Motivation to develop new leaching tests and

Transcription

1 Motivation to develop new leaching tests and INTRODUCTION OF ISO /TC 190 SOIL QUALITY /SC 7 SOIL AND SITE ASSESSMENT Hirofumi Sakanakura Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

2 Officially Fixed Leaching Tests in Japan Leaching Test for Environment Water Protection Legally regulated Very similar, but sample reduc2on and filter size for liquid/solid separa2on are different JLT-13 (Environment Agency Notification No.13 in 1973) Environment Standard for Soil JLT-46 Environment Agency Notification No.46 in 1991 Acid Extraction Test for Oral Intake JLT-18 MOEJ Notification No JLT-18 MOEJ Notification No Soil Pollution Countermeasure Act Japanese Industrial Standard Slag Materials for Utilization JIS K0058 Same method Disposal of Industrial Wastes and Stabilized APC residues Very similar, but sample prepara2on is different Test by using crushed sample Test under using conditions as it is Unique style Very similar, but sample prepara2on is different Test methods for acid extractable contents of chemicals

3 Issues related with tesdng and evaluadon method for soil and soil materials in Japan L/S = 10 L/kg Batch Test No big change since 1973 Leached ConcentraDon (mg/l) Pass Fail Unsaturate zone Saturate zone Is the character of the material evaluated properly? Is use scenario and the environment taken into account? Modified from a slide by Katsumi, Yasutaka et.al.

4 Naka, 2015 Tests to characterize the behavior of granular materials Basic characterization Short and long term leaching behavior Characteristic properties of materials L/S, leachant composition, factors controlling leachability (ph, ORP, DOC, aging, etc.) and physical parameters Time: long, e.g. months Compliance tests To determine whether the solid material complies with a specific behavior or with specific reference values Focused on key variables identified in the basic characterization Time: few days or a week On-site verification Rapid check to confirm if the solid material is the same as that subjected to compliance test. Not necessarily leaching test Time: few hours Source: DIN and Nordtest standards

5 Basic CharacterizaDon Tests

6 Possible Application of Characterization and Compliance Tests (Slag aggregate for concrete, METI, 2011) Slag Aggregate for Concrete Slag Aggregate manufactured in the same way which was tested in the Type Inspection Type Inspection Use Imitation Samp. Slag Ag. Samp. Delivery Inspection Slag Ag. Samp. Designate in Each JIS JIS K Item 5 JIS K JIS K Item 5. JIS K Fulfill the Env. Sound Quality Standard Value Fulfill the Delivery Test Limit Value 6 Setting of the Delivery Test Limit Value Delivery (with Report)

7 Naka, 2015 Column test apparatus N 2 and Ar (optional) Leachate, eluate or effluent Filters, pre-filters sand, etc. Solid material to be tested (soil or waste) N 2 and Ar (optional) Peristaltic pump Leachant, eluent or influent (water, CaCl 2 )

8 Naka, 2015 Column test apparatus Standard Apparatus (cm) Solid material Packing Method Leachant Flow rate ISO (2007) h: 30, φ: 5 or 10 Soil Rammer Up-flow CaCl 2 15 cm/day CEN (2004) h: 30, φ: 5 or 10 Waste Rammer Up-flow Water 15 cm/day NEN (2004) h: 4 x φ, φ: 5 DIN (2009) h: 4 x φ, φ: 5 USEPA (2013) h: 30, φ: 5 Nordtest (1995) Soil & waste Granular materials Granular materials Rammer Up-flow Water a x m 0 Hammer, sieving or rammer Up-flow h: > 20, φ > 5 Waste No rammer Up-flow Water Contact time No rammer Up-flow CaCl to 1.0 L/ S per day Acidified water ASTM (2001) h: 30, φ: 10 Waste No rammer Up-flow Water OECD (2004) h: > 35, φ: 4 Soil + chemical 0.03 to 0.1 L/S per day 1 void volume per day No rammer Down-flow CaCl mm/48 h h: height, φ: diameter, AWI: active work item, a: L/kg-h, L/S: liquid to solid rate

9 CURRENT STATUS AND ISSUES Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) is requested to be consistent with ISO. Thus, Japan s reps are needed to participate and propose national opinion actively in the making step and review step in ISO meeting. Even if such a standard has not been provided yet, information of coming ISO to Japanese experts is also very important. TS ISO JIS (TS Percolation Test) TS: Technical Specification

10 ISO/TC 190 Soil quality /SC 7 Soil and site assessment TC XXX TC XXX TC XXX TC 190 Soil quality TC XXX TC XXX TC XXX SC1 Terminology SC2 Sampling SC3 Chemical methods SC4 Biological methods SC7 Soil and site assessment WG3 Ecotoxicological characterization WG4 Human exposure WG6 Leaching tests WG8 Bio- availability WG10 Soil impact on groundwater WG11 Soil functions WG12 Risk based remediation measures

