MICROGRID STATUS AND ITS SUSTAINABILITY IN NEPAL

Transcription

1 MICROGRID STATUS AND ITS SUSTAINABILITY IN NEPAL Shailendra Kumar Jha Assistant Professor Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY Dhulikhel, Nepal 1

2 INTRODUCTION Nepal is a geographically diversified country with the altitude from 60m to 8848m and a population around 26.6 million. 17% of population lives in urban areas and 83% of the lives in rural areas. Only 48% of the population have access to electricity and the major percentage of rural area is unelectrified. The major resource for electrification in rural communities are PV systems and MHP. 2

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4 WATER RESOURCES IN NEPAL 4

5 Source: WECS (2010), Energy Sector Synopsis Report 2010, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal 5

6 MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT 1287 nos of MHP MW 1634 numbers of pico hydro power plant of 3.703MW 6

7 POSSIBLE INTERCONNECTION OF MHPS Source: NRREP/AEPC 6/13/2018 7

8 SOLAR RADIATION IN NEPAL Global Horizontal Irradiance, kwh/m2/day Annual Average N Legend Kilometers 1: Figure 1 Country Average = 4.7 kwh/m 2 /day SWERA Project Center for Energy Studies Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University 8

9 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS nos of solar home systems,8.43mwp 2155 nos of institutional solar PV, kWp 111 nos of solar PV water pumping systems 9

10 WIND TURBINES 26 nos with installed capacity of about 50kW 20 Pipeline projects for solar-wind hybrid system 10

11 MICROGRID Interconnection of two or more distributed generators to form a local grid and supply an isolated community. 11

12 TYPES OF POSSIBLE MICROGRID DC loads AC loads HT SG HT WT SG IG AC AC DC DC PV Battery WT IG AC DC DC MICROGRID DC DC DC DC PV Battery AC MICROGRID DC loads HT SG IG AC DC AC loads DC DC PV WT AC-DC MICROGRID DC DC Battery 12

13 Load in kw SOURCES AND LOAD FOR MICROGRID IN NEPAL DAILY SOLAR RADIATION AT A RURAL SITE IN NEPAL WIND SPEED DATA AT A RURAL SITE IN NEPAL WATER BALANCE (M 3 /S) FOR A TYPICAL RIVER IN NEPAL Time in Hours LOAD PATTERN FOR A TYPICAL VILLAGE IN NEPAL 13

14 TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICROGRID synchronous generators for MHPs induction motors as generator for picohydropower plants Wind turbines uses induction generators dc to ac power converters with solar PV systems or batteries. AC to ac or dc to dc converters is used to meet the frequency and or voltage output of the power supply batteries are used as backup when the sources are not available 14

15 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MICROGRID Technical issues Voltage and frequency control Protection and operation during system fault Expandability of the distribution system 15

16 MICROGRIDS CASES IN NEPAL Urja Upatyaka Microgrid of 107kW 16

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18 MICROGRIDS CASES IN NEPAL 3kW WT 5kWp PV IG Converter Charge Controller Battery Power station at Thingan village Inverter and synchronizer Load at Thingan village HT SG 20 kw MHP Power station at Kolkhop village Load at Kolkhop village The Thingan-Miteri rural microgrid 18

19 Power station at Kolkhop village Power station at Thingan village 7km 19

20 MICROGRIDS CASES IN NEPAL 2.16 kwp PV 2.5kW WT AG VSC Village load 2.5kW WT AG Battery bank VSC Load at Power house HYBRID MICROGRID AT NAWALPARASI 20

21 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS increased use of TV, mobile phones, laptops use of pressing iron and refrigerators increased information access increase of women participation use of computers at school Adult education pumping of water household purpose decreased respiratory and eye diseases decreased the CO 2 emissions Income generating activities 21

22 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES collection of tariff is poor insufficient end use during day time limitation of electricity use during evening hours major repair cannot be done by regular tariff Picture Source: Practical Action Picture Source: Practical Action 22

