Draft for comments only Not to be cited as East African Standard

Transcription

1 Air quality Specification EAST AFRICAN STANDARD EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY CD/T/66:2010 ICS EAC 2010 First Edition 2010

2 Foreword Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements governing quality of products and services in East Africa. It is envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barriers which are encountered when goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be removed. In order to meet the above objectives, the EAC Partner States have enacted an East African Standardization, Quality Assurance, Metrology and Test Act, 2006 (EAC SQMT Act, 2006) to make provisions for ensuring standardization, quality assurance, metrology and testing of products produced or originating in a third country and traded in the Community in order to facilitate industrial development and trade as well as helping to protect the health and safety of society and the environment in the Community. East African Standards are formulated in accordance with the procedures established by the East African Standards Committee. The East African Standards Committee is established under the provisions of Article 4 of the EAC SQMT Act, The Committee is composed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures of the Community. Article 15(1) of the EAC SQMT Act, 2006 provides that Within six months of the declaration of an East African Standard, the Partner States shall adopt, without deviation from the approved text of the standard, the East African Standard as a national standard and withdraw any existing national standard with similar scope and purpose. East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards they are implementing. East African Community 2010 All rights reserved * East African Community P O Box 1096 Arusha Tanzania Tel: /8 Fax: / eac@eachq.org Web: * 2010 EAC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for EAC Partner States NSBs. ii EAC 2010 All rights reserved

3 Introduction For East Africa, rapid development will inevitably also mean rapid industrialization and urbanization. A possible consequence is the deterioration of our precious environment, if proper control is not planned. This standard aims at ensuring that as much as we desire for development, the environment, and life must be protected. The set of baseline parameters on air quality and emissions given in the standard are based on a number of considerations so as to come out with practical and acceptable limits. The set is not exhaustive, but has been prioritized. In the course of implementation, more parameters may be added to the list when the need to review this standard arises. This will help developers such as industrialists to keep abreast with environmentally friendly technologies. The Standard gives two types of limits, viz guidelines and limit levels. The limit levels are the binding and shall be used for regulatory purposes. Limit levels are usually measurable in shorter periods averaging. On the other hand, the guidelines are based on studies that indicate safe levels averaged over relatively longer periods and mostly, they are derived from WHO Guidelines. Thus, though one may be within the limit levels, long-term exposure guidelines should help one to assess the magnitude of risk of particular air pollutant over longer periods. The limits given are of general application. However, industry-specific limits for some categories of heavy pollution sources will be prepared as separate standards for the peculiar pollutants characteristics and loads. In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance to this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with EAS 124:1999 (see Clause 2). In the preparation of this standard, considerable assistance was derived from the following sources.proper referencing (i) International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals International Environmental Guidelines and Global Conventions Concerning Chemical Substances, prepared by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and published as Legal File (ii) National Environment Management Council (NEMC) of Tanzania Workshop Paper on Developing Environmental Pollution Standards Air Pollution Standard prepared by the NEMC in (iii) Environmental Laws of the Czech Republic Vol. 3: Air and Water Protection Laws published in (iv) Standards of performance of New Stationary Sources. US Federal Register, Vol. 39, no. 219 published in (v) World Health Organization (Regional Office for Europe). Air Quality Guidelines (Second Edition) Assistance derived from these sources is hereby acknowledged. EAC 2010 All rights reserved iii