11 AcDve Working Groups SubcommiZee/Working Group ISO/TC 190/SC 7/WG 3 ISO/TC 190/SC 7/WG 4 ISO/TC 190/SC 7/WG 6 ISO/TC 190/SC 7/WG 8 ISO/TC 190/SC 7/WG 10 ISO/TC 190/SC 7/WG 11 ISO/TC 190/SC 7/WG 12 Title/Convener Ecotoxicological characterizadon of soils and soil materials Berndt- Michael Wike (Germany) CharacterizaDon of soils and soil materials with respect to human exposure Aurelie Droissart- Long (France) Leaching tests Rob Comans (The Netherlands) Bio- availability Joop Harmsen (The Netherlands) Soil impact on groundwater C. Blanc (France) Soil funcdons Jens Utermann (Germany) Risk based remediadon measures Paul Nathanail (UK) 11

12 Flow of StandardizaDon in ISO NWIP (New Work Item Proposal) WD (Working Draft) CD (Committee Draft) DIS (Draft International Standard) FDIS (Final DIS) ISO プロジェクトリーダーが原案 ( ドラフト ) を作成 数年にわたって段階を上げていく 各段階で賛成 / 反対投票と修正意見 Web 上で募る リーダーは修正案を作成し 修正案について各国の了承を得ていく 各段階で期限を過ぎた場合 取り下げ 延長 もしくは差し戻し 修正等は毎年の総会内の WG 会議や中間会議で行われる 意見を確実に反映させるためには WG 会議での直接的な働きかけが必須 大きな修正はドラフトの早期段階でなければ難しい 最終承認された国際標準についても 5 年ごとに見直しの機会がある TS ( 技術仕様 ) は 3 年ごと 12

13 Published Standards ISO 11504:2012 Soil quality - - Assessment of impact from soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons ISO :2012 Soil quality - - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciadon of consdtuents in soils and materials - - Part 1: ExtracDon of amorphous iron oxides and hydroxides with ascorbic acid ISO :2012 Soil quality - - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciadon of consdtuents in soils and materials - - Part 2: ExtracDon of crystalline iron oxides and hydroxides with dithionite ISO :2012 Soil quality - - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciadon of consdtuents in soils and materials - - Part 3: ExtracDon of aluminium oxides and hydroxides with ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid ISO :2012 Soil quality - - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciadon of consdtuents in soils and materials - - Part 4: ExtracDon of humic substances from solid samples ISO :2012 Soil quality - - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciadon of consdtuents in soils and materials - - Part 5: ExtracDon of humic substances from aqueous samples ISO 15175:2004 Soil quality - - CharacterizaDon of soil related to groundwater protecdon ISO 15176:2002 Soil quality - - CharacterizaDon of excavated soil and other soil materials intended for re- use ISO 15799:2003 Soil quality - - Guidance on the ecotoxicological characterizadon of soils and soil materials ISO 15800:2003 Soil quality - - CharacterizaDon of soil with respect to human exposure ISO 16133:2004 Soil quality - - Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring programmes ISO 17402:2008 Soil quality - - Requirements and guidance for the selecdon and applicadon of methods for the assessment of bioavailability of contaminants in soil and soil materials ISO 17616:2008 Soil quality - - Guidance on the choice and evaluadon of bioassays for ecotoxicological characterizadon of soils and soil materials ISO/TS 17924:2007 Soil quality - - Assessment of human exposure from ingesdon of soil and soil material - - Guidance on the applicadon and selecdon of physiologically based extracdon methods for the esdmadon of the human bioaccessibility/bioavailability of metals in soil ISO 18772:2008 Soil quality - - Guidance on leaching procedures for subsequent chemical and ecotoxicological tesdng of soils and soil materials ISO 19258:2005 Soil quality - - Guidance on the determinadon of background values ISO/TS :2007 Soil quality - - Leaching procedures for subsequent chemical and ecotoxicological tesdng of soil and soil materials - - Part 1: Batch test using a liquid to solid rado of 2 l/kg dry mazer ISO/TS :2007 Soil quality - - Leaching procedures for subsequent chemical and ecotoxicological tesdng of soil and soil materials - - Part 2: Batch test using a liquid to solid rado of 10 l/kg dry mazer ISO/TS :2007 Soil quality - - Leaching procedures for subsequent chemical and ecotoxicological tesdng of soil and soil materials - - Part 3: Up- flow percoladon test ISO/TS :2007 Soil quality - - Leaching procedures for subsequent chemical and ecotoxicological tesdng of soil and soil materials - - Part 4: Influence of ph on leaching with inidal acid/base addidon ISO 28901:2011 Soil quality - - Guidance for burial of animal carcasses to prevent epidemics 13

