4 )), arbon monoxide (CO), arbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Aording to CORINAIR90 the main relevant pollutants are SO x, NO x and CO 2 (see also table 2). The emissions are released through the stak. Emissions of sulphur dioxides (SO x ) are diretly related to the sulphur ontent of the fuel. Reheating furnaes are normally fed by low sulphur gas (blast furnae gas, desulphurised oke oven gas or natural gas) or by oil [3]. Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) are formed within the ombustion proess by onversion of fuelnitrogen and nitrogen of the ombustion air. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a main produt of the ombustion proess and is diretly related to the arbon ontent of the fuel. B332-2 Deember, 2006 Emission Inventory Guidebook

3 i Ativity Controls Emissions are redued by preeding leaning of the used blast furnae gas and oke oven gas. No information is available for treatment of exhaust gases from reheating furnaes. [2] 4 SIMPLER METHODOLOGY The emissions. are inventoried using the default emission fators provided in Table 8.1. These emission fators represent the high end of typial emission fators, and assume limited ontrol tehnology is in plae. N.B There are no emission fators available for PM 2.5. The soure is <0.1% of the total PM emissions for most ountries. 5 DETAILED METHODOLOGY If an extensive measuring programme is available the emission of heavy metals an be alulated on the basis of the measurements of the dust emission and the omposition of ompounds over the total proess. Referene emission fators are provided for omparison with user s own data in Table 8.2. Should a key soure analysis indiate this to be a major soure of partiulate matter (TSP, PM 10 or PM 2.5 ) then installation level data should be olleted using a measurement protool suh as that illustrated in Measurement Protool Annex. 6 ACTIVITY STATISTICS Standard energy onsumption statistis (IEA, UN, International Iron and Steel Institute et.) 7 POINT SOURCE CRITERIA The iron and steel plants from whih the reheating furnaes are a part are onneted to high himneys (> 100 meter), and an be regarded as point soures. They an be onsidered to be point soures at a national as well as on a regional level. 8 EMISSION FACTORS, QUALITY CODES AND REFERENCES 8.1 Simpler Methodology A summary of default emission fators using the simpler methodology for estimating emissions from ordinary steel and iron prodution are provided in Table Detailed Methodology For emissions other than heavy metals, table 8.2 ontains fuel use related referene emission fators for reheating furnaes in steel and iron prodution based on CORINAIR90 data in g/gj. Tehnique related emission fators, mostly given in other units (e.g. g/mg produt), are listed in footnotes. In ase of using prodution statistis the speifi energy onsumption (e.g. Emission Inventory Guidebook Deember, 2006 B332-3

4 Ativity i GJ/Mg produt) has to be taken into aount. The speifi energy onsumption is proess and ountry speifi; within CORINAIR 90 a value of 100 GJ/Mg produt has been reported. Table 8.1 Default emission fators - simpler methodology Pollutant Emission fator Units PM g/tonne steel Arseni 1.44 mg/tonne steel Cadmium 0.48 mg/tonne steel Chromium 24 mg/tonne steel Copper 24 mg/tonne steel Merury 0.5 mg/tonne steel Lead 38 mg/tonne steel Zin 84 mg/tonne steel Dioxins and furans 0.2 µgteq/tonne ement Hexahlorobenzene 11 µg/tonne ement Polyaromati hydroarbons mg/tonne steel B332-4 Deember, 2006 Emission Inventory Guidebook