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5 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD CD/T/66:2010 Air quality Specification 1 Scope This East African Standard gives permissible limits of some common substances found in polluted air, namely sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxides, particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and lead. The standard covers both the ambient air and emission sources. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 554, Atmospheric conditions for testing EAS 124, Rounding off Numerical Values ISO 4225, Air Quality General Considerations Vocabulary ISO 7708, Air Quality General Considerations Particle size fraction definitions for health related sampling CD/T/63/2007, Air Quality Sampling and test methods Guidelines for planning the sampling of atmospheric and location of monitoring stations CD/T/64/2007, Air Quality Sampling and test methods Sampling of Gaseous Pollutants ISO 9835, Air Quality Sampling and test methods Ambient air-determination of black smoke index ISO 7934, Air Quality Sampling and test methods Stationary source emissions Determination of the mass concentration of sulphur dioxide Hydrogen peroxide/barium perchlorate/thorin method ISO 3929, Air Quality Sampling and test methods Road vehicles Measurement equipment for exhaust gas emissions during inspection or maintenance Technical specifications ISO 12039, Air Quality Sampling and test methods Determination of carbon monoxide carbon dioxide and oxygen Performance characteristics and calibration of automated measuring systems ISO 11564, Air Quality Sampling and test methods Determination of the mass concentration of nitrogen oxides Naphthyethediamine photometric method ISO 9096, Air Quality Sampling and test methods Stationary source emissions Manual determination of mass concentration of particulate matter ISO 9855, Ambient air Determination of the particulate lead content of aerosol collected on filter Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this East African Standard, the following terms and definitions shall apply: 3.1 ambient air shall mean an outdoor air to which people, plants, animals or material may be exposed EAC 2010 All rights reserved 1

6 3.2 suspended particulate matter shall mean airborne particles of 10 microns or less in diameter NOTE This is also the inhalable fraction (PM 10) 3.3 black smoke shall mean visible (black) aerosol usually resulting from combustion 3.4 emission limit the highest permissible quantity of pollutants released into the air from a pollution source, expressed as the concentration of pollutants in relation to one unit of production or to the degree of air pollution caused by these sources (e.g., dark color of smoke). 3.5 imission shall mean transfer of pollutants from the atmosphere to a receptor 3.6 imission limit the highest permissible weight concentration of pollutants contained in the air NOTE All the emission limits are valid for concentration expressed for any dry gas under normal atmospheric conditions. (ISO 554) NOTE When imission limits are surpassed, other actions may be called in, e.g., proper land usage/relocation of factories, enforcement of by laws by local authorities (which may give more stringent specifications for emissions) revision of standards and types of fuels to be allowed. 4 Limits 4.1 The following shall apply for the ambient air (imission limits) Pollutant 1. Sulphur oxides (SO X ); 2. Oxides of Nitrogen (NO X ); AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TOLERANCE LIMITS Table 1 Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits Time Test methods weighted Industrial Residential, Controlled area Rural & areas*** Other area Annual 80 µg/m 3 60 µg/m 3 15 µg/m 3 IS * 24 hours** 125 µg/m 3 80 µg/m 3 30 µg/m 3 Annual ppm/50µg/m 3 Month 24 Hours 0.048ppm /125µg/m 3 One Hour Instant Peak 500 µg/m 3 Instant Peak ppm (10 min) Annual 80 µg/m 3 60 µg/m 3 15 µg/m 3 ISO7996: 1985 * 2 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

7 Pollutant Time weighted 24 hours** 150 µg/m 3 80 µg/m 3 30 µg/m 3 8 hours Annual 0.2 ppm Month 0.3 ppm 24 Hours 0.4 ppm One Hour 0.8 ppm Test methods Instant Peak 1.4 ppm 3. Nitrogen Annual 150 µg/m ppm IS0 6768:1998 Dioxide Month 0.08 ppm 24 Hours 100 µg/m ppm One Hour 0.2 ppm Instant Peak 0.5 ppm 4. Suspended Annual 360 µg/m µg/m 3 70 µg/m 3 ISO 9835:1993 particulate matter (SPM) * 24 hours** 500 µg/m µg/m µg/m 3 Industrial Residential, Controlled area Rural & areas*** Other area mg/kg Annual 100 µg/m 3 **** 24 hours*** 180 µg/m 3 5. Respirable Annual 70 µg/m 3 50 µg/m 3 50 µg/m 3 ISO 9835:1993 particulate matter (<10µm) (RPM) * 24 hours** µg/nm 3 75 µg/nm 3 µg/nm 3 6. PM 2.5 Annual 35 µg/m 3 ISO 9835: hours 75 µg/m 3 7. Lead (Pb) Annual 1.0 µg/nm µg/nm µg/m 3 ISO 9855:1993 * 24 hours** 1.5 µg/m µg/m µg/m 3 Month Carbon 8 hours** 5.0 mg/m mg/m mg/m 3 ISO 4224:2000 monoxide (CO)/ carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 1 hour 10.0 mg/m mg/m mg/m 3 mg/kg 24 hours** 9. Non-methane hydrocarbons instant Peak 700ppb EAC 2010 All rights reserved 3