14 Standards Under Development ISO/CD Soil quality - - Assessment of impact from soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons ISO/FDIS Soil quality - - Plant- based test to assess the environmental bioavailability of trace elements to plants ISO/AWI Soil quality - - Environmental availability of non- polar organic compounds - - Part 1: DeterminaDon of potendal availability using a strong absorbent or complexing agent ISO/AWI Soil quality - - Assessment of human exposure from ingesdon of soil and soil material - - Guidance on the applicadon and selecdon of physiologically based extracdon methods for the esdmadon of the human bioaccessibility/bioavailability of metals in soil ISO/AWI Soil quality - - Guidance on sustainable remediadon ISO/CD Soil quality - - Procedure for site- specific ecological risk assessment of soil contaminadon (TRIAD approach) ISO/NP Soil quality - - Parameters for geochemical modelling of the leaching and speciadon of consdtuents in soils and materials - - Guidance for the applicadon of ISO

15 General Aspects ISO 15176:2002 Soil quality - - CharacterizaDon of excavated soil and other soil materials intended for re- use ISO 15800:2003 Soil quality - - CharacterizaDon of soil with respect to human exposure ISO 15175:2004 Soil quality - - CharacterizaDon of soil related to groundwater protecdon ISO 16133:2004 Soil quality - - Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring programmes ISO 19258:2005 Soil quality - - Guidance on the determinadon of background values ISO/AWI Soil quality - - Guidance on sustainable remediadon 15

16 Leaching Tests ISO 18772:2008 Soil quality - - Guidance on leaching procedures for subsequent chemical and ecotoxicological tesdng of soils and soil materials ISO/TS (1-4):2007 Soil quality - - Leaching procedures for subsequent chemical and ecotoxicological tesdng of soil and soil materials Part 1: Batch test using a liquid to solid rado of 2 l/kg dry mazer Part 2: Batch test using a liquid to solid rado of 10 l/kg dry mazer Part 3: Up- flow percoladon test Part 4: Influence of ph on leaching with inidal acid/base addidon 16

17 Parameters for Geochemical Modeling ISO/NP Soil quality - - Parameters for geochemical modelling of the leaching and speciadon of consdtuents in soils and materials - - Guidance for the applicadon of ISO ISO :2012 Soil quality - - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciadon of consdtuents in soils and materials Part 1: ExtracDon of amorphous iron oxides and hydroxides with ascorbic acid Part 2: ExtracDon of crystalline iron oxides and hydroxides with dithionite Part 3: ExtracDon of aluminium oxides and hydroxides with ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid Part 4: ExtracDon of humic substances from solid samples Part 5: ExtracDon of humic substances from aqueous samples 17

18 Ecotoxicological CharacterizaDon ISO 15799:2003 Soil quality - - Guidance on the ecotoxicological characterizadon of soils and soil materials ISO 17402:2008 Soil quality - - Requirements and guidance for the selecdon and applicadon of methods for the assessment of bioavailability of contaminants in soil and soil materials ISO 17616:2008 Soil quality - - Guidance on the choice and evaluadon of bioassays for ecotoxicological characterizadon of soils and soil materials ISO/FDIS Soil quality - - Plant- based test to assess the environmental bioavailability of trace elements to plants ISO/AWI Soil quality - - Environmental availability of non- polar organic compounds - - Part 1: DeterminaDon of potendal availability using a strong absorbent or complexing agent 18

19 The Other Aspects ISO/CD Soil quality - - Assessment of impact from soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (Revision of ISO 11504:2012) ISO/AWI Soil quality - - Assessment of human exposure from ingesdon of soil and soil material - - Guidance on the applicadon and selecdon of physiologically based extracdon methods for the esdmadon of the human bioaccessibility/bioavailability of metals in soil (Revision of ISO/TS 17924:2007) ISO/CD Soil quality - - Procedure for site- specific ecological risk assessment of soil contaminadon (TRIAD approach) ISO 28901:2011 Soil quality - - Guidance for burial of animal carcasses to prevent epidemics 19

20 ParDcipaDng Countries (SC 7) Toward vodng, prior consultadon is very important! 20

21 New Committee in Japanese Geotechnical Society 地盤工学会地盤環境新委員会 (5/15 公募〆切 ) 社会実装に向けた新しい地盤環境管理と基準に関する研究委員会 予定スタッフ 委員長 : 肴倉 ( 国環研 ) 副委員長 : 乾 ( 京大 ) 幹事長 : 保高 ( 産総研 ) 幹事 : 数名を依頼予定 ワーキンググループ案 1. 試験法の高度化 WG 2. 試験により得られた結果に基づく安全性評価 シナリオWG 3. 問題を解決するための環境行政への実装 WG 4. 地盤の環境問題の社会啓蒙 WG 21

22 研究実行グループの構成案 トレーサビリティ モニタリング WG1 試験方法の高度化 G 汚染土壌からの溶出特性 試験法開発 試験法標準化 試験結果の評価方法 WG3 問題を解決するための行政への実装 WG 社会的課題に対する解決方法の実装 ( 短期 長期 ) ( 自然由来 放射性 Cs 来たるべき災害 ) 環境法との整合 WG2 試験により得られた結果に基づく 安全性評価 シナリオ WG 溶出した汚染物質の挙動評価 溶出特性に応じた措置方法 トレイーサビリティ モニタリング WG4 地盤の環境問題の社会啓蒙 WG 22

23 THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!