5 i Ativity Table 8.2 Emission fators for reheating furnaes in steel and iron prodution detailed methodology Fuel NAPFU E -ode SO 2 NO x NMVOC Emission fators CH 4 CO CO 2 [kg/gj] N 2O , ) ) ) ) S oal h Coking )3) 15 1) 12 1) 94 1) 3 1) S oal h Steam ) 150 3) 15 1) 15 1)3) 120 1), 70 3) 94 1), 98 3) 14 3) S oal h subbituminous 103 1,267 3) 100 3) 4 3) 4 3) 20 3) 52 3) 3 3) S oal b brown 105 2,358 3) 150 3) 20 3) 100 3) 18 3) 86 3) 3 3) oal/lignite S oke h oke oven ) 150 3) 15 1)3) 15 1)3) 70 1)3) 108 1), 105 3) 3 1), 14 3) S oke b oke oven ) 150 3) 8 3) 15 1) 18 3) 86 3) 3 3) S oke Petroleum 110 2,000 3) ) 1.5 3) 70 3) 97 3) 10 3) L oil Residual 203 1,323 1) 15 1), ,503 3) 240 3) 3 3) 1) 15 3) ) ) L oil Gas ,410 3) ) 2.5 1) 74 1) 1.5 3) 1.5 3) ) ) L oil shale-oil ) 158 1) 13 1) G gas Natural ) ) ) 1-4 3) 1-5 3) ) ) ) G gas liquified ) 100 3) 2.1 3) 0.9 3) 13 3) 65 3) 1-3 3) petroleum gas G gas oke oven ) ) 2.5 1)3) 2.5 1)3) ) ) 3 1), 1 3) 60 3) 85 3) 15 3) 45 3) G gas blast furnae ) ) ) ) ) ) 192 1)3) 290 3) 3 1), ) G gas - not speified 14 1) ) oke oven and ) 151 1) blast furnae 2.5 3) gas ) 400 2) 5 2) 205 1) NH 3 1) CORINAIR90, point soures (preliminary data) 2) EPA 1990 [4] 3) CORINAIR90 data, area soures, (preliminary data) 9 SPECIES PROFILES The origin of the heavy metals emission is the dust prodution. The emission fators as presented are therefore related to the profile of the dust. This profile however is dependent on the ores used. 10 UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES Not available. 11 WEAKEST ASPECTS/PRIORITY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN CURRENT METHODOLOGY The weakest aspets disussed here are related to emission fators and ativities. Emission Inventory Guidebook Deember, 2006 B332-5

6 Ativity i The fuel speifi emission fators provided in table 3 are related to point soures and area soures without speifiation. CORINAIR90 data an only be used in order to give a range of emission fators with respet to point and area soures. Further work should be invested to develop emission fators, whih inlude tehnial or fuel dependent explanations onerning emission fator ranges. Unertainties also our onerning the ativity overed due to the fat, that a single fuel (e.g. oil) or a mixture of blast furnae and oke oven gas an be used. Further work should be invested in a representative split of fuel gases used (ativity data) and in providing orresponding emission fators e.g. for a blend of blast furnae and oke oven gas. For heavy metals, knowledge on emission fators, abatement tehniques, dust removal effiienies and operating tehniques is very limited; measurement data of omposition of dust is poor. 12 SPATIAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA FOR AREA SOURCES 13 TEMPORAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA Iron and steel prodution is a ontinuous proess. 14 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS 15 SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS Not available. 16 VERIFICATION PROCESSES Verifiation of the emissions an be done for metal emissions by alulating the emissions using the fators from the PARCOM ATMOS manual and omparing the results with a mean profile of the ore used. A mass balane over the entire plant may also be a useful hek. 17 REFERENCES [1] A.C. Baart, J.J.M. Berdowski, J.A. van Jaarsveld; Calulation of atmospheri deposition of ontaminants on the North Sea; IWAD; ref. TNO-MW-R 95/138; TNO MEP; Delft; The Netherlands; 1995 [2] US-EPA (ed.): AP 42 CD-Rom; 1994 [3] Parker, Albert (ed.): Industrial Air Pollution Handbook; Maidenhead, B332-6 Deember, 2006 Emission Inventory Guidebook

7 i Ativity Berkshire (England); 1978 [4] EPA (ed.): AIRS Faility Subsystem, EPA-Do: 450/ , Researh Triangle Park, Marh BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 RELEASE VERSION, DATE, AND SOURCE Version : 3 Date : Deember 2001 Soure : Supported by: Dik Heslinga TNO The Netherlands Otto Rentz, Dagmar Oertel University of Karlsruhe (TH) Germany Updated with partiulate matter details by: Mike Woodfield AEA Tehnology UK Deember 2006 Emission Inventory Guidebook Deember, 2006 B332-7

8 Ativity i POINT OF ENQUIRY Any omments on this hapter or enquiries should be direted to: Pieter van der Most HIMH-MI-Netherlands Inspetorate for the Environment Dept for Monitoring and Information Management PO Box GX Den Haag The Netherlands Tel: Fax: B332-8 Deember, 2006 Emission Inventory Guidebook