23 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS Resource e.g. lighting Capability set e.g. night time study Functioning e.g. educated society Personal utilization function e.g. access to education Choice e.g. personal decision Utility e.g. make life better Capability approach for socio-economic analysis 23

24 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS Resource Utility and other devices Personal utilization function Access to TV, radio, laptops, pressing irons, refrigerators Capability set Choice Functioning Utility Capacity to use TV, laptops, mobile phones, refrigerators Personal decision Ease of work and updated information, communication and fresh food. Enjoy radio, TV, use mobile phones and household devices Lighting Water and health Access to education at night time and adult education program Access to drinking water and irrigation Night time study and work, adult education program Water pumped from river, reduction in disease and sanitation problem Personal decision Personal decision Educated society and more opportunity Eat fresh vegetable. Water easily available for multiple use, healthier life due to reduction in disease Make life better with education, information, communication and more earning Time saving in water collection, irrigation for vegetables and time and money saving in health Economy Access to modern facilities like grinding mill and engage in economic activities Increase in economy by grinding mill, poultry farm, growing cash crops Personal decision More income generated for education health and more disposable income More money to make livelihood better Savings Able to save money on kerosene, batteries etc Saving on kerosene, torchlights batteries Personal decision Money saving for important activities and investments More money available for day to day activities 24

25 Access to utilities Access to information Mobile phone Use internet Use refrigerator Healthy food Improved education Adult education Less health issue save time in briging water save time on grinding Save money Improved livelihood % of positive response SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS Nawalparasi Thingen- Miteri Total Capability Improvement Indicators 25

26 SUSTAINABILITY OF A MICROGRID Sustainable microgrid is a microgrid that is able to maintain the balance between energy production and consumption with minimal environmental effects, and whose operation does not compromise the economic and social activities of the community. Environmental Social Economic Technical 26

27 Proposed Sustainability Indicator for Microgrid Sustainability of a Microgrid Technical Sustainability Economic Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Social Sustainability Sustainability Indicators 1. Efficiency 2. Energy availability 3. Reliability and power quality 4. Life span of the system 5. System operation and management capability Sustainability Indicators 1. Capital investment 2. Operation and maintenance cost 3. Electricity cost 4. Payback period 5. Tax incentives and subsidy by government 6. Opportunities for private participation Sustainability Indicators 1. GHG emissions 2. Land use 3. Other environmental impacts Sustainability Indicators 1. Local employment 2. Social acceptability 3. Community services 4. Health benefits 5. Community engagement 6. Interference with other utility infrastructures 27

28 Weighted score system approach for Sustainability of Microgrid Methodology: Define the sustainability goal STEPS Select sustainability dimensions for GHAM Select sustainability indicators for each dimension TASKS Literature reviews and experts survey Results: Technology selection for GHAM at a site Define weightages to sustainability dimensions and indicators of GHAM Rank technologies to be used for GHAM Determine total weighted score for technologies to be used for GHAM Optimized sizes of technologies of alternatives for GHAM using HOMER Evaluation of total weighted score for alternatives of GHAM Site survey Experts survey Calculation using weightages of indicators and rank of technologies Use of HOMER software for optimization Calculation using HOMER result and total weighted score of technologies Sustainability dimensions Weightage Technical 38 Economic 27 Environmental 15 Social 20 Total 100 Technology PV WT MHP Total Weighted Score Microgrid alternatives Total Weighted Score Case-I Case-II Selection of most sustainable alternative for GHAM Case-III Case-IV

29 SUSTAINABILITY OF A MICROGRID The assessment of sustainability of different alternatives for microgrid are based on several sustainability indicators which depends on the microgrid sites. The technology selection for one site may not be appropriate for another site and thus the sustainability of microgrid would vary for different sites if the same technology options were selected. 29

30 ..thank you.. 30