8 Pollutant Time Test methods weighted 10. Total VOC 6 mg/m 3 ISO Ozone 1-Hour 200 µg/m ppm ISO hour (instant Peak) 120 µg/m ppm And any other parameter as may be prescribed by the Authority from time to time Legend a) Values at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) b) Conversion factors from ppm to mg/m 3 and mg/m 3 to ppm are stipulated under the ANNEX A c) * [Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ] d) [** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. ] e) Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations. f) the 24-hour limit may not be exceeded more than three times in one year; g) ** 24-hour limit may not be exceeded more than three times in one year micrograms/m 3 h) *** Not to be exceeded more than once per year average concentration Table 2 Ambient Air Quality at Property Boundary for General Pollutants Pollutant Time weighted Property Boundary 1 Particulate matter (PM) Annual * 50 µg/m 3 24 hours** 70 µg/m 3 2. Oxides of Nitrogen (NO X ); Annual * 80 µg/m 3 24 hours** 150 µg/m 3 3. Sulphur oxides (SO X ); Annual * 50 µg/m 3 24 hours** 125 µg/m 3 Note. a) For residential premises in designated industrial areas, the above standards do not apply. b) For industries in designated residential areas, standards for residential areas shall apply. 4.1 The following limits shall apply for emission sources Pollutant Guideline Limit Level Test Method Large Combustion Plants (LCP) using Yearly average solid fuel with thermal of: Sulphur oxides SO x 50 to 100 MWth 850 mg/nm to 300 MWth 200 mg/nm 3 > 300 MWth 200 mg/nm 3 LCP using liquid fuel with thermal 50 to 100 MWth 850 mg/nm 3 To be reported as SO 2 IS EAC 2010 All rights reserved

9 Pollutant Guideline Limit Level Test Method 400 to to 300 MWth mg/nm 3 (linear decrease) Carbon monoxide CO Hydrocarbon (as Total Organic Carbon) Dust Nitrogen Oxides * NO x Lead > 300 MWth 200 mg/nm 3 LCP using gaseous fuel 35 mg/nm 3 LCP using low calorific gases from gasification of refinery residues, coke oven gas, blast-furnace gas Liquid fuel combustion with heat output exceeding 5MW. Solid fuel combustion with the heat output of 50MW and above 800 mg/nm 3 Not to exceed 175 mg/nm 3 Not to exceed the ISO 4224 level of 250 mg/nm 3 Not to exceed 20 mg/nm 3 ISO Inert dust, including cement. Not to exceed 250mg/Nm 3 LCP using solid fuel with thermal 50 to 500 MWth (24h mean value) Yearly average of: 600 mg/nm 3 >500 MWth 500 mg/nm 3 LCP using liquid fuel with thermal 50 to 500 MWth 450 mg/nm 3 >500 MWth 400 mg/nm 3 LCP using liquid fuel with thermal 50 to 500 MWth 300 mg/nm 3 >500 MWth 200 mg/nm 3 Not to exceed 5 tonne/year of lead or lead compounds (measured as elemental lead) by a stationary source ISO ISO 7996 * To be reported as NO µg/Nm 3 ISO 9855 EAC 2010 All rights reserved 5

10 Pollutant Guideline Limit Level Test Method Sulphur oxides, SO x Carbon CO monoxide, Black smoke and suspended particulate matters (PM 10) Nitrogen NOx dioxide. [Include other parameters from Kenyan reg.] Table 5.1 Imission limit for ambient air To be reported as SO 2 Annual mean of µg/nm 3 ( Daily average of hourly values shall not exceed 0.1 mg/kg mg/kg) or 0.5 mg/nm 3 ISO 4221-and for 10 minutes ISO hour average 100 µg/nm 3 (0.129 mg/kg) 1. A maximum permitted exposure Aims at preventing of 100mg/Nm 3 for periods not carboxyhaemoglobin exceeding 15 minutes. levels exceeding Time-weighed exposures at the 3% in non-smoking following levels: people. 100 mg/nm 3 for 15 minutes 60 mg/nm 3 for 30 minutes; ISO 4224 and 30 mg/nm 3 for 60 minutes ISO mg/nm 3 for 8 hours. or Daily average of hourly values shall not exceed 10mg/kg and average of hourly values in eight consecutive hours shall not exceed 20 mg/kg. Black smoke 40 to 60 µg/nm 3 ( Daily average of hourly values shall mg/kg) not exceed 0.10 µg/nm 3 and hourly values shall not exceed 0.20 µg/nm 3 ISO 9835 PM to 90 µg/nm 3 ( mg/kg) Annual mean of µg/nm 3 for 24-hours average µg/nm 3 value IS and ISO µg/Nm 3 for 8 hours Lead Annual mean of µg/Nm 3 for 24 hours average 1.0 µg/nm 3 value Annual mean of µg/nm 3 for 8 hours average Ozone 100 µg/nm 3 value ISO 9855 ISO EAC 2010 All rights reserved

11 4.2 The following limits shall apply for emission sources Pollutant Guideline Limit Level Test Method Large Combustion Plants (LCP) Yearly average of: using solid fuel with thermal effect of: 850 mg/nm 3 50 to 100 MWth Sulphur oxides SO x Carbon CO monoxide Hydrocarbon (as Total Organic Carbon) Dust Nitrogen Oxides * NO x Lead To be reported as SO 2 * To be reported as NO to 300 MWth 200 mg/nm 3 > 300 MWth 200 mg/nm 3 LCP using liquid fuel with thermal 850 mg/nm 3 50 to 100 MWth 100 to 300 MWth 400 to 200 mg/nm 3 (linear decrease) > 300 MWth 200 mg/nm 3 LCP using gaseous fuel 35 mg/nm 3 LCP using low calorific gases from gasification of refinery residues, coke oven gas, blast-furnace gas Liquid fuel combustion with heat output exceeding 5MW. Solid fuel combustion with the heat output of 50MW and above 800 mg/nm 3 IS and IS Not to exceed 175 mg/nm 3 ISO 4224 and Not to exceed the ISO 8186 level of 250 mg/nm 3 Not to exceed 20 mg/nm 3 TZS 837 Part 7 Inert dust, including cement. Not to exceed 250mg/Nm 3 (24h mean value) LCP using solid fuel with thermal Yearly average of: 600 mg/nm 3 50 to 500 MWth >500 MWth 500 mg/nm 3 LCP using liquid fuel with thermal 50 to 500 MWth 450 mg/nm 3 >500 MWth 400 mg/nm 3 LCP using liquid fuel with thermal 50 to 500 MWth 300 mg/nm 3 >500 MWth 200 mg/nm 3 Not to exceed 5 tonne/year of lead or lead compounds (measured as elemental lead) by a stationary source ISO ISO 7996 Work again on it 0.5µg/Nm 3 ISO 9855:1993 EAC 2010 All rights reserved 7

12 Annex A Guideline on Conversion factors a) ppm to mg/m 3 - air The conversion between ppm and mg/m 3 is dependent on both the molecular weight of the substance and the temperature at which the conversion is made. The assumption is that the pollutant behaves as an ideal gas and as such, 1 mole of the substance occupies 22.4 litres at standard temperature (273K) and pressure (101.3 kpa). This is consistent with normalised concentrations, and it is therefore not normally necessary to take account of the temperature or pressure difference in the conversion. However, when converting ppm to mg/m3 at actual discharge conditions, it is important to take account of the necessary factors. To convert from ppm to mg/m 3, the following formula should be used: mg/m 3 = ppm x (MW/22.4) x (273/T) x (P/101.3) Where MW is the molecular weight of the substance (in grams) T is the temperature at which the conversion is to be made (degrees Kelvin) P is the pressure at which the conversion is to be made (kpa) b) mg/m 3 to ppm- air To convert from mg/m 3 to ppm, the following formulae should be used: ppm = mg/m 3 x (22.4/MW) x (T/273) x (101.3/P) 8 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

13 EAC 2010 All rights